新型高速视频图像记录判读系统

介绍了新型高速视频图像记录判读系统的特点、组成和功能,并采用了一种改进的自动判读方法.该系统利用集成在高速CMOS摄像机上的存储器记录数字视频序列图像,并利用高速接口下载到计算机移动硬盘或可读写光盘上,以供事后使用判读软件对记录的图像进行分析处理.运用数学形态学图像处理方法滤除二值图像的噪声,较好地实现了清晰提取目标边界的目的.针对自动判读与半自动判读的不同要求,采用不同的细分技术.在现有分辨率的情况下,达到对目标边缘亚像元级定位的目的,显著提高测量准确度.对其他类似系统的研制有一定的借鉴作用.     

Dirac equation path integral: Interpreting the Grassmann variables

Summary A functional integral for a particle obeying the Dirac equation is presented. In earlier work (reviewed here) we showed that 1) such a particle could be described as a massless particle randomly flipping direction and helicity at a complex ratei/m and 2) its between-flips propagation could be written as a sum over paths for a Grassmann variable valued stochastic process. We here extend the earlier work by providing a geometrical interpretation of the Grassmann variables as forms onSU(2). With this interpretation we clarify the supersymmetric correspondence relating products of Grassmann variables to spatial coordinates. To speed up publication, the authors have agreed not to receive proofs which have been supervised by the Scientific Committee.     

On KP generators and the geometry of the HBDE

Sato theory provides a correspondence between solutions to the KP hierarchy and points in an infinite dimensional Grassmannian. In this correspondence, flows generated infinitesimally by powers of the “shift” operator give time dependence to the first coordinate of an arbitrarily selected point, making it a tau-function. These tau-functions satisfy a number of integrable equations, including the Hirota bilinear difference equation (HBDE). Here, we rederive the HBDE as a statement about linear maps between Grassmannians. In addition to illustrating the fundamental nature of this equation in the standard theory, we make use of this geometric interpretation of the HBDE to answer the question of what other infinitesimal generators could be used for similarly creating tau-functions. The answer to this question involves a “rank one condition”, tying this investigation to the existing results on integrable systems involving such conditions and providing an interpretation for their significance in terms of the relationship between the HBDE and the geometry of Grassmannians.     

In quest of a relativistic constituent quark model— some constructive remarks

The set-up of a relativistic constituent quark model in four dimensions is one of the outstanding problems in particle physics. For the time being this involves a great deal of model building which, very probably, will not change in the near future. In this paper we shall offer some general remarks which might help putting such models into shape. Most of the earlier attempts are found controversial. In particular, a convential quark constituent interpretation could not be recovered.     

The Information Interpretation and the Conceptual Problems of Quantum Mechanics

It has been traditionally considered that Quantum Mechanics has two conceptual kinds of problems, namely, those related with local-realism and the so-called measurement problem. That is, the uniqueness of the result when we make a measurement. With the development of what is called generically Quantum Information Theory, a new form of the Copenhagen interpretation of the formalism has taken shape.⁽¹⁾ In this paper, we will analyse if this information interpretation is able to clarify these old problems. Although this interpretation seems to be the most promising approach we have, we have reached the conclusion that the answer cannot be given in a positive and clear way yet.     

Polarization effects in photoisomerization of azo dyes in polymeric films

The reversible cis-trans photoisomerization of disperse red 1 (DR1) in PMMA thin films has been demonstrated previously by using the Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) method. In this communication photoisomerization of DR1 is shown to be strongly polarization sensitive. This new property of dye doped polymeric films could lead to practical applications in integrated optics. A simple molecular interpretation is given. Illumination of a DR1 sample by polarization fringes produces a grating of molecular orientation able to diffract a probe beam.     

A comparative analysis of reduction quality for probabilistic and possibilistic measurement models

In this article, several known and new methods of solving the measurement data interpretation problem for probabilistic and possibilistic measurement models are compared and the dependency of their quality on the completeness and accuracy of the measurement model is analyzed. It is shown that optimal use of a researcher’s prior information about the measurement model allows one to significantly increase the accuracy of the interpretation of measurements. In some cases the error of possibilistic interpretation was less than that of probabilistic one, even though possibilistic interpretation minimizes the necessity of the error, rather than the mean squared error. This is due to the fact that prior information may be sufficient to model the input signal using a fuzzy vector, but insufficient to model it using a random vector.     

The Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, and Objective Probabilities

The Ithaca interpretation of quantum mechanics, proposed in 1996 by David Mermin, seeks to reduce the interpretive puzzles of quantum mechanics to the single puzzle of interpreting objective quantum probabilities. Some suggestions are made as to how the numerical values of quantum probabilities could be ontologically based in a world containing all the possible outcomes of all probabilistic processes. It is then shown that Hardy's paradox, discussed by Mermin, can be resolved when probabilities are interpreted in this way.     

高电荷态离子与SiO2表面相互作用的研究

高电荷态离子(Pbq ,Arq )由兰州近代物理研究所的ECR实验平台所产生,轰击非晶态SiO2表面.用微通道板测量溅射粒子产额的角分布.用公式拟合实验溅射角分布得到了较好的结果,并给出了初步的理论解释.由此得出了高电荷态离子与SiO2表面作用的微分溅射截面.实验结果表明高电荷态离子能够增加动能溅射;同时高电荷态离子入射能够引起势能溅射.在大角度入射时,溅射产额主要是由碰撞引起的;在小角入射时势能溅射所占比重会增大.     

Towards a Neo-Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

The Copenhagen interpretation is critically considered. A number of ambiguities, inconsistencies and confusions are discussed. It is argued that it is possible to purge the interpretation so as to obtain a consistent and reasonable way to interpret the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics, which is in agreement with the way this theory is dealt with in experimental practice. In particular, the essential role attributed by the Copenhagen interpretation to measurement is acknowledged. For this reason it is proposed to refer to it as a neo-Copenhagen interpretation.     

The Diffuse Light of the Universe

In 1965, the discovery of a new type of uniform radiation, located between radiowaves and infrared light, was accidental. Known today as Cosmic Microwave background (CMB), this diffuse radiation is commonly interpreted as a fossil light released in an early hot and dense universe and constitutes today the main ’pilar’ of the big bang cosmology. Considerable efforts have been devoted to derive fundamental cosmological parameters from the characteristics of this radiation that led to a surprising universe that is shaped by at least three major unknown components: inflation, dark matter and dark energy. This is an important weakness of the present consensus cosmological model that justifies raising several questions on the CMB interpretation. Can we consider its cosmological nature as undisputable? Do other possible interpretations exist in the context of other cosmological theories or simply as a result of other physical mechanisms that could account for it? In an effort to questioning the validity of scientific hypotheses and the under-determination of theories compared to observations, we examine here the difficulties that still exist on the interpretation of this diffuse radiation and explore other proposed tracks to explain its origin. We discuss previous historical concepts of diffuse radiation before and after the CMB discovery and underline the limit of our present understanding.     

Formalism and Interpretation in Quantum Theory

Quantum Mechanics can be viewed as a linear dynamical theory having a familiar mathematical framework but a mysterious probabilistic interpretation, or as a probabilistic theory having a familiar interpretation but a mysterious formal framework. These points of view are usually taken to be somewhat in tension with one another. The first has generated a vast literature aiming at a “realistic” and “collapse-free” interpretation of quantum mechanics that will account for its statistical predictions. The second has generated an at least equally large literature aiming to derive, or at any rate motivate, the formal structure of quantum theory in probabilistically intelligible terms. In this paper I explore, in a preliminary way, the possibility that these two programmes have something to offer one another. In particular, I show that a version of the measurement problem occurs in essentially any non-classical probabilistic theory, and ask to what extent various interpretations of quantum mechanics continue to make sense in such a general setting. I make a start on answering this question in the case of a rudimentary version of the Everett interpretation.     

Effect of viscoelastic losses on resonance radiation from imperfections

NDT, using acoustic emission techniques, often requires an adequate interpretation of the resonance response. In this Paper, the effect of viscoelastic losses on resonance caused by imperfections due to oscillating dislocations is evaluated. For simplicity of interpretation, three simple viscoelastic materials are considered. The results show that while damping has a small effect on the first resonance response, higher resonances are considerably reduced and that near antiresonant frequencies the amplitudes of vibration may actually be increased.     

Interpreting Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) as an Information Channel

Information theory, and the concept of information channel, allows us to calculate the mutual information between the source (input) and the receiver (output), both represented by probability distributions over their possible states. In this paper, we use the theory behind the information channel to provide an enhanced interpretation to a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), a square matrix whose columns and rows present the expenditure and receipt accounts of economic actors. Under our interpretation, the SAM’s coefficients, which, conceptually, can be viewed as a Markov chain, can be interpreted as an information channel, allowing us to optimize the desired level of aggregation within the SAM. In addition, the developed information measures can describe accurately the evolution of a SAM over time. Interpreting the SAM matrix as an ergodic chain could show the effect of a shock on the economy after several periods or economic cycles. Under our new framework, finding the power limit of the matrix allows one to check (and confirm) whether the matrix is well-constructed (irreducible and aperiodic), and obtain new optimization functions to balance the SAM matrix. In addition to the theory, we also provide two empirical examples that support our channel concept and help to understand the associated measures.     

Emergent gravity and ether-drift experiments

According to several authors, gravity might be a long-wavelength phenomenon emerging in some ‘hydrodynamic limit’ from the same physical, flat-space vacuum viewed as a form of superfluid medium. In this framework, light might propagate in an effective acoustic geometry and exhibit a tiny anisotropy that could be measurable in the present ether-drift experiments. By accepting this view of the vacuum, one should also consider the possibility of sizeable random fluctuations of the signal that reflect the stochastic nature of the underlying ‘quantum ether’ and could be erroneously interpreted as instrumental noise. To test the present interpretation, we have extracted the mean amplitude of the signal from various experiments with different systematics, operating both at room temperature and in the cryogenic regime. They all give the same consistent value \({\langle A \rangle ={\mathcal O}(10^{-15})}\) which is precisely the magnitude expected in an emergent-gravity approach, for an apparatus placed on the Earth’s surface. Since physical implications could be substantial, it would be important to obtain more direct checks from the instantaneous raw data and, possibly, with new experimental set-ups operating in gravity-free environments.     

Quantum Mechanics: Modal Interpretation and Galilean Transformations

The aim of this paper is to consider in what sense the modal-Hamiltonian interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfies the physical constraints imposed by the Galilean group. In particular, we show that the only apparent conflict, which follows from boost-transformations, can be overcome when the definition of quantum systems and subsystems is taken into account. On this basis, we apply the interpretation to different well-known models, in order to obtain concrete examples of the previous conceptual conclusions. Finally, we consider the role played by the Casimir operators of the Galilean group in the interpretation.     

Combined damage detection techniques

Linear damage detection techniques are used frequently because of their simplicity and their easy interpretation. In this paper, it will be shown however that linear techniques are not very robust with respect to environmental changes and interstructure variability. With the aid of experimental results it will be demonstrated that non-linear damage detection techniques, although being more complex, are less sensitive to these effects. In addition, two damage detection approaches will be proposed that combine the advantages of different classes of techniques. Firstly, a combined linear-non-linear approach is described. In the second proposed method, static and dynamic measurement techniques will be combined. Using experimental damage detection results, it will be shown that both proposed combined techniques are less sensitive to environmental changes while leading to easy interpretation of results.     

Is quantum theory compatible with special relativity?

How a proposed quantum nonlocal phenomenon could be incompatible with the requirements of special relativity is studied. To show this, the least set of assumptions about the formalism and the interpretation of non-relativistic quantum theory is considered. Then, without any reference to the collapse assumption or any other stochastic processes, an experiment is proposed, involving two quantum systems, that interacted at an arbitrary time, with results which seem to be in conflict with requirements of special relativity.     

Correlation effects for cation diffusion via vacancy-pairs in fluorite-related oxides

Recent research has suggested that diffusion via vacancy-pairs could be an important contribution to cation diffusion in fluorite-related oxides, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia. In this paper, a combination of analytical development and Monte Carlo computer simulation is used to analyze various diffusion correlation effects for cation and oxygen ion diffusion via tightly bound vacancy-pairs in the fluorite structure. It is shown that the application of sum-rule relations provides exact expressions for the collective correlation functions. It is also shown that a formalism inspired by Manning's diffusion kinetics formalism gives accurate expressions for tracer correlation factors when tested against Monte Carlo simulation results. It is also shown that the tracer correlation factors follow the impurity-form, thereby simplifying an interpretation of the diffusion isotope effect.