An investigation into EMI-induced noise in nanometer multi-quantum well InGaN LEDs

This study investigates the low-frequency noise induced by electromagnetic radiation interference (EMI) in a nanometer multi-quantum well InGaN LED (NMQLED). Theoretical models of the noise spectra and the EMI are constructed. In general, a good agreement is identified between the experimental and theoretical results. Both sets of results reveal that the magnitude of the EMI-induced noise is related to the pulse height, the output load, the parasitic capacitance, the interference frequency and the interference amplitude. It is shown that the harmonic noise increases with an increasing interference amplitude and frequency. The techniques presented in this study provide a systematic approach for obtaining the interference noise and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in LEDs and similar wavelength-based semiconductor devices.     

Design and implementation of a shielded underwater vector sensor for laboratory environments

Underwater acoustic vector sensors, for measuring acoustic intensity, are typically used in open water where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is generally not a contributor to overall background noise. However, vector sensors are also useful in a laboratory setting where EMI can be a limiting factor at low frequencies. An underwater vector sensor is designed and built with specific care for EMI immunity. The sensor, and associated signal processing, is shown to reduce background noise at EMI frequencies by 10-50 dB and 10-20 dB across the entire frequency bandwidth, as compared to an identical unshielded vector sensor.     

时间间断式通讯转接器的研制

时间间断式通讯转接器是为在强电磁干扰区进行正常通讯而设计,该通讯转接器的研制,使速调管走廊强电磁干扰区的通讯稳定可靠,从而消除由于外界干扰而造成的通讯错误.     

无人机定位系统电源分配网络电磁干扰行为级分析与预测

电源分配网络是无人机定位系统工作的基础单元,也是电磁干扰薄弱环节,电源分配网络（PDN）传导耦合干扰效应是导致定位系统故障的主要原因。为了提高定位系统电磁干扰敏感度预测模型的精度,基于泰勒级数对非线性系统的描述方法,将泰勒级数行为级模型系数表征为与干扰频率相关的函数,建立无人机定位系统PDN电磁干扰响应预测模型,分析预测PDN在受干扰情况下的非线性直流偏置电压。研究结果表明：在250～400 MHz电磁干扰范围内,基于泰勒级数的PDN电磁干扰响应预测模型可以对PDN在电磁干扰作用下的非线性直流偏置进行准确预测,预测误差在3%以内。     

Crystallization and annealing effects of sputtered tin alloy films on electromagnetic interference shielding

Sn, Al and Cu not only possess electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield efficiency, but also have acceptable costs. In this study, sputtered Sn-Al thin films and Sn-Cu thin films were used to investigate the effect of the crystallization mechanism and film thickness on the electromagnetic interference (EMI) characteristics. The results show that Sn-xAl film increased the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding after annealing. For as-sputtered Sn-xCu films with higher Cu atomic concentration, the low frequency EMI shielding could not be improved. After annealing, the Sn-Cu thin film with lower Cu content possessed excellent EMI shielding at lower frequencies, but had an inverse tendency at higher frequencies. For both the Sn-xAl and Sn-xCu thin films after crystallization treatment, the sputtered films had higher electrical conductivity, however the EMI shielding was not enhanced significantly.     

相控阵井壁成像仪高压电源纹波噪声抑制研究

针对超声相控阵井壁成像仪工作环境恶劣以及超声脉冲发射所需高压电源纹波噪声对超声回波信号干扰大的问题,提出一种高温环境下高压电源纹波噪声抑制方法并进行设计分析。本方法综合开关电源与线性稳压电源各自的技术优势且注重纹波噪声抑制和耐高温设计。利用开关电源完成不同电压幅值的高效转换并在电源输出端增设专门的EMI滤波电路,再利用屏蔽罩对电源进行屏蔽,最后输出电压再经过一级线性稳压电路进一步进行稳压滤波。实测结果表明,利用该方法,电源的纹波与辐射噪声得到了抑制,有效减少电源对回波信号的干扰,且输出电压稳定,提高了超声相控阵井壁成像仪井下工作的稳定性。     

基于供电网络传导耦合的FPGA电磁敏感特性分析

针对电磁干扰(EMI)导致电子系统关键功能单元行为失效或安全问题,研究基于供电网络传导耦合的核心可编程集成电路(IC)电磁敏感(EMS)特性。分析典型FPGA供电网络的拓扑结构及其EMI传导耦合机理,设计基于EMI直接功率注入法的敏感度测试平台,测试受试芯片供电网络EMI传导耦合时典型功能单元的EMS特性,获取输入输出端口(IO)、逻辑单元(LE)、内部锁相环电路(PLL)等功能单元的敏感度阈值,给出LE冗余设计对相应电路EMS特性的影响规律。结果表明,在10 MHz~1 GHz干扰频率范围内,供电网络EMI敏感度由高到低依次为PLL,LE,IO,且IC地网络EMI敏感度高2~7 dBmW,LE冗余设计能有效改善逻辑功能单元电磁敏感度。     

发光二极管可靠性的噪声表征

通过对发光二极管内部结构的研究，发现N_t(界面态陷阱密度)和扩散电流比率 是影响发光二极管性能的重要因素，并与器件可靠性有密切关系.器件内部存在的多种噪声 中，低频1/f噪声可表征N_t和扩散电流比率.在深入研究发光二极管工作原理及1 /f噪声载流子数涨落理论和迁移率涨落理论的基础上，建立了发光二极管的电性能模型及1/ f噪声模型.在输入电流宽范围变化的条件下测量了器件的电学噪声，实验结果与理论模型符 合良好.通过对其测量结果分析，深入研究了噪声和发光二极管性能与可靠性的关系，证明 了噪声幅值越大，电流指数越接近于2，器件可靠性越差，失效率则显著增大. 关键词： 1/f噪声 发光二极管 陷阱 光功率     

Dielectric properties and EMI shielding efficiency of polyaniline and ethylene 1-octene based semi-conducting composites

The preparation of polyaniline (PAni) was carried out by the oxidative emulsion polymerization of aniline and the semi-conducting composites were prepared by mixing it with a polyolefinic thermoplastic elastomer ethylene 1-octene copolymer (EN). Different electrical properties and electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency (EMI SE) of these composites were measured. The results revealed that the incorporation of PAni in EN increases the conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric loss and EMI SE. These composites exhibit pressure dependent dielectric properties and may act as pressure sensor. There are increase in AC conductivity and decrease in dielectric constant with the increase in applied pressure on composites. A model correlation between EMI SE and AC conductivity at same frequency for the composites having maximum 40% of PAni was obtained through extrapolation and linear regression analysis, which shows that EMI SE has linear relationship with AC conductivity. Because of their semi-conductive behavior these composites can find application as antistatic materials and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material.     

Developments in active noise control sound systems for magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners can produce noise measuring over 130 dB SPL. This noise stimulates the auditory nervous system, limiting the dynamic range for stimulus driven activity in functional MRI (fMRI) experiments and can influence other brain functions. Even for structural scans it causes subject anxiety and discomfort in addition to the impediment to communications. Here we describe the realization and validation of a sound system for sound presentation inside an MRI scanner and the modifications to a standard active noise control technique for use in the noisy and compact environment of the scanner. This paper provides a review of the technology available for the presentation of audio stimuli in an MRI environment and the modifications required for the active control of scanner noise. Some of the content has been previously published [Chambers J, Akeroyd MA, Summerfield AQ, Palmer AR. Active control of the volume acquisition noise in functional magnetic resonance imaging: method and psychoacoustical evaluation. J Acoust Soc Am 2001;110(6):3041-54; Levitt H. Transformed up-down methods in psychoacoustics. J Acoust Soc Am 1971;49:467-77], but this paper goes further in describing the stages of development as the system performance was optimised. The performance of the system and both the objective and subjective reduction of the scanner noise are reported. Finally, we discuss recent improvements to the system that are currently being evaluated and describe the theory of opto-acoustical transducers that operate on the principle of light modulation. These are immune from, and do not create, electro-magnetic interference (EMI) and radio-frequency interference (RFI).     

Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of multiwalled carbon nanotube filled polyacrylate composite films

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were homogeneously dispersed in pure acrylic emulsion by ultrasonication to prepare MWCNT/polyacrylate composites applied on building interior wall for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications. The structure and surface morphology of the MWCNTs and MWCNT/polyacrylate composites were studied by field emission scanning microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electrical conductivity at room temperature and EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the composite films on concrete substrate with different MWCNT loadings were investigated and the measurement of EMI SE was carried out in two different frequency ranges of 100-1000 MHz (radio frequency range) and 8.2-12.4 GHz (X-band). The experimental results show that a low mass concentration of MWCNTs could achieve a high conductivity and the EMI SE of the MWCNT/polyacrylate composite films has a strong dependence on MWCNTs content in both two frequency ranges. The SE is higher in X-band than that in radio frequency range. For the composite films with 10 wt.% MWCNTs, the EMI SE of experiment agrees well with that of theoretical prediction in far field.     

磁光式无源传感器测量脉冲电流

利用国产磁光玻璃材料、发光二极管LED以及光电二极管PIN,制成了一套磁光式无源传感器,用来测量脉冲电流。这套测量设备的上升时间为300ns,可用来记录雷放电电流、等离子体实验中的脉冲电流及高功率脉冲装置中的电流。     

脉冲激光引信发射接收模块的电磁干扰

 针对脉冲激光引信应用于中小口径常规弹药过程,由于体积严格受限而造成引信内部电磁干扰严重的问题,结合发射、接收模块工作原理,说明在其内部采取电磁干扰抑制措施的必要性。通过分析发射、接收模块电磁干扰产生机理,提出采用双重屏蔽方法抑制辐射干扰,采用线性阻抗稳定网络、缓冲网络和共差模合成扼流圈结合的多重滤波技术抑制传导干扰。对各措施作用效果进行仿真与实验,结果表明：厚度为1.55 mm钢材料对辐射干扰具有良好屏蔽效果;接收模块输出干扰信号峰峰值减小至70 mV,约为原干扰信号的1/40。这些方法大幅度降低了脉冲激光引信内部的电磁干扰,且工作稳定可靠。     

LED光源数字全息技术研究

研究以发光二极管(LED)作为光源的部分相干光数字全息技术.首先研究LED的时间相干性和空间相干性,尽管LED的时间相干性较差,但空间相干性可以通过减小光源发光面积来提高.利用LED的时间相干性较差、相干长度短的特点,抑制相干噪声,改善数字全息重建质量.在同一全息记录系统,通过实验,比较了用激光和LED光源的数字全息重建图像质量.结果表明:基于LED光源的数字全息,完全消除了使用激光光源的散斑噪声和由光学元件引入的寄生干涉噪声,物光场的重现质量,包括振幅和相位都得到了很大提高.但由于LED光源的较低的空间相干性,一般只适用于同轴相移数字全息,待测物体的厚度在十几微米以内,应用受到一定限制.     

重复频率电磁脉冲对氢闸流管栅极的触发干扰

针对重复频率电磁脉冲（EMP）干扰,以氢闸流管的栅极触发电路为研究对象,进行了氢闸流管悬置与共地两种不同的条件下氢闸流管第一栅极与第二栅极的电磁干扰研究。结果表明,两种条件下两个栅极均存在较强烈的电磁干扰,干扰主要来源于空间电磁辐射与共地耦合两个方面;针对重复频率EMP环境下氢闸流管触发的可靠性,分别进行了不同重复频率EMP数量与不同重复频率EMP时间间隔下氢闸流管的输出实验。结果表明,两种情况均对氢闸流管的触发产生影响,重复频率EMP数量增多与间隔减小均使氢闸流管误触发的可能性增大,对比理论分析与实验结果,认为该现象是由于重复频率EMP累积效应与重复频率EMP高频分量增强从而导致交互作用耦合增强所引起。     

Effect of heat treatment on ZrO2-embedded electrospun carbon fibers used for efficient electromagnetic interference shielding

ZrO₂-embedded carbon fibers were prepared for use as an electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding material by electrospinning and heat treatment methods. Structural changes were observed in the ZrO₂ and in the carbon structures by XRD and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. During heat treatment, XRD analysis results revealed a transition from a monoclinic structure to a tetragonal structure in ZrO₂ and a graphitization in the structural formation of carbon fibers was observed by Raman spectroscopy. It was observed that these structural changes in the ZrO₂ and the carbon fibers improved the real and imaginary permittivities by a factor of more than 3.5. The EMI shielding efficiency (SE) improved along with the permittivity with higher treatment temperatures and greater amounts of embedded ZrO₂; the highest average EMI SE achieved was 31.79 dB in 800-8500 MHz. The heat treatment played an important role in the improvements in the permittivity and in the EMI SE because of the heat-induced structural changes of the ZrO₂-embedded electrospun carbon fibers. We suggest that the EMI shielding of the fibers is primarily due to the absorption of electromagnetic waves, which prevents secondary EMI by reflection of electromagnetic waves.     

Beta-manganese dioxide nanorods for sufficient high-temperature electromagnetic interference shielding in X-band

As the development of electronic and communication technology, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and attenuation is an effective strategy to ensure the operation of the electronic devices. Among the materials for high-performance shielding in aerospace industry and related high-temperature working environment, the thermally stable metal oxide semiconductors with narrow band gap are promising candidates. In this work, beta-manganese dioxide (β-MnO₂) nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The bulk materials of the β-MnO₂ were fabricated to evaluate the EMI shielding performance in the temperature range of 20–500 °C between 8.2 and 12.4 GHz (X-band). To understand the mechanisms of high-temperature EMI shielding, the contribution of reflection and absorption to EMI shielding was discussed based on temperature-dependent electrical properties and complex permittivity. Highly sufficient shielding effectiveness greater than 20 dB was observed over all the investigated range, suggesting β-MnO₂ nanorods as promising candidates for high-temperature EMI shielding. The results have also established a platform to develop high-temperature EMI shielding materials based on nanoscale semiconductors.     

Characterisation of light emitting diodes (LEDs) for application in digital holographic microscopy for inspection of micro and nanostructured surfaces

Partial coherent light sources open up prospects for phase noise reduction in digital holographically reconstructed phase distributions by suppressing multiple reflections in the experimental setup. Thus, light emitting diodes (LEDs) are investigated for application in digital holographic microscopy. First, the spectral properties and the resulting coherence length of an LED are characterised. In addition, an analysis of dispersion effects and their influence on the hologram formation is carried out. The coherence length of LEDs in the range of a few micrometers restricts the maximum interference fringe number in off-axis holography for spatial phase shifting. Thus, the application of temporal phase-shifting-based digital holographic reconstruction techniques is compared to spatial phase-shifting-based methods. It is demonstrated that LEDs are applicable for digital holographic microscopy in connection with both spatial and temporal phase-shifting-based techniques for reduction of noise in comparison to a laser-light-based experimental setup.     

基于试验结果的电磁兼容性量化表征技术研究

以装备电磁兼容性量化需求出发,根据电磁兼容试验数据的特点,将试验结果分为EMI类和EMS两种类型进行分析,提出了EMI和EMS两类试验结果量化表征方法并构建了数学模型。针对EMI类试验数据特点,通过超标数据占比和超标特征两个维度完成了EMI数据的量化表征模型构建;针对EMS类试验结果仅为定性描述这一特点,结合试验过程中的敏感现象,从干扰源及敏感频段两个维度进行量化表征模型构建,通过软件实现了相关量化模型,并通过试验结果量化算例予以验证。以试验结果开展的量化表征研究工作,获得了试验项目的数学量化模型,实现了基于国军标试验标准的电磁兼容试验结果量化表征。     

The electromagnetic shielding of Ni films deposited on cenosphere particles by magnetron sputtering method

Ni-coated cenosphere particles were successfully fabricated by an ultrasonic-assisted magnetron sputtering equipment. Their surface morphology and microstructure were analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FE-SEM results indicate that the Ni films coated by magnetron sputtering are uniform and compact. Ni film uniformity was related with the sputtering power and a large uniform film could be achieved at lower sputtering power. XRD results imply that the Ni film coated on cenospheres was a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure and the crystallization of film sample increases with increasing the sputtering power. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) of Ni-coated cenosphere particles were measured to be 4-27 dB over a frequency range 80-100 GHz, higher than those of uncoated cenosphere particles. The higher sputtering power and Ni film thickness are the higher EMI SE of the specimens. Ni-coated cenosphere particles are most promising alternative candidates for millimeter wave EMI shielding due to their lightweight, low cost, ease of processing, high floating time, good dispersion and tunable conductivities as compared with typical electromagnetic wave countermeasure materials.