Improvement in appearance of colors for elderly persons using lightness transform

The color of an object appears to be different for elderly and young persons. This is because human visual features vary with on age. In general, the spectral transmittance of the crystalline lens of an elderly person is lower than that of a young person. The low spectral transmittance decreases the brightness of the visual field. This phenomenon affects the color appearance of an image in human visual perception. In this paper, a lightness transform method is proposed to improve the color appearance of images for elderly persons. In the proposed method, colors that are difficult for an elderly person to see are transformed into colors that are easy to see by adding lightness contrast. The performance of the proposed method is confirmed in experiments using digital images.     

正弦变化的振幅型光瞳滤波器

光瞳滤波器作为实现超分辨的基本元件之一,它的设计以及制作都非常重要。设计了一种正弦变化的振幅型光瞳滤波器,可以通过调节少量的参量实现各种不同的超分辨模式。选择正弦函数的周期以及光瞳中心点透过率变化两个参量来实现对最终超分辨效果的调节。数值计算结果表明：在整个人射光瞳上的透过率瞳函数分布具有0．5～2个正弦振幅周期时,较为合适。小于0．5个周期将不会有任何超分辨效果,大于2个周期超分辨效果反而变差。数值计算中还注意到,当周期数为整数时,斯特雷尔比将保持0．25不变。对正弦变化振幅型光瞳滤波器的计算结果,显示了其特殊的性质,对实际中制作正弦变化振幅型光瞳滤波器有一定的指导作用。     

Auditory filter shapes at low center frequencies in young and elderly hearing-impaired subjects.

Auditory filter shapes were measured for two groups of hearing-impaired subjects, young and elderly, matched for audiometric loss, for center frequencies (fc) of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz using a modified notched-noise method [B. R. Glasberg and B. C. J. Moore, Hear. Res. 47, 103-138 (1990)]. Two noise bands, each 0.4fc wide, were used; they were placed both symmetrically and asymmetrically about the signal frequency to allow the measurement of filter asymmetry. The overall noise level was either 77 or 87 dB SPL. Stimuli were delivered monaurally using Sennheiser HD424 earphones. Although auditory filters for the hearing-impaired subjects were generally broader than for normally hearing subjects [Moore et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 132-140 (1990)], some hearing-impaired subjects with mild losses had normal filters. The filters tended to broaden with increasing hearing loss. There were not any clear differences in filter characteristics between young and elderly hearing-impaired subjects. The signal-to-noise ratios at the outputs of the auditory filters required for threshold (K) tended to be lower than normal for the young hearing-impaired subjects, but were not significantly different from normal for the elderly hearing-impaired subjects. The lower K values for the young hearing-impaired subjects may occur because broadened auditory filters reduce the deleterious effects on signal detection of fluctuations in the noise.     

光电色度计校正滤色器的一种设计方法

介绍了光电色度计的测色原理，给出了依卢瑟条件设计校正滤色器计算光谱透射比的基本计算式，以滤色片厚度为自变量采用总误差面积最小，误差平方和最小，色差最小三种评价函数对滤色器进行优化设计，最后得到较为满意的结果。     

Thin-film spatial filters

A thin-film optical filter used as a one-dimensional spatial filter is presented, and its design is briefly examined. The filter consists of a stack of quarter-wave dielectric layers upon a right-angle prism that selectively cancel a reflected or transmitted plane-wave front for various angles of incidence. Transmittance and reflectance are low-pass functions or high-pass functions of the angle of incidence with a high degree of steepness. In combination, these filters exhibit bandpass transmittance with a variable bandwidth. Applications to detection of extrasolar planets are briefly discussed.     

镜面起伏对1.55μm Si基MEMS光滤波器的影响

用传输矩阵方法,在简化的光学模型基础上,分别讨论了分布式Bragg反射镜DBR(Distributed Bragg Reflector)的生长精度及镜面起伏对1.55 μm Si基MEMS(Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System)可调谐光滤波器透射谱的影响.计算表明:DBR生长误差仅使主透射峰位置发生变化,而镜面起伏是导致主透射峰性能劣化的主要原因,它使得FWHM增大,透射峰强度下降.理论计算结果能较好地解释实验现像.在此基础上,进一步讨论了引起镜面起伏的多种原因,并提出了可能的解决方法.     

The inclusion of source effect consideration in irradiance determination

In optical radiometry, an accurate realization of spectral irradiance scale depends on the investigation of both optical radiation source’s and detecting unit’s (filter radiometer) features. In the source part; comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of effects of lamp filament emissivity and its alterations due to the thermal and geometrical factors on the irradiance were studied. Meanwhile, detailed optical characterizations such as; determination of detecting element responsivity, transmittance of filters and measurements of aperture area were also made for the detecting element part. The inclusion of the source effects and the comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation resulted in the reduction of the number of estimated parameters to be used in matching the theoretical and experimental data, thereby improving the current uncertainty. Moreover, the method we used in this work to analyze the parameters that may affect the irradiance is considered to bring a new approach to the evaluation of irradiance.     

Color appearance seen through a colored filter of various sizes

It will provide us an effective method to study the color perception of the elderly if we can employ for young subjects a pair of glasses with color property chosen to simulate that of the elderly. One problem has to be solved before using such glasses based on the concept of the recognized visual space of illumination, that is, the size of the glasses. When a piece of a white paper is seen through a yellow filter in a room, it naturally appears yellowish. But if the observer uses the filter to cover his/her eyes entirely the white paper returns to its original white; this is known as color constancy. Between these two extreme cases, the color is expected to change from yellow to white. Chromaticness and hue of an achromatic test chart of a small or large size were determined by the elementary color naming method when the chart was seen monocularly through a red, yellow, green or blue filter, respectively, placed at various distances from the eyes. Chromaticness was large at around 40% when the visual field through the filter was equal to or smaller than the test chart, but it rapidly decreased when the visual field extended over the test chart so that objects other than the test chart were included in the visual field. It decreased to almost zero when the filter was about 5 cm or less away from the eye. It was concluded that we do not necessarily have to use goggles to cover the entire visual field but can use a normal pair of glasses made of colored filters for young subjects to study the color perception of the elderly with understanding that the study is only for the color perception experienced while wearing the glasses.     

用于观察瞄准镜的截止滤光片设计和制备

基于观察瞄准镜系统中胶合目镜对滤光片的使用需求,设计了一种用于瞄准镜光学系统的截止滤光片,消除了滤光片的半波孔,压缩了通带波纹。采用电子束热蒸发技术制备了滤光片并测试其透过率,在400 nm～630 nm的平均透过率为95.76%,在655 nm～800 nm的平均透过率为0.06%,样片通过了盐雾测试和机械牢固度测试,制备结果满足设计需求。     

用伪同色光谱图像检测色觉正常观察者的锥细胞光谱响应

为了能够快速、准确的检测色觉正常观察者的辨色差异，从而对其红、绿、蓝三通道的锥细胞光谱响应进行研究，设计并制作了由背景层（或和明度层）以及数字层组成的伪同色光谱图像，其中背景层和数字层具有不同的光谱反射曲线，经过照明光源以及人眼锥细胞光谱响应的共同作用，使色觉正常的观察者产生不同的颜色感知差异。实验首先基于不同光谱原色的输出设备，在不同的照明光源下，制作出能够放大观察者差异的近同色异谱色样对。要求用不同颜色匹配函数计算近同色异谱色样对的CIEDE2000色差值，有的色差在人眼辨色阈值之内，有的色差人眼可明显识别。通过优化计算，将放大观察者色觉差异的近同色异谱色样对应用于伪同色光谱图像的数字层和背景层，并利用Epson Stylus Pro7908喷墨打印机和OKI C9600激光打印机分别输出伪同色光谱图像的背景层和数字层。同时组织了72名色觉正常的观察者（包含55名18～25岁的年轻观察者和17名62～74岁的老年观察者）分别在D65和LED-5000K两种光源下，对伪同色光谱图像进行识读检验。识读结果表明，伪同色光谱图像可以较为准确的判定年轻和老年观察者的视网膜锥细胞光谱响应是否老化。同种照明光源下，年轻观察者可以识读出数字的伪同色光谱图像（②/④）老年观察者不能识读，老年观察者可以识读的伪同色光谱图像（①/③）大多年轻观察者不能识读，且55名年轻观察者中有4名观察者的目视结果与老年人相同。另外，年轻观察者的锥细胞光谱响应与CIE1964和CIE2006（age=25 y）颜色匹配函数较为一致，而老年观察者的锥细胞光谱响应与CIE1931和CIE2006（age=75 y）颜色匹配函数更为一致。对比颜色匹配函数的分布，发现老年观察者的锥细胞光谱响应向长波段偏移，同时由于屈光系统光学密度增加导致其锥细胞光谱响应有所降低。     

新型透射式全息窄带带阻滤光器的光谱特性分析

滤光器在光谱学、光学测量和激光物理中有着极其重要的应用。全息滤光器是一种新型滤光器,特别是利用重铬酸明胶(DCG)记录的全息透射式窄带滤光器,其主要特点为对主谱线有很窄的带宽。文章主要用紫外-可见分光光度计测定用DCG记录的透射式全息窄带带阻滤光器的光谱特性,测量结果分析表明,滤光器在可见光区域(400～800 nm)对其中心波长的相对透射率小于2%,其他谱线的相对透射率大于85%。且滤光器有较窄的带宽,其半宽度小于12 nm,十分之一宽度小于15 nm。对氩离子激光(Ar+)主谱线514.5 nm有优良的滤光特性。     

漫射光宽视场光学天线的设计

利用光线追迹的方法分析了半球光学天线及另外两种截取角小于90°的欠半球和大于90°的超半球光学天线的光学增益和接收视场,提出了选择合适截取角的原则,并确认半球形光学天线是一种很合适的漫射光宽视场光学天线;同时分析了均匀能量环境下半球光学天线圆截面上接收到光功率的分布,并提出了设计半球形光学天线基本参量的原则;用光学理论推导出了采用半球形光学天线时能够到达光敏面的光线所应满足的条件,分析了它对光学滤波设计的意义.     

Transverse superresolution with the radial continuous transmittance filter

The radial continuous transmittance filter is presented to realize transverse superresolution. It consists of two parallel polarizers and a radial birefringent element sandwiched between of them. By adjusting the angle between optical axis of the radial birefringent element and the polarization direction of the polarizers, transverse superresolution can be realized. But transverse superresolution is obtained at the cost of the axial resolution and the increase of the side-lobes in strength. So we then mend such filter, with it not only enhance the transverse resolution but also suppress the influence of the side-lobes and the reduction of the axial resolution. At the same time, the Strehl ratio increases. The advantage of such a filter used in superresolution technique is that it is easy to fabricate because its fabrication does not deal with the variation of the phase.     

A spatial filter for phase object differentiation

A spatial filter for coherent optical processing which has an amplitude transmittance proportional to the square root of the sum of the spatial frequency and a constant, is shown to produce intensity images nearly linear to the first derivative of the phase of purely phase-varying input objects. These images can then be integrated incoherently to yield the phase functions of the objects.     

光电极值法结合外差干涉法监控膜厚的研究

光电极值法是光学薄膜厚度监测的常用方法,该方法在镀膜前引用块状材料的折射率设计膜系。而在实际镀制过程中,用于镀制光学薄膜的材料折射率会发生改变,从而给膜厚的监控带来误差。为了避免折射率变化的影响,采用外差干涉法测量折射率,将实际测得的薄膜折射率应用光电极值法监控薄膜的设计,从而减少了因材料折射率的变化引起的误差。以750nm截止滤光片的镀制为被测对象进行了实验,对制备的滤光片透射率光谱曲线进行了比较。结果表明,实际的透射率曲线与设计的透射率曲线吻合较好,两次实验曲线平均吻合度均在98%以上,系统稳定性很好,从而说明结合外差干涉法的光电极值监控法可以很好地克服折射率变化引起的误差。     

质子辐照对极紫外波段滤光片透过率的影响

 为了检验应用在极紫外波段空间太阳望远镜上Al滤光片在空间辐照环境下透过率的变化情况,用能量100 keV,剂量为6×10¹¹/mm²的质子束对其进行辐照,利用透射电子显微镜分析了质子辐照前后滤光片的微观结构。实验结果表明:由于质子辐照使滤光片受质子侵蚀后,Al原子被击出发生质量损失,表面形态发生了变化,造成滤光片变薄,从而导致透过率由辐照前的12.1%增大到15.0%,且滤光片的薄厚分布不均匀使透过率曲线出现了次级峰,造成其光学性能的退化。     

滤光片对瞬态光学高温计通道线性的影响

 滤光片是瞬态光学高温计系统中的一个重要器件,滤光片的技术参数对高温计的性能有重要影响。对窄带滤光片的通带半高宽、背景透过率和峰值透过率给通道线性带来的影响进行了分析和计算。结果表明,滤光片的通带半高宽、背景透过率和峰值透过率对通道的线性均有较大的影响。研究结果为研制高性能的瞬态光学高温计时选取合适的滤光片提供了依据。     

Pitch discrimination and phase sensitivity in young and elderly subjects and its relationship to frequency selectivity.

Frequency difference limens for pure tones (DLFs) and for complex tones (DLCs) were measured for four groups of subjects: young normal hearing, young hearing impaired, elderly with near-normal hearing, and elderly hearing impaired. The auditory filters of the subjects had been measured in earlier experiments using the notched-noise method, for center frequencies (fc) of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz. The DLFs for both impaired groups were higher than for the young normal group at all fc's (50-4000 Hz). The DLFs at a given fc were generally only weakly correlated with the sharpness of the auditory filter at that fc, and some subjects with broad filters had near-normal DLFs at low frequencies. Some subjects in the elderly normal group had very large DLFs at low frequencies in spite of near-normal auditory filters. These results suggest a partial dissociation of frequency selectivity and frequency discrimination of pure tones. The DLCs for the two impaired groups were higher than those for the young normal group at all fundamental frequencies (fo) tested (50, 100, 200, and 400 Hz); the DLCs for the elderly normal group were intermediate. At fo = 50 Hz, DLCs for a complex tone containing only low harmonics (1-5) were markedly higher than for complex tones containing higher harmonics, for all subject groups, suggesting that pitch was conveyed largely by the higher, unresolved harmonics. For the elderly impaired group, and some subjects in the elderly normal group, DLCs were larger for a complex tone with lower harmonics (1-12) than for tones without lower harmonics (4-12 and 6-12) for fo's up to 200 Hz. Some elderly normal subjects had markedly larger-than-normal DLCs in spite of near-normal auditory filters. The DLCs tended to be larger for complexes with components added in alternating sine/cosine phase than for complexes with components added in cosine phase. Phase effects were significant for all groups, but were small for the young normal group. The results are not consistent with place-based models of the pitch perception of complex tones; rather, they suggest that pitch is at least partly determined by temporal mechanisms.     

The attention filter for tones in noise has the same shape and effective bandwidth in the elderly as it has in young listeners

Listeners asked to detect tones masked by noise hear frequent signals but miss infrequent probes, suggesting that they attend to spectral regions where they expect the signals to occur. The narrow detection pattern centered on the frequent target approximates that obtained in notched noise, indicating that attention is focused on the auditory filter. We measured attention bands in young and elderly listeners (n=5, 4; 20-25 and 62-82 years of age) for targets (800 or 1200 Hz) and infrequent probe signals (target +/-25-100 Hz) masked in wideband noise. We anticipated that their width would increase with age, as has been reported for auditory filters. A yes-no single-interval procedure provided detection probabilities and detection response speeds. Both measures showed near-linear declines with decreasing signal level, and graded decay functions as probe frequency deviated from the target frequency. Probes deviating from the target by 25 to 50 Hz were equivalent to a 2-dB reduction in signal level for both measures. The equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) for detection approximated 11% of the signal frequency for each age group. Confidence intervals (95%) showed that the elderly ERB could be at most only about 20% larger than that of younger listeners.     

中心波长121.6nm的真空紫外窄带滤光片设计和制备

采用双半波法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉滤光片结构设计了中心波长在121.6 am的窄带滤光片,其峰值透射率为6.78%,通带半宽度为10.7 nm.通过设计、制备和测量峰值波长在217 nm的滤光片验证了设计用到的光学常数和膜厚定标都比较精确.在此基础上制备了121.6 nm的窄带滤光片,到合肥同步辐射实验室测量的结果是中心波长在120.74 nm,峰值透射率为5.94%,通带半宽度为12 nm.可以看出实际制备的滤光片和预先设计的基本吻合但还是有一定的偏差,最后对实际测量的和理论设计的偏差进行了分析.