衬底温度对Al掺杂ZnO薄膜结构及其光电性能的影响

利用溅射方法制备了Al掺杂ZnO(AZO)薄膜,探究了衬底温度对薄膜的形貌特征、结构和光电性能的调控.实验结果表明:衬底温度可以调控AZO薄膜的生长方式以及光电性能.随着衬底温度的升高,AZO薄膜从无规则的形状转变为球形并且其颗粒尺寸逐渐减小.XRD分析表明样品的结晶质量随着衬底温度的升高而变佳.透射光谱研究发现,在低衬底温度下,400 nm附近处有一吸收台阶,随着衬底温度升高,此吸收台阶消失,表明衬底温度影响着AZO内部的缺陷.电学性质研究表明随着衬底温度升高,AZO薄膜的导电性能也随着升高,电阻率从9×10-2 Ω·cm降到5×10-3 Q·cm.而其载流子浓度从6×1019 cm-3增加到2.2×1020 cm-3.     

恒电压沉积SmS光学薄膜

以SmCl3·6H2O和Na2S2O3·5H2O为原料,采用电沉积法在ITO玻璃基板制备了SmS光学薄膜.采用XRD、AFM和紫外可见光分光光度计对薄膜进行了表征.研究了沉积电压和热处理温度对于薄膜的物相组成、显微结构和光学性能的影响.结果表明:在n(S):n(Sm)=4:1,溶液pH值为3.0,沉积电压为10 V以及热处理温度为400℃的条件下,可制备出主晶相为SmS且表面比较平整的薄膜.热处理后薄膜的禁带宽度增加.随着沉积电压的增加,SmS逐渐由金属相向半导体相转变,薄膜的禁带宽度相应地变大.     

掺杂VO2薄膜的相变机理和光电特性研究

本文采用V2O5粉和MoO3粉为原料,通过无机溶胶-凝胶法制备掺Mo6+的VO2薄膜.实验采用XRD和XPS等研究手段,对掺杂薄膜的物相组成、价态、相变温度、电阻突变量级和相变前后的光透过率进行了测试.结果发现:所制备的掺杂薄膜其主要成份是VO2,掺入的MoO3结构未发生改变,掺杂薄膜随MoO3含量的增加其相变温度明显下降,但其电阻突变量级和光透过率的突变量亦随之降低,其中,电阻突变量级的下降趋势更显著,不过只要MoO3掺杂量不高于5;时,掺杂薄膜的电阻突变仍可保持2个量级以上,而且红外光透过率的突变量仍保持较高.分析认为,薄膜中掺入的MoO3与VO2可以互溶,从而可作为施主组元降低VO2能带结构中的禁带宽度,改变其光电特性.     

溶胶水热法制备FTO纳米晶体薄膜及其电学性能研究

以SnCl2·2H2O和HF为前驱体,采用溶胶水热法成功制备掺氟的SnO2纳米晶体薄膜,以研究氟掺杂对其半导体性能和电学性能的影响.采用XRD,SEM,DTA-TG,IR,霍尔效应测试仪等手段分别进行测试,分析F/Sn比对其性能的影响,获得低表面电阻薄膜的制备条件.结果表明SnO2晶体随着烧结温度的升高发生改变,当温度在450℃,热处理时间为30 min,生成金红石晶型,并且在此温度下,F原子可以有效地掺杂.F掺杂明显的降低了薄膜的电阻率,有效的提高了薄膜的载流子浓度和迁移率.并且在氟锡摩尔比F/Sn为3∶10时,晶体薄膜表面方块电阻最低,为35 Ω/□,载流子浓度为2.8×1016/cm3,迁移率为31 cm2/V·s.     

ZnO:Al透明导电薄膜的制备及其特性分析

采用射频磁控溅射工艺在玻璃衬底上制备出c轴择优取向的ZnO:Al(AZO)透明导电薄膜,靶材为AZO(2;质量分数Al2O3)陶瓷靶.对在不同溅射功率下沉积出来的薄膜运用X射线衍射(XRD)、可见光区透射谱、四探针方法分别进行结构和光电特性的表征.得出在200W下沉积的膜性能最好,可见光区平均透过率达到89;以上,电阻率最低为9.3×10-4Ω·cm.     

ZAO透明导电薄膜微观结构和光电性能的研究

以ZnAl2O4陶瓷靶为靶材,采用射频磁控溅射法制备了掺铝氧化锌(ZAO)透明导电薄膜,通过XRD、SEM、四探针仪和分光光度计等测试,研究了沉积温度对薄膜结构、形貌、力学和光电性能的影响.结果表明:ZAO具有(002)择优取向的六角纤锌矿结构,沉积温度对薄膜性能具有明显影响,当温度位于370～ 400℃区间时,薄膜的结晶质量较好、电阻率较低、可见光波段的平均透射率较高,其品质因数大于1.20×10-2S,具有良好的光电综合性能.同时基于透射光谱计算了ZAO薄膜的光学常数,并用有效单振子理论解释了薄膜的折射率色散关系.     

反应溅射法制备AZO薄膜的结构和透明导电性能

不同于常用的金属或氧化物靶材,本研究以表面粘贴Al片的Zn/ZnO混合物(Al@Zn/ZnO)为靶材,在衬底温度(Ts)为150℃和300℃,溅射气氛为Ar+O2和Ar+H2下反应溅射制备Al掺杂ZnO(AZO)薄膜.通过干涉显微镜、XRD、Hall效应测试仪、紫外-可见分光光度计研究了Ts以及O2和H2流量对薄膜结构及透明导电性能的影响.结果发现,随O2流量增加,两种Ts下制备的AZO薄膜保持(002)择优取向,薄膜中压应力呈下降的趋势,而薄膜结晶度趋向于先增加后略有下降.薄膜的导电性能随O2流量增加呈逐渐增强的趋势.当O2流量高于一定值时,薄膜可以获得较高的可见光透过率,因此达到较高的品质因子.当Ts从150℃ 增加到300℃,薄膜的压应力降低,结晶度提高,但导电性未见明显提高.另外,薄膜禁带宽度主要由薄膜中压应力决定.与Ar+O2下制备的AZO薄膜相比,Ar+H2气氛下制备的薄膜基本上为非晶态,其导电性能差,而可见光透过率较高、禁带宽度较大.     

溅射气压对直流电源磁控溅射制备掺铝氧化锌薄膜性能的影响

以ZnO∶Al2O3(2wt%)陶瓷为溅射靶材,采用直流磁控溅射的方法,在普通玻璃衬底上制备ZnO∶Al(AZO)薄膜,研究了溅射气压对AZO薄膜的结构特性、表面形貌及其光电性的影响。XRD和SEM测试表明所有样品均为多晶六角纤锌矿结构,薄膜呈(002)晶面择优生长。用体积百分比为0.5%稀盐酸对制备的AZO薄膜进行腐蚀制绒,腐蚀后其表面形貌随溅射气压的不同而改变。在适当溅射气压下(～1.5m Torr)制备的薄膜,通过溅射后腐蚀工艺,可获得表面形貌具有特征陷光结构的AZO薄膜,其表面呈现"弹坑"状,薄膜的绒度随表面形貌的不同而变化。同时通过优化制备工艺,所有溅射气压下制备的AZO薄膜在可见光及近红外范围的平均透过率大于80%,电阻率低于8.5×10-4Ω·cm,可以满足硅基薄膜太阳电池对透明前电极光电性能的要求。     

溶液燃烧法合成ZnxCo1-xAl2O4尖晶石型超细陶瓷色料

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、Co(NO3)2·6H2O、Al(NO3)3·9H2O和C12H22O11为原料,采用溶液燃烧法合成ZnxCo1-xAl2O4(0≤x≤1)尖晶石型陶瓷色料.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和色度分析仪等检测方法对Zn2+的掺杂量和热处理温度对合成粉体的物相组成、微观形貌和呈色性能的影响规律进行了表征.结果表明:在Zn2掺杂量x=0.2、前驱体溶液中(Zn2++Co2+)浓度为0.3 mol/L、点燃温度400℃、后续热处理温度1200℃和保温时间30 min条件下,合成色料的蓝度值(-b*)达47.03的最大值,其平均晶粒尺寸为120 nm.     

AZO薄膜刻蚀形貌优化及其在硅基薄膜双结太阳能电池中的应用

采用磁控溅射结合酸腐蚀法制备掺铝氧化锌透明导电氧化物薄膜,研究关键溅射工艺参数对AZO薄膜腐蚀后性能的影响.研究发现,在较低沉积温度和较大溅射压强条件下,样品腐蚀后可以形成粗糙度和雾度更大的表面形貌,有利于提高电池性能;而溅射功率增加,虽然能提升样品腐蚀后的粗糙度,但雾度的增加则呈现饱和趋势.将具有优良光电性能、不同雾度的AZO薄膜作为前电极制备非晶/微晶硅薄膜双结太阳能电池,发现雾度越大,电池的短路电流密度越大,特别是底电池电流密度越大,从而电池的光电转换效率也获得提高.这一发现有助于通过优化溅射工艺参数来改进AZO薄膜表面形貌和电池性能.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.