食品与环境中铅对儿童血铅水平的影响分析

为分析本地儿童血铅水平与食品及生活环境中铅的相关性，探讨降低铅污染因素对儿童身体健康影响的方法，随机抽检了深圳市2000-2001年6大类1568份市售食品的铅含量，测定了本市834名1-6岁儿童的血铅含量，调查了611名儿童食物与生活环境中的铅影响因素。结果表明，6大类共1568份食品中，共有18份食品超标，超标率为1.15%。834名儿童血铅范围在22.0-197.4цg/L之间，均数是90.6цg/L，其中≥100цg/L的为317人，占38.01%。对儿童使用的玩具、生活习惯、食物结构、家庭和幼儿园生活环境等进行多元逐步回归法分析各种可能的铅污染因素，证实食品及儿童生活环境中铅污染与儿童血铅超标有关。揭示深儿童血铅含量超标与食品铅污染以及儿童生活环境中的手-口途径存在密切联系。     

土壤环境中铅的化学

论述了环境中铅的背景值、来源、污染、质量标准、化学循环以及环境中铅的烷基化，为铅污染治理提供理论依据。     

人类铅暴露的历史回顾

回顾了环境铅污染史和人类铅接触史，包括世界铅产量的历史演变，人类血铅水平的历史演变，近二十年来人类血铅水平的变化和铅中毒诊断标准的变化。     

海产品铅污染状况以及铅的生物有效性研究进展

近海环境铅污染日益严重,就近期海产品铅污染状况及铅的生物有效性方面的研究进展做一综述。     

铅同位素在示踪城市环境污染源研究中的应用

在分析铅同位素示踪环境铅污染源理论的基础上,以成都市为例,对成都市城市环境（土壤、大气降尘、主要水系沉积物）铅污染的主要来源进行了研究.结果表明,成都市城市环境污染主要来自于燃煤扬尘和汽车尾气排放.铅同位素示踪理论应用于城市环境污染源的研究,能够取得比较理想的结果.     

铅污染与儿童健康

综述了环境铅污染与儿童健康的关系,包括：儿童铅中毒的原因,铅对儿童健康的危害和儿童铅污染的防治等,主要参考文献７篇。     

铅元素对人体的危害及防治

铅元素对人体多种组织和器官都会产生危害.本文从生活环境中铅污染的途径、对人体的毒性作用、防治方法进行了概述,以引起人们对铅污染的重视,加强防治意识.     

铅的大气环境及北大园区大气中铅的测定

简述了大气中铅污染的主要来源，铅的毒性及其在人发，血液及尿中的参考值，采和双膜法收集了大气样品，并用阳极溶出伏安法测定北大园区内铅的水平，结果表明，大气中铅主要存在于〈１０μｍ的细粒子中，北大校园内大气中铅的浓度低于国家规定的Ⅱ级地区标准。     

茶叶铅污染来源的研究进展

根据近年来国内外对茶叶铅污染研究的相关报道,综述了茶叶中铅污染的主要来源。这些来源主要包括:茶园土壤酸化和较高的有机质含量,大气沉降物中的铅和茶叶的加工过程。还根据各种茶叶铅污染来源的特征,有针对性地提出了一些防治措施。     

大气铅污染对交通警察健康影响的研究

论述了大气铅污染与交通警察健康的关系。世界范围内汽车废气铅污染占人类活动中铅污染的６０％以上,每年约有４０万吨的铅从汽车废气中排出。铅污染不但涉及到空气、土壤、水源,而且还危及到海洋生态平衡。首先受汽车废气铅污染危害最明显的就是交通警察。由于长期吸入高浓度的含铅废气,致使交通警察体内积畜高含量的铅,可导致呼唤系统、神经系统、泌尿生殖系统功能紊乱。铅还胡遗传毒性和致癌作用。降低大气铅污染的重要措施是     

昆明地区正常孕妇血清铅与初乳铅含量相关性的初步研究

为了解昆明地区孕妇血清铅和初乳铅的含量 ,同时尝试寻找降低人体铅含量的途径 ,对2 0 0 0年 2月至 2 0 0 1年 2月期间在昆明医学院第一附属医院产科住院分娩的 2 80例正常产妇进行血清和初乳铅含量的测定和分析。结果显示 ,血清铅含量 1 0 2 37± 3 4 1 1 μg/dL ,与初乳铅含量1 1 4 30± 3 1 74 μg/dL比较呈高度显著性正相关 (r =0 784 3,P <0 0 0 1 )。揭示乳汁铅含量水平受血清铅含量的影响 ,铅可通过血液进入乳汁 ,母亲通过授乳可将铅传递给新生儿     

微量元素医学精要Ⅰ.微量元素的生理作用和体内平衡

本文综述了微量元素的各种生理作用及其在体内的平衡与健康的关系。主要内容包括，微量元素的主要生理作用；体内元素平衡及其与健康的关系；必需微量元素的生理作用及其与健康的关系；锌缺乏症，碘缺乏症；铁缺乏症；儿童铅中毒，铝中毒。     

Microanalyzer for biomonitoring lead (Pb) in blood and urine

Biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in blood and urine enables quantitative evaluation of human occupational and environmental exposures to Pb. State-of-the-art ICP–MS instruments can only analyze metals in laboratories, resulting in lengthy turnaround times, and they are expensive. In response to the growing need for a metal analyzer capable of on-site, real-time monitoring of trace toxic metals in individuals, we developed a portable microanalyzer based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry (ASV), and validated the system using rat blood and urine spiked with known amounts of Pb. Fouling of electrodes by proteins often prevents the effective use of electrochemical sensors in biological matrices. Minimization of such fouling was accomplished with suitable sample pretreatment and by establishing turbulent flow of blood and urine containing Pb onto the electrode inside the microanalyzer, which resulted in no apparent electrode fouling even when the samples contained 50% urine or 10% blood by volume. No matrix effect was observed for the voltammetric Pb signals, even when the samples contained 10% blood or 10% urine. The microanalyzer offered linear concentration ranges relevant to Pb exposure levels in humans (0–20 ppb in 10% blood samples, 0–50 ppb in 50% urine samples). The device showed excellent sensitivity and reproducibility; Pb detection limits were 0.44 ppb and 0.46 ppb, and % R.S.D. was 4.9 and 2.4 in 50% urine and 10% blood samples, respectively. It gave similar Pb concentrations in blood and urine to those measured by ICP–MS. It offered high throughput (3 min per sample) and economical use of samples (60 μL per measurement) as well as low reagent consumption (1 μg of Hg per measurement), thus minimizing environmental concerns associated with mercury use. Since it is miniaturized, the microanalyzer is portable and field-deployable. Thus, it shows much promise as the next-generation analyzer for the biomonitoring of toxic metals.     

镉的人体健康效应

综述了镉暴露对人体健康的危害、人体对镉的需要量和居民膳食日摄入量、镉暴露生物标记物及危险性评估。过量镉暴露可引起肾、肺、肝、骨和生殖效应以及癌症。在中国和其他国家进行的最新研究表明，生活在镉污染区的一般人群可发生以骨矿密度降低和骨折发生率增加为特征的骨效应；出现肾小管功能异常的镉累积量比骨效应剂量更低，也比从前估计的临界剂量更低。附4图11表25篇参考文献。     

微量元素与人体健康

讨论了微量元素与人体健康的关系及其在体内的代谢平衡问题,包括：铁的生理功能,硒的免疫功能,铅的毒害作用。     

上海市胎儿铅暴露状况及其影响因素

为了解上海市人群的胎儿铅暴露水平及其影响因素，在上海市杨浦区收集脐血标本６０５份，其中３４８份标本在严格质量控制下石墨炉子原子吸收光谱法进行血铅测定。并以面谈问卷的形式对脐血铅水平在第７０百分位以上和第３０百分位以下者进行家庭社会环境和健康状况调查，用多因素统计分析的方法分析对脐血铅水平有明显作用的影响因素，结果发现３４８例的血铅水平呈正态分布，被测人群中脐血铅范围０．０８～０．８４μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，     

微量元素在医学地质中的研究进展述评

人体中有益元素的缺乏或有毒有害元素过量导致众多健康问题,微量元素在医学地质研究中占有举足轻重的作用。随着医学地质研究的不断深入和新技术的快速发展,微量元素的研究领域和研究程度也不断扩大和深入,该文综述了微量元素在医学地质中的主要研究内容,研究方法及风险评价,指出了微量元素研究的薄弱环节及其发展趋势,以期推动进一步研究。     

Bioaccumulative and conchological assessment of heavy metal transfer in a soil-plant-snail food chain

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) can pose serious threats to environmental health because they tend to bioaccumulate in terrestrial ecosystems. We investigated under field conditions the transfer of these heavy metals in a soil-plant-snail food chain in Banat area, Romania. The main goal of this paper was to assess the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) usefulness in environmental monitoring as bioindicator of heavy metal accumulation. Eight sampling sites, selected by different history of heavy metal (HM) exposure, were chosen to be sampled for soil, nettle leaves, and newly matured snails. This study also aimed to identify the putative effects of HM accumulation in the environment on phenotypic variability in selected shell features, which included shell height (SH), relative shell height (RSH), and whorl number (WN). RESULTS: Significantly higher amounts of HMs were accumulated in snail hepatopancreas and not in foot. Cu, Zn, and Cd have biomagnified in the snail body, particularly in the hepatopancreas. In contrast, Pb decreased when going up into the food chain. Zn, Cd, and Pb correlated highly with each other at all levels of the investigated food chain. Zn and Pb exhibited an effective soil-plant transfer, whereas in the snail body only foot Cu concentration was correlated with that in soil. There were significant differences among sampling sites for WN, SH, and RSH when compared with reference snails. WN was strongly correlated with Cd and Pb concentrations in nettle leaves but not with Cu and Zn. SH was independent of HM concentrations in soil, snail hepatopancreas, and foot. However, SH correlated negatively with nettle leaves concentrations for each HM except Cu. In contrast, RSH correlated significantly only with Pb concentration in hepatopancreas. CONCLUSIONS: The snail hepatopancreas accumulates high amounts of HMs, and therefore, this organ can function as a reliable biomarker for tracking HM bioavailability in soil. Long-term exposure to HMs via contaminated food might influence the variability of shell traits in snail populations. Therefore, our results highlight the Roman snail (Helix pomatia) potential to be used in environmental monitoring studies as bioindicator of HM pollution.     

五华汤湖矿泉中9种微量元素的测定

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对五华汤湖矿泉中Na、Mg、Fe、Zn、K、Ca、Pb、Se、As 9种微量元素进行了检测与分析。结果表明，该矿泉中含有丰富的微量元素。为探讨矿泉对人体的保健作用提供了有用的依据。     

Accumulation of methylglyoxal and d‐lactate in Pb‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats

Lead (Pb) is an environmental pollutant associated with several diseases, such as nephrotoxicity. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a reactive dicarbonyl compound formed during glycolysis and reported to increase in kidney damage. Metformin is used as an MG scavenger in the clinic. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Pb‐induced renal injury and the effect of metformin on Pb‐induced nephrotoxicity. Eighteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Pb, and Pb + metformin groups. Pb (250 ppm) was administered in drinking water, and 50 mg/kg of metformin was co‐administered orally. After 28 days, the levels of MG and its metabolite d ‐lactate in urine, serum and renal tissues were examined. The elevation of renal MG (56.86 ± 17.47 vs 36.40 ± 5.69, p < 0.01) and urinary d ‐lactate (0.68 ± 0.28 vs 0.32 ± 0.13, p < 0.01) was observed in Pb‐exposed rats compared with those in control rats. After co‐treatment with metformin, these phenomena were attenuated. In the present study, it was demonstrated for the first time that urinary d ‐lactate might serve as the candidate marker for Pb‐induced nephrotoxicity in the clinic, and metformin might be a new therapeutic candidate for Pb poisoning.