S-anions from 2,2,4,4-tetrakis(Trifluoromethyl)-1,3-dithietane and their reactions

Russian Chemical Bulletin -     

Arrhenius parameters for reactions of oxygen atoms with the fluorinated ethylenes

Competitive studies of the reactions of ground-state oxygen atoms, generated by mercury-photosensitized decomposition of nitrous oxide, have been carried out with ethylene and all the fluoroethylenes using 2-(trifluoromethyl)-propene as reference compound. From measurements at 25°C and 150°C relative rate constants have been determined and used to calculate the Arrhenius parameters shown in the following table:

Ultracold collisions and reactions of vibrationally excited OH radicals with oxygen atoms

We report a quantum dynamics study of O + OH (v = 1, j = 0) collisions on its ground electronic state, employing two different potential energy surfaces: the DIMKP surface by Kendrick and Pack, and the XXZLG surface by Xu et al. A time-independent quantum mechanical method based on hyperspherical coordinates has been adopted for the dynamics calculations. Energy-dependent probabilities and rate coefficients are computed for the elastic, inelastic, and reactive channels over the collision energy range E(coll) = 10(-10)-0.35 eV, for J = 0 total angular momentum. Initial state-selected reaction rate coefficients are also calculated from the J = 0 reaction probabilities by applying a J-shifting approximation, for temperatures in the range T = 10(-6)-700 K. Our results show that the dynamics of the collisional process and its outcome are strongly influenced by long-range forces, and chemical reactivity is found to be sensitive to the choice of the potential energy surface. For O + OH (v = 1, j = 0) collisions at low temperatures, vibrational relaxation of OH competes with reactive scattering. Since long-range interactions can facilitate vibrational relaxation processes, we find that the DIMKP potential (which explicitly includes van der Waals dispersion terms) favours vibrational relaxation over chemical reaction at low temperatures. On the DIMKP potential in the ultracold regime, the reaction rate coefficient for O + OH (v = 1, j = 0) is found to be a factor of thirteen lower than that for O + OH (v = 0, j = 0). This significantly high reactivity of OH (v = 0, j = 0), compared to that of OH (v = 1, j = 0), is attributed to enhancement caused by the presence of a HO(2) quasibound state (scattering resonance) with energy near the O + OH (v = 0, j = 0) dissociation threshold. In contrast, the XXZLG potential does not contain explicit van der Waals terms, being just an extrapolation by a nearly constant function at large O-OH distances. Therefore, long-range potential couplings are absent in calculations using the XXZLG surface, which does not induce vibrational relaxation as efficiently as the DIMKP potential. The XXZLG potential leads to a slightly higher reactivity (a factor of 1.4 higher) for O + OH (v = 1, j = 0) compared to that for O + OH (v = 0, j = 0) at ultracold temperatures. Overall, both potential surfaces yield comparable values of reaction rate coefficients at low temperatures for the O + OH (v = 1, j = 0) reaction.     

Conformational analysis of 2-methyl-2-bora-1,3-diheterocyclohexanes with oxygen,nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in the ring

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry -     

Dithietanes. Synthesis of N-substituted 2-imino-1,3-dithietanes and 2-imino-1,3-dithietane hydrochloride

The reaction of diethylphosphoryl isothiocyanate with potassium hydrosulfide gave potassium diethoxyphosphinyldithiocarbamate ( 3a ). This salt, with methylene bromide, afforded 2-diethoxyphosphinylimino-1,3-dithietane ( 5a ) in high yield. In concentrated hydrochloric acid, 5a was hydrolyzed to 2-imino-1,3-dithietane which was isolated as a stable hydrochloride ( 7 ). The synthesis of some other N-Substituted 2-imino-1,3-dithietanes is also described.     

Alkenoxy radicals in gas-phase reactions of alkenes with oxygen atoms or ozone

Observations in the O₃ + trans-2-butene reaction system and in the O + trans-2-butene + O₂ reaction system suggest the intermediacy of alkenoxy radicals. A mechanism is proposed for the production of C_n and C_m (m <n) alkenoxy radicals by the reaction of C_nH_2n alkenes with oxygen atoms or with ozone.     

Shock‐tube studies on the reactions of dimethyl ether with oxygen and hydrogen atoms

The reactions of dimethyl ether (CH₃OCH₃, DME) with O(³P) and H atoms have been studied at high temperatures by using a shock tube apparatus coupled with atomic resonance absorption spectroscopy (ARAS). The rate coefficients for the reactions CH₃OCH₃ + O(³P) → CH₃OCH₂ + OH (1) and CH₃OCH₃ + H → CH₃OCH₂ + H₂ (2) were experimentally determined from the decay of O(³P) and H atoms as: These results show that DME can react with O(³P) atoms more easily than with H atoms. By combining these results with the previous lower temperature data, we obtained the following modified Arrhenius expressions applied over the wide temperature range between 300 and 1500 K: Both reactions of DME are faster than those of ethane, because the dissociation energy of the C? H bond in DME is smaller. Furthermore, the rate coefficients for reactions ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) were calculated with the transition‐state theory (TST). Structural parameters and vibrational frequencies of the reactants and the transition states required for the TST calculation were obtained from the MP2(full)/6‐31G(d) ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculation. The energy barrier, E^?₀, was adjusted until the TST rate coefficient most closely matched the observed one. The fitting results of E(1) = 23 kJ mol^?1 and E(2) = 34 kJ mol^?1 were in agreement with the G2 energy barriers, within the expected uncertainty, demonstrating that the experimentally determined rate coefficients were theoretically valid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 39: 97–108, 2007     

Direct identification of reactive routes and measurement of rate constants in the reactions of oxygen atoms with methanethiol,ethanethiol, and methylsulfide

The room temperature reactions between oxygen atoms and methanethiol, ethanethiol, and methylsulfide have been studied in crossed jets to directly detect and identify the free-radical and stable products they produce. Knowledge of the products was used to assign reactive routes. The overall rate constants for all three O-atom reactions were also measured at 300 ± 2°K using a fast-flow reactor. They are 1.9 (CH₃SH), 2.8 (C₂H₅SH), and 63 (CH₃SCH₃) × 10^?12cm³/mol · sec. The identity of the detected products and the trend in rate constants in these reactions support an electrophilic addition mechanism followed by decomposition of the excited adduct by S-R bond cleavage (R = H, CH₃, or C₂H₅).     

Gas-phase structures of dithietane derivatives, including an electron diffraction study of 1,3-dithietane 1,1,3,3-tetraoxide

The gas electron diffraction structure of 1,3-dithietane 1,1,3,3-tetraoxide has been determined using the SARACEN method to restrain parameters that otherwise could not be refined. Quantum chemical calculations for this species showed that the potential-energy surface was extremely flat, and this was also observed from the diffraction experiments. The difference in goodness of fit for the diffraction experiment between a planar ring and one puckered by up to 9° was very small. Calculations were also performed for a variety of similar species with different numbers of oxygen atoms attached to the sulphur atoms. Topological analysis of the electron density, and electron localisation function studies of the relevant molecules, have given deeper insight into the nature of their bonding, and suggested how spatial localisation of electron pairs may influence the molecular structure.     

Formation of oxygen atoms in the reaction of chlorine atoms with ozone

Oxygen atoms are detected by NO + O + M chemiluminescence as a secondary product of the reaction between Cl and O₃. The mechanism Cl + O₃ → ClO + O₂(¹Σ⁺_g), O₂(¹Σ⁺_g) + O₃ → O₂ + O₂ + O is proposed to account for the oxygen atom formation. The branching ratio to the O₂(¹Σ⁺_g) product in the reaction of Cl with O₃ is estimated to be in the range (0.1–0.5) x 10^?2.     

Polar and solvation effects in reactions of oxygen atoms and hydroxyl and alkoxyl radicals with oxygen-containing compounds

Experimental data on the activation energies of reactions of H-abstraction from oxygencontaining compounds by oxygen atoms and hydroxyl and alkoxyl radicals in the gas and liquid phases have been analyzed by means of the parabolic model of the transition state. The contribution of polar interaction to the activation energies of the reactions has been calculated. The contribution of solvation to the activation energy has been calculated by comparison of the reaction parameters of the respective reaction in the liquid and gas phases.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 38–42, January, 1994.     

Bis(dimesitylmethylene)-1,3-dithietane, -1,2,4-trithiane, and -1,2,4,5-tetrathiane. Conformation and DNMR Study. Observable Dimesityl Thioketene

The reaction of dimesityl ketene with P(2)S(5) and pyridine gives 2,4-bis(dimesitylmethylene)-1,3-dithietane (3), 3,6-bis(dimesitylmethylene)-1,2,4,5-tetrathiane (4), 3,5-bis(dimesitylmethylene)-1,2,4-trithiane (5), and dimesityl thioketene 2 as a transient. The structures of 3 and 4 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The dimesitylmethylene moieties in 3 and 4 have a propeller conformation, and the tetrathiane ring in 4 has a twist-boat conformation. Static NMR data are consistent with the presence of two enantiomers and one meso form for 3 and of three pairs of enantiomers for 4. The several aromatic signals observed for 3 and 4 at slow exchange at 160 K coalesce to a single signal at higher temperatures. The threshold barriers for these dynamic processes are 12.7 (3) and 13.3 (4) kcal mol(-)(1), and the dynamic behavior was analyzed in terms of flip processes. On standing, a solution of 3 develops a blue color which is attributed to formation of 2, by retro-dimerization of 3. Diphenylacetyl chloride gives with P(2)S(5) the analog of 5 and its one-double bond reduction product. Ditipylketene forms a product identified tentatively as the analog of 3.     

Predicted rate constants for the exothermic reactions of ground state oxygen atoms and CH radicals

A potential function has been derived for the ground-state surface of HCO which reproduces the spectroscopic properties of the equilibrium molecule and the results of ab-initio calculations at other stationary points on the surface. The potential has been used for a classical trajectory study of the vibrational excitation of CO on collision with fast H atoms and for a study of the reaction of ground-state oxygen atoms and CH radicals.