绿柱石晶体腐蚀像立体模型的建立及{0001}面腐蚀随时间变化的探讨

本文采用物质的量比为1∶1的NaOH-KOH混合熔融物和纯NaOH熔融物对绿柱石晶体各种不同结晶学方向的切面进行腐蚀实验,建立了绿柱石腐蚀像的立体模型,并探讨了绿柱石{0001}切面腐蚀坑随腐蚀时间的变化规律.研究发现绿柱石切面腐蚀像能很好地反映晶体的对称特点,晶体各切面的腐蚀坑形态在三维空间分布的立体模型和投影图可用来进行绿柱石晶体的定向.{0001 }切面腐蚀坑随腐蚀时间的延长,会呈现从最初浑圆不太规则状到逐渐稳定呈正六边形的变化,且腐蚀坑有逐渐从小变大、由少变多的特点.该研究对晶体腐蚀机理的探讨及绿柱石腐蚀像应用于晶体定向具有理论和实际意义.     

锆石腐蚀像立体模型的建立及与晶体对称的关系

对锆石晶体四方柱｛100｝面和{110｝面、四方双锥{101｝面、以及介于上述晶面之间的切面进行了腐蚀像的观察研究,建立了锆石晶体腐蚀像在三维空间分布的立体模型.锆石晶体上属于同种单形的晶面(切面)其腐蚀坑形态相同,不同单形的晶面(切面)腐蚀坑形态则不同;腐蚀坑形态体现了晶体的对称性.锆石晶体各晶面(切面)的腐蚀坑形态在三维空间分布的立体模型和投影图可用来进行锆石晶体的定向,揭示锆石不同晶面的溶蚀现象,并可为锆石的裂变径迹测年研究提供晶体定向理论依据.     

石榴子石晶体碱腐蚀像及其与酸腐蚀像的对比

本文采用NaOH-KOH混合熔融物和KOH溶液对石榴子石晶体各种不同的结晶学方向的晶面(切面)进行腐蚀实验,建立了石榴子石碱腐蚀像的立体模型,并与酸(HF溶液)腐蚀像模型进行对比.研究发现碱腐蚀像与酸腐蚀像一样能很好的反映晶体的对称特点,并发现在{ 100}、{110}晶面(切面)上碱腐蚀像与酸腐蚀像相同,而在{120}、{221}、{111}、{211}晶面(切面)上,碱腐蚀像与酸腐蚀像不同.该研究可以用来对石榴子石族矿物进行结晶学定向,同时具有揭示矿物所处地质环境酸碱性的指示意义.     

石英晶体碱(KOH)腐蚀像及其与酸(HF)腐蚀像对比研究

本文用KOH溶液对石英晶体进行腐蚀实验.对石英晶体不同结晶学方向的5个品面(切面)的腐蚀像进行观察,建立了石英碱腐蚀形貌的立体模型,并与酸(HF)溶液所腐蚀的同样5个面的腐蚀像进行对比.研究发现碱腐蚀与酸腐蚀在柱面{1010}和菱面{1011}、{0111}上有很人不同,在柱切面{1120}、{2110}上有相同之处.但它们都反映各品面及晶体的对称特点.该研究对揭示矿物晶体在不同酸碱地质环境下腐蚀的特点具有指导意义.     

水热法BSO晶体腐蚀像及与晶体对称的关系

对水热法生长的两种不同结晶习性的 BSO晶体进行了腐蚀像的观察研究,得到了{100}、{110}、{211}、{111}晶面的腐蚀形貌特征,建立了BSO晶体腐蚀像在三维空间分布的立体模型。研究发现不同单形晶面的蚀坑形态不同,但都体现了晶体的对称性。不同晶面腐蚀难易程度与晶体结构有关。     

化学腐蚀法研究Nd:YAG晶体位错

采用化学腐蚀法研究Nd∶YAG晶体位错.研究发现,腐蚀剂、腐蚀温度以及腐蚀时间对位错的显示都有影响.浓磷酸腐蚀剂在220 ℃下腐蚀20 min时,显示的位错最为清晰.蚀坑形状为菱形,经过计算,位错密度大约为10~3 cm~(-2).同一种腐蚀剂在不同的腐蚀时间所形成的位错蚀坑大小和形貌是不同的.同时发现在样品的边缘有位错塞积群.     

Si基外延GaN中缺陷的腐蚀研究

本文采用KOH:H2O=3:20～1:25(质量比)的KOH溶液,对Si基外延GaN进行湿法腐蚀.腐蚀后用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察,GaN面出现了六角腐蚀坑,它是外延层中的位错露头,密度约108/cm2.腐蚀坑的密度随腐蚀时间延长而增加,说明GaN外延生长过程中位错密度是逐渐降低的,部分位错因相互作用而终止于GaN体内.观察缺陷腐蚀形貌还发现,接近裂纹处腐蚀坑的密度要高于远离裂纹处腐蚀坑的密度,围绕裂纹有许多由裂纹引起的位错.腐蚀坑的密度可以很好地反映GaN晶体的质量.晶体质量较差的GaN片,腐蚀后其六角腐蚀坑的密度高.     

近红外半导体材料HgInTe的缺陷腐蚀

研究了HgInTe的腐蚀工艺,探索出一种适合于HgInTe的腐蚀液,并对腐蚀原理做了分析.利用该腐蚀液对HgInTe晶体内部的缺陷种类和分布进行了研究.结果表明,垂直轴向切割的HgInTe晶片腐蚀后的位错蚀坑呈近等腰三角形.在本实验条件下,位错蚀坑密度EPD(etch-pit density)约在105/cm2数量级.HgInTe晶体中的位错墙主要以边重叠和角重叠两种方式排列而成.HgInTe中存在少量由内应力引起的微裂纹.该腐蚀液能有效地显示HgInTe晶体不同晶面的多种缺陷,腐蚀效果较好.     

CdGeAs2单晶体的腐蚀研究

报道了一种新型的CdGeAs2晶体择优腐蚀剂,配方为:H2O2(30;): NH4OH(含NH325;-28;): NH4Cl(5mol/L): H2O=1 mL: 1.5 mL: 1.5 mL: 2 mL.将经机械研磨、物理抛光和溴甲醇化学抛光处理后的表面平整无划痕的CdGeAs2晶片,在40 ℃下超声振荡腐蚀数分钟,采用金相显微镜和SEM进行蚀坑观察.结果表明,新型腐蚀剂对CdGeAs2晶体(204)和(112)晶面择优腐蚀效果显著,蚀坑取向一致,具有很强的立体感;(204)晶面蚀坑呈三角锥形,(112)晶面蚀坑呈五边形,从晶体结构上对蚀坑形成机理进行了分析讨论.     

弛豫铁电晶体PZNT(001)晶面的腐蚀行为

采用化学腐蚀方法研究了坩埚下降法生长的PZNT93/ 7晶体(001)晶面的腐蚀行为.在PZNT晶体表面观察到反平行180°原生态铁电畴,在抛光样品表面观察到位错蚀坑、包裹物、机械加工划痕等缺陷形貌,并对腐蚀机理进行了探讨.化学腐蚀还揭示了微观畴的动力学变化,显示畴结构对环境变化十分敏感.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.