Magnetic properties of electron-doped Y1−xCexMnO3 compounds

Cerium-doped Y_1−xCe_xMnO₃ compounds have been prepared in single-phase form for x=0 to 0.10. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns could be analyzed by using P6₃cm space group. Temperature variations of ac susceptibility and magnetization measurements show that these Ce-doped materials exhibit weak ferromagnetic transition. The observed ferromagnetic transition is attributed to the double exchange ferromagnetic interaction between Mn²⁺ and Mn³⁺ ions due to electron doping. The M–H loops exhibit hysteresis along with linear contribution and were analyzed based on bound magnetic polaron (BMP) model. Increase in saturation magnetization and decrease in BMP concentrations have been observed with increase in Ce doping.     

Magnetic properties of transition metal substituted La0.85Ag0.15Mn1−yMyO3 compounds (M=Co, Cr and Al)

In this paper we report a systematic study of Mn-site substitution by M=Co, Cr and Al in La_0.85Ag_0.15MnO₃ series to understand the magnetic interactions between Mn and other transition metals. The long-range ferromagnetic (FM) ordering of the parent compound was significantly affected by Mn-site substitution. The measured magnetic properties of Co-doped samples have been explained on the basis of FM interactions in Mn³⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺, Co²⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺, Co³⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺ networks and simultaneous antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions in Mn⁴⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺, Co²⁺-O-Mn³⁺ networks. The magnetic properties of Cr-doped compounds could be understood on the basis of double exchange FM interactions in Mn³⁺-O²⁻-Mn⁴⁺ networks and competing AFM in Cr³⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺, Mn⁴⁺-O-Mn⁴⁺, Cr³⁺-O-Mn³⁺ networks. However, it is found that the doping of Al ions play a role of magnetic dilution, without contributing any other competing magnetic interaction. The field variations of magnetization of all the above three series could be analysed by fitting to Brillouin function model and the effective spin contribution for FM has been determined. The measured saturation magnetization has been explained quantitatively.     

Structural and magnetic studies on mechanosynthesized BaFe12−xMnxO19

Barium hexaferrite powders with manganese substitution were prepared by mechanosynthesis. The structural and magnetic properties were characterized by X-ray diffractometer and vibration sample magnetometer, respectively. XRD patterns were refined by Rietveld method. Preferential site occupation of manganese ion was investigated by room temperature (RT) Mössbauer measurements. XRD results showed a single-phase barium hexaferrite with some residual hematite. Crystallite size was observed to decrease with substitution amount. Lower saturation magnetization and increased coercivity is observed in substituted samples. RT Mössbauer measurements showed that manganese ions preferentially occupy 12k, 4f₂, and 2a sites.     

Structural characterization and magnetization of Mg0.7Zn0.3SmxFe2−xO4 ferrites

Mg_0.7Zn_0.3Sm_xFe_2−xO₄ ferrites were prepared by the solid-state reaction method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction and magnetization measurements. A single spinel phase was obtained in the range 0.00?x?0.03$0.00?x?0.03$. The lattice parameter was found to increase at x=0.01$x=0.01$ and then decreases up to x=0.03$x=0.03$, which may indicate a distortion in the spinel lattice. The saturation magnetization was found to decrease with the increase in x up to 0.04, due to the replacement of the Fe³⁺ ions by the Sm³⁺ ions.     

Microstructure characterization and magnetic behavior of NiAlxFe2−xO4 and Ni1−yMnyAl0.2Fe1.8O4 ferrites

NiAl_xFe_2−xO₄ and Ni_1−yMn_yAl_0.2Fe_1.8O₄ ferrites were prepared by the conventional ceramic method and were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and magnetic measurements. The single spinel phase was confirmed for all prepared samples. A proper explanation of data is possible if the Al³⁺ ions are assumed to replace Fe³⁺ ions in the A and B sites simultaneously for NiAl_xFe_2−xO₄ ferrites, and if the Mn²⁺ ions are assumed to replace Ni²⁺ ions in the B sites for Ni_1−yMn_yAl_0.2Fe_1.8O₄ ferrites. Microstructural factors play an important role in the magnetic behavior of Ni_1−yMn_yAl_0.2Fe_1.8O₄ ferrites with large Mn²⁺ content.     

Magnetic properties and specific heat of Dy1−xLaxNi2 compounds

Magnetic and specific heat measurements have been carried out on polycrystalline series of single-phase Dy_1−xLa_xNi₂ (0?x?1) solid solutions. The compounds have a Laves-phase superstructure (space group F4¯3m) with the lattice parameter gradually increasing with decreasing Dy content. The samples with x?0.8 are ferromagnetic with the Curie temperature below 22 K. At high temperatures, all solid solutions are Curie-Weiss paramagnets. The Debye temperature, phonon and conduction electron contributions as well as a magnetic contribution to the heat capacity have been determined from specific heat measurements. The magnetocaloric effect was estimated from specific heat measurements performed in a magnetic field of 0.42 and 4.2 T.     

Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co1−xZnxFe2O4 prepared by forced hydrolysis method

Nanocrystalline zinc-substituted cobalt ferrite powders, Co_1−xZn_xFe₂O₄ (x=0, 0.2, 0.4), were for the first time prepared by forced hydrolysis method. Magnetic and structural properties in these specimens were investigated. The average crystallite size is about 3.0 nm. When the zinc substitution increases from x=0 to x=0.4, at 4.2 K, the saturation magnetization increases from 72.1 to 99.7 emu/g and the coercive field decreases from 1.22 to 0.71 T. All samples are superparamagnetic at room temperature and ferrimagnetic at temperatures below the blocking temperature. The high value of the saturation magnetization and the very thin thickness of the disorder surface layer of all samples suggests that this forced hydrolysis method is suitable not only for preparing two metal element systems but also for three or more ones.     

Evidence for instability in charge ordering Nd0.5Sr0.5MnO3

The transport properties and magnetic phase transitions of charge ordering manganites Nd_0.5Sr_0.5MnO₃ have been investigated. From resistivity measurements, a continuous increase of resistivity upon the thermal cycling occurs at , and shows an instable behavior in the system. The experimental results of magnetization and electron-spin-resonance spectra indicate that the ferromagnetic phase and antiferromagnetic phase coexist in a broad temperature region. We think that the origin of the instability stems from an inhomogeneous strain yielded in the ferromagnetic interface, due to the competition among different phases.     

Magnetic behavior of the II-V-diluted magnetic semiconductor Cd1−xMnxSb

Polycrystalline samples of the II-V-diluted magnetic semiconductor Cd_1−xMn_xSb (x=0.05-0.20) were synthesized. Standard high temperature ceramic methods under an inert atmosphere were utilized for sample fabrication. Structural characterization was done using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), which indicated that a simple substitution of Mn for Cd is probably not occurring. Hysteresis, ac susceptibility, dc magnetization, and spontaneous magnetization measurements were performed for Cd_0.90Mn_0.10Sb. The hysteresis data indicated the presence of a ferromagnetic component. Ferromagnetism in the Cd_0.90Mn_0.10Sb system is likely due to two sources: Mn spins in small Mn-rich regions and a small amount of MnSb in a minority phase. Analysis of the spontaneous magnetization as a function of temperature for Cd_0.90Mn_0.10Sb yielded the value 0.172 for the critical exponent β. In MnSb, β was found to have the value 0.379, which is close to the theoretical value for 3D-Heisenberg systems. Thus, in Cd_0.90Mn_0.10Sb, the ferromagnetism is not of the 3D-Heisenberg type; rather, it is closer to 2D Ising behavior, indicating reduced effective dimensionality.     

Magnetic viscosity-coercivity relation for Fe1−xCox fine particles

The variation of the applied field results in a subsequent change of magnetization with time. There is a relationship between the coercivity (H_c), as the equilibrium characteristic of the system, and its magnetic stability (1/S), as a parameter characterizing the time dependence. 1/S as a function of H_c has been measured and studied for different Fe_1−xCo_x samples. We synthesized several samples with different values of x by applying various magnetic fields during the grains’ growth, and observed a linear relationship between 1/S and H_c.     

Magnetic and electrical properties of amorphous Ge1−xCrx thin films grown by low temperature vapor deposition

Amorphous Ge_1−xCr_x thin films are deposited on (1 0 0)Si by using a thermal evaporator. Amorphous phase is obtained when Cr concentration is lower than 30.7 at%. The electrical resistivities are 1.89×10⁻³–0.96×10² Ω cm at 300 K, and decrease with Cr concentration. The Ge_1−xCr_x thin films are p-type. The hole concentrations are 5×10¹⁶–7×10²¹ cm⁻³ at 300 K, and increase with Cr concentration. Magnetizations are 7.60–1.57 emu/cm³ at 5 K in the applied field of 2 T. The magnetizations decrease with Cr concentration and temperature. Magnetization characteristics show that the Ge_1−xCr_x thin films are paramagnetic.     

Electron-doped Sm1−xSrxMnO3 perovskite manganites: Crystal and magnetic structures and physical properties

We present the results of a study of electron-doped Sm_1−xSr_xMnO₃ (x>0.5) perovskite manganites by combining high-resolution neutron powder diffraction with measurements of resistivity, magnetization and magnetic susceptibility. Although investigated Sm_0.45Sr_0.55MnO₃ and Sm_0.37Sr_0.63MnO₃ compounds belonging to the same phase diagram area differ significantly in the strontium content, they are homogeneous antiferromagnetic (AF) insulators and do not exhibit CMR. They have different crystallographic symmetries (orthorhombic Pbnm and tetragonal I4/mcm, respectively) in the entire temperature range under study (1.5-288 K), differ in the type of spin ordering at low temperatures (AF-A and AF-C), are characterized by different orbital polarizations (d_x²_−y² and d_3z²_−r²), and possess two- and one-dimensional magnetic properties, respectively. The lack of magnetoresistance for these compositions is explained by the lack of coexisting magnetic phases involving double exchange ferromagnetism, in contrast to what is observed for the magnetoresistive Sm_1−xSr_xMnO₃ compounds, that is with x?0.52.     

Study of structural, transport and magneto-resistive properties of La0.7Ca0.3−xCexMnO3 (0≤x≤0.2)

We have synthesized a series of La_0.7(Ca_0.3−xCe_x)MnO₃ (0≤x≤0.2) by standard solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurement was carried out for structural studies and Rietveld refinement was done for structural analysis. The transport properties were studied using four probe technique. The temperature dependence of the resistivity was measured in the temperature range of 20 K to room temperature. It is found that all samples show a systematic variation in metal to insulator transition at transition temperature (T_P) and resistivity (ρ) with the relative concentration of hole and electron doping in the system. The samples showed varying amounts of colossal magnetoresistance depending upon temperature and applied magnetic field. The magnetoresistance values as high as 72% were observed in x=0 sample.     

Effect of Al doping on the magnetic and electrical properties of layered perovskite La1.3Sr1.7Mn2−xAlxO7

The effect of Al substitution for Mn site in layered manganese oxides La_1.3Sr_1.7Mn_2−xAl_xO₇ on the magnetic and electrical properties has been investigated. It is interesting that all the samples undergo a similar and complex transition with lowing temperature; they transform from the two-dimensional short-range ferromagnetic order at T*, then enter the three-dimensional long-range ferromagnetic state at T_C, at last they display the canted antiferromagnetic state below T_N. T*, T_C and T_N are all reduced with Al content. Resistivity increases sharply with increasing Al concentration, and the metal-insulator transition disappears when x reaches 10%. Additionally, magnetoresistance (MR) effect is weakened. Al substitution dilutes the magnetic active Mn-O-Mn network and weakens the double exchange interaction, and further suppresses FM ordering and metallic conduction. Owing to the anisotropic interaction in the layered perovskite, the magnetic and electrical properties are more sensitive to Al doping level than those in ABO₃-type perovskite.     

Bulk modulus and thermodynamic properties of electron-doped calcium manganate—Ca1−xRExMnO3

We have investigated the thermodynamic properties of electron-doped perovskite manganite CaMnO₃ by incorporating the effect of lattice distortions. In this paper the functional relation between the MnO₆ distortions, charge and size mismatch and the thermal properties is determined. In the insulating state, distortions of the Mn-O environment are linear with calcium concentration. In the low-temperature spin-ordered ferromagnetic/anti-ferromagnetic state, at least 50% of the distortion is removed. The lattice contributions to the specific heat at constant volume (C_v(lattice)) of Ca_1−xRE_xMnO₃ (x=0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.20) with rare earth cation doping at the A-site has been studied as a function of temperature (10 K≤T≤500 K) by means of a Modified Rigid Ion Model (MRIM). In addition, the results on the bulk modulus (B), cohesive energy (φ), molecular force constant (f), Reststrahlen frequency (ν₀) and Gruneisen parameter (γ) are also presented. Findings indicate an anomalous behavior of some highly Jahn-Teller (JT) distorted Ca_1−xRE_xMnO₃.     

Cr-doping effect on the structural, magnetic, transport properties and Raman spectroscopy of La(2+x)/3Sr(1−x)/3Mn1−xCrxO3 perovskites

A series of the double-doping samples La_(2+x)/3Sr_(1−4x)/3Mn_1−xCr_xO₃ (0?x?0.25) with the Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ ratio fixed at 2:1 have been fabricated. The structural, magnetic, transport properties and Raman spectroscopy have been investigated, and no apparent crystal structure change is introduced by Cr doping up to x=0.25. But the Curie temperature T_C and metal-insulator transition temperature T_MI are strongly affected by Cr substitution. The room temperature Raman spectra start exhibiting some new features following the increasing concentration of Cr substitutions. Moreover, it is worth noting that the frequency of the A_1g phonon mode can also be well correlated with the A-site mismatch effect (σ²), which is influenced mainly by the variety of the Sr content.     

Low temperature magnetization and magnetoresistance studies on the layered manganite system La1.2Sr1.8Mn2−xRuxO7 (x=0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0)

We report the detailed results of magnetization and magnetoresistance measurements in the Ru doped layered manganite system La_1.2Sr_1.8Mn_2−xRu_xO₇ (x=0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0). High-resolution measurements of magnetization and magnetoresistance were carried out as functions of temperature, magnetic field and time. We find evidence for the existence of competing ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic interactions resulting in the formation of a frustrated spin-glass-like state at low temperatures. The time dependent magnetization follows the relation very well. We find that Ru doping enhances the coercive field and drives the system towards a magnetically mixed phase at low temperatures. Large negative magnetoresistance values are observed in all samples and at low temperatures the magnetoresistance varies as the square root of the applied magnetic field.     

Structural and magnetic properties of SmCo7−xMox alloys

Phase structure and magnetic properties of the as-cast and as-milled/annealed SmCo_7−xMo_x (x=0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) alloys have been systematically studied. It is found that all the as-cast series alloys are composed of the CaCu₅-type and Th₂Zn₁₇-type phases. Saturation magnetization of the samples decreases with the Mo content increasing. Intrinsic coercivities (_iH_c) of no more than 0.06 T are observed in these as-cast samples, due to their rather coarse grain microstructures with an average grain size of 50 μm. The as-milled/annealed SmCo_7−xMo_x powders crystallize in the disordered TbCu₇-type (1:7) structure with very fine nanograins, and a minor Co₃Mo phase appears in the samples with x=0.1-0.4. High _iH_c (?0.95 T) are achieved in these samples, with a maximum of 1.26 T located at x=0.2, which can be primarily attributed to strong pinning of the domain wall motion at the nanograin boundaries. The temperature coefficient (β) of the _iH_c is about −0.22%/°C in the temperature range of 25-400 °C for the as-milled/annealed samples.     

The structure and magnetotransport properties of La2/3Sr1/3MnO3/Ba(La)TiO3 composites

The effect of Ba(La)TiO₃ doping on the structure and magnetotransport properties of La_2/3Sr_1/3MnO₃(LSMO)/xBa(La)TiO₃ (x=0.0, 1.0, 5.0 mol%) have been investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns and microstructural analysis show that BaTiO₃ and LSMO phases exist independently in BaTiO₃-doped composites. The metal-insulator transition temperature (T_MI) decreases whereas the maximum resistivity increases very quickly by the increase of BaTiO₃ doping level. The partial substitution of Ba by La(0.35 mol%) results in a decrease in resistivity of LSMO/xBa(La)TiO₃ composites. Magnetoresistance of BaTiO₃-doped composites decreases monotonously in the temperature range 200-400 K in a magnetic field of 5 T, which is completely different from that of LSMO compound. The value of MR decreases at low field (H<1 T) and increases at high fields (H>1 T) with increasing the BaTiO₃ doping level at low temperatures below 280 K. These investigations reveal that the magnetotransport properties of LSMO/xBa(La)TiO₃ composites are dominated by spin-dependent scattering and tunneling effect at the LSMO/BaTiO₃/LSMO magnetic tunnel junction.