基于FLUENT的大气边界层风场LES模拟

通过拟周期边界条件、布置粗糙元和添加随机扰动等措施实现了大气边界层风场的LES模拟。对可能影响数值模拟结果的网格密度、粗糙元高度、随机数大小、随机数赋值方向及范围等主要参数进行分析,确定其影响规律,并据此生成满足目标要求的四类不同地貌大气边界层风场。结果表明,本文的模拟结果满足结构抗风计算的要求,验证了本文所采用的数值模拟方法的可行性,为后续进行结构绕流的大涡模拟提供了有价值的来流生成方法。     

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采用CFD数值模拟技术,对处于C类地貌风场中由3栋建筑形成的单列 建筑群进行静力风荷载和风场的数值模拟. 数值模拟采用良好适应性的非结构化四面体单元 进行网格划分,侧重模拟分析了各风向角下建筑间距的改变引起面平均风压系数的改变,由 此得到了此类群体建筑表面风压系数干扰因子在各风向角下随建筑间距变化的分布规律和特 征.     

单列建筑群静力干扰效应的数值模拟

采用CFD数值模拟技术,对处于C类地貌风场中由3栋建筑形成的单列建筑群进行静力风荷载和风场的数值模拟. 数值模拟采用良好适应性的非结构化四面体单元进行网格划分,侧重模拟分析了各风向角下建筑间距的改变引起面平均风压系数的改变,由此得到了此类群体建筑表面风压系数干扰因子在各风向角下随建筑间距变化的分布规律和特征.     

陡峭山坡风场数值模拟方法研究

地形起伏是造成山地风场复杂多变的主要原因,其风场特性与基于均匀粗糙平面的风场有很大的区别.为准确模拟山坡地形风场,以坡角45°的简化陡峭山坡为研究对象,采用CFD数值模拟方法进行了流场分析,通过与风洞试验和各国规范对比,详细分析了网格分辨率、湍流模型和坡顶局部光滑处理等因素对数值模拟风场精度的影响.结果 表明,采用基本网格尺度布置以及Realizable k-ε湍流模型,在坡顶位置的风压系数值与风洞试验存在一定偏差;在坡顶分离点处采用具有二阶连续性的曲线进行局部光滑,可使得数值模拟所得风速比和风压系数与试验结果更好地吻合,且光滑曲线的过渡段水平距离越短,模拟效果相对越好,坡顶位置的地形加速效应模拟结果与文献试验、中国以及澳大利亚规范具有更好的一致性.     

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采用数值模拟方法,结合风洞模型试验对群体低层四坡屋面房屋周围的 风场及表面风压进行了计算和分析.数值模拟基于Reynolds时均方程和可实现 $k$-$\varepsilon$湍流模型,采用了具有良好拓扑性能的非结构四面体网 格,运用流体软件FLUENT实现流场的求解．在单体计算结果和风洞试验结果有较好吻合的前 提下,获得了有相邻建筑干扰的情况下,低层四坡屋面房屋的表面风压的变化规律,结论可 直接供工程设计参考．     

群体建筑风环境的数值模拟及分析

群体建筑的布局优化及结构抗风设计都需要准确预测建筑群的风环境．针对风环境研究的必要性, 将气体流场数值模拟(CFD)方法引入建筑群风场效应的预测和研究中,侧重模拟分析了建筑群的布局改变而引起的风速及风压场的变化,获得了特定情形下较合理的气动布局;同时表明数值模拟方法可以作为风洞试验的前期预测手段,并为群体建筑的布局优化及结构抗风设计提供科学依据．     

平屋盖风压分布的数值模拟

基于Reynolds时均N-S方程和RSM模型对平屋面的风压分布进行了数值模拟,在此基础上系统研究了风向角、跨高比、地面粗糙度、风速等因素对屋面风压分布的影响,探讨了结构周围流场的绕流特性,最后根据屋面的结构形式及风压分布特点将屋面进行分区,给出了屋面在不同风向角下的分区风载体型系数以供工程设计参考。     

改善平板风致静力的定常吸气方法

采用基于CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)的数值方法研究了定常吸气方法对平板风致静力的影响。研究对象选为一处于均匀来流风场中的平板模型,在该平板靠近来流端设置定常吸气入口,通过改变定常吸气系数和吸气模式计算该平板模型的风致静力三分力,进而获取定常吸气对平板风致静力作用的影响。风场数值模拟采用RSM(Reynolds Stress Equation Model)湍流模型。计算结果表明,在定常吸气作用下平板的阻力系数显著降低,扭矩系数增大;平板迎风端面的压力随着吸气能量的增强而减小,背风端面的压力基本不变。数值结果表明:定常吸气可以有效地改善平板绕流边界层结构,降低风致阻力。     

建筑风压场数值模拟中压力波动的平抑

在以同位网格为基础的简单流场压力计算中,通常采用动量插值方法来平抑流场中的压力波动现象;但是对于建筑风场等复杂的钝体绕流问题,由该平抑方法得到的收敛风压场仍可能存在小幅波动。为彻底解决同位网格格式下的压力波动,除采用动量插值方法外,本文提出了在压力校正方程的界面流速中添加压力梯度差值项的方法。算例分析表明,该方法计算得到的建筑风压场完全避免了压力波动现象,风压解与试验结果吻合良好。     

分块法研究圆柱绕流升阻力

使用新的分块耦合方法，分别对单圆柱和串列双圆柱绕流进行了数值模拟．对于单圆柱绕流，低Re下计算所得到的定常涡尺寸与实验非常接近．对于串列双圆柱绕流，研究分析了改变双圆柱中心间距对上下游圆柱的升阻力系数和脉动频率所产生的影响，计算结果与实验非常吻合，为进一步研究涡致振动提供了依据．     

相邻高层建筑表面风压的数值模拟

采用数值模拟方法对一幢由主楼和配楼组成的复杂高层建筑的表面风压进行了模拟计算，考虑了相邻一幢高层建筑对风压分布的影响。计算得到的风压值还与风洞试验值作了比较。结果表明，数值模拟较好地反映了复杂高层建筑的周围流线和表面风压的分布情况；同时，由于相邻建筑物的存在，使得原有建筑的时均流线分布尤其是涡流的数目和尺度以及建筑表面的时均风压分布均发生了较明显的改变。     

AN EXTENDED k-ε MODEL FOR NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND FLOW AROUND BUILDINGS

It is assumed in this paper that for a high Reynolds number nearly homogeneouswind flow, the Reynolds stresses are uniquely related to the mean velocity gradientsand the two independent turbulent scaling parameters k and E. By applying dimensionalanalysis and owing to the Cayley-Hamilton theorem for tensors, a new turbulenceenclosure model so-called the axtended k-ε model has been developed. The coefficientsof the model expression were detemined by the wind tunnel experimental data ofhomogeneous shear turbulent flow. The model was compared with the standard k-εmodel in in composition and the prediction of the Reynold’s normal Stresses. Using thenew model the numerical simulation of wind flow around a square cross-section tallbuilding was performed. The results show that the extended k-ε model improves theprediction of wind velocities around the building the building and wind pressures on the buildingenvelope.     

高层建筑标准模型风洞测压和测力试验研究

CAARC高层建筑标准模型是国际上通用的风工程标准模型之一,用来检验各个模拟自然风的风洞试验结果,以确保风洞试验测量数据的可信度。本研究使用缩尺比为1：300的CAARC模型,在同济大学TJ-2建筑风洞中进行了B类和D类地面粗糙度风场下的刚性测压试验和高频动态天平试验。在刚性测压试验中测量了建筑模型表面在不同风速和风向角下的平均风压系数,并与国外风洞机构的试验数据进行了对比分析。在高频动态天平试验中,不同风向角下的结构气动力系数和顶点位移被给出,并同样与国外风洞机构进行了对比。风洞试验结果表明：TJ-2风洞能较好地模拟大气边界层风场,且风场品质较好;试验技术可靠,所测得的试验数据具有较高的精度。     

Simulation of the aerodynamics of buildings and structures by means of the closed vortex loop method

Problems of the numerical simulation of the air flow past buildings and structures are considered using the closed vortex loop method. A mathematical model, based on the vortex approach, of the time-dependent ideal incompressible fluid flow past a system of bodies is proposed. A numerical scheme for solving the problem and an algorithm for calculating the distributed wind loads over the body surface are outlined. An example of calculating the aerodynamic loads is given for a real building and the results are compared with the known results of testing a model of the building in a wind tunnel. An example of the calculation and analysis of the wind distribution over a system of several buildings is also presented.     

Experimental analysis of a stochastic model for estimating wind-borne compact debris trajectory in turbulent winds

The impact of flying debris against building envelopes during high winds is a major source of structural damage. For example, damage produced by Hurricanes Katrina and Ike in the United States on the facades of tall buildings, located in urban areas, has been documented. It is therefore of relevance to analyze the vulnerability of tall buildings to debris-induced non-structural damage in the general context of performance-based wind engineering. In order to analyze the random trajectory of debris in highly turbulent winds, a numerical model combined with a probability-based algorithm was recently proposed by the authors (Moghim and Caracoglia, 2013). This model investigates the trajectory of “compact debris”, defined as point-mass objects of negligible mass moments of inertia and for which the aerodynamics is predominantly controlled by the drag force. The model replicates both the inherent randomness in debris properties and the effect of wind shear and atmospheric turbulence to estimate debris trajectory and the likelihood of impact against vertical building facades in a probabilistic setting.This paper describes the comparison between numerical model results and wind tunnel experiments. Tests were carried out in the Northeastern University׳s small scale wind tunnel in both smooth flow and grid-generated turbulent flow. The motion of spheres and cubes, simulating compact debris objects, was investigated in two dimensions (2D) on a vertical plane.The 2D motion of compact objects of various sizes was captured by a high-speed digital camera at different flow speeds. Experimental results showed to be consistent with numerical simulations. They also confirmed that not only mean flow speed but also turbulence features can have a non-negligible effect on the trajectory of compact objects.     

高层建筑动态风干扰的瞬态风压积分法研究

提出通过在风洞试验中多通道测量刚性模型表面瞬态风压并进行积分的方法研究高层建筑的动态风干扰。模型表面的瞬态风压利用多通道同步压力测量而得到。为提高数值积分精度,测压孔位置按高斯求积节点布置。设计了表面布置有测压孔的受扰高层建筑刚性模型和三种不同高度的干扰建筑模型,研究了相同高度以及不同高度的两个高层建筑之间的顺风向和横风向动态风干扰。借助干扰因子讨论了近邻建筑的位置、距离以及楼高对受扰建筑基础动态倾覆力矩的影响规律,并与传统方法所得结果作了比较。     

Interference effects of two and three super-tall buildings under wind action

Most previous investigations on interference effects of tall buildings under wind actions focused on the wind induced interference effects between two buildings,and the interference effects of three or more buildings have seldom been studied so far due to the huge workload involved in experiments and data processing.In this paper,mean and dynamic force/response interference effects and peak wind pressure interference effects of two and three tall buildings,especially the three-building configuration,are investigated through a series of wind tunnel tests on typical tall building models using high frequency force balance technique and wind pressure measurements.Furthermore,the present paper focuses on the effects of parameters,including breadth ratio and height ratio of the buildings and terrain category,on the interference factors and derives relevant regression results for the interference factors.     

Wind tunnel and full-scale study of wind effects on a super-tall building

This paper presents the analyzed results from a combined wind tunnel and full-scale study of the wind effects on a super-tall building with a height of 420 m in Hong Kong. In wind tunnel tests, mean and fluctuating forces and pressures on the building models for the cases of an isolated building and the building with the existing surrounding condition are measured by the high-frequency force balance technique and synchronous multi-pressure sensing system under two typical boundary layer wind flow fields. Global and local wind force coefficients and structural responses are presented and discussed. A detailed study is conducted to investigate the influences of incident wind direction, upstream terrain conditions and interferences from the surroundings on the wind loads and responses of the high-rise structure. On the other hand, full-scale measurements of the wind effects on the super-tall building have been performed under typhoon conditions. The field data, such as wind speed, wind direction, structural acceleration and displacement responses have been simultaneously and continuously recorded during the passage of 12 typhoons since 2008. Analysis of the field measured data is carried out to investigate the typhoon effects on the super-tall building. Finally, the model test results are compared with the full-scale measurements for verification of the wind tunnel test techniques. The comparative study shows that the wind tunnel testing can provide reasonable predictions of the structural resonant responses. The resonant displacement responses are comparable to the background displacement responses so that the contribution of the background responses to the total displacement responses should not be underestimated. The outcome of the combined wind tunnel and full-scale study is expected to be useful to engineers and researchers involved in the wind-resistant design of super-tall buildings.