半微量络合滴定法测定矿石中低含量的锆

矿石中低含量锆的测定通常采用比色法,但是用比色法测定锆的各种显色剂的选择性并不高,如果经分离后再测定又嫌手续麻烦。过去曾有人提到过EDTA直接滴定微克量的锆,灵敏度高,选择性好,但是对具体物料分析的报导却不多。还有的资料谈到采用三乙醇胺作掩蔽剂沉淀氢氧化锆可以使锆与大多数共存元素分离;不过后者指出所得的氢氧化锆呈聚合态,用硝酸溶解后须放置15小时以上才能自行解聚。此外,在硝酸介质中,用EDTA滴定锆难于排除铁(Ⅲ)的干扰,在其它方面也不及盐酸介质选择性好和使用方便。我们将合成溶液在三乙醇胺存在下,用氢氧化钠沉淀氢氧化锆,采用盐酸溶解沉淀,制得的     

在水/环己烷微乳体系中制备纳米级氧化锆微粒

研究了在水 环己烷 正己醇 Triton X 100的微乳体系中, 几种主要实验参数对由氯氧化锆制备氧化锆纳米粒子的比表面积及其颗粒大小的影响.实验结果表明，微乳体系中水与表面活性剂的摩尔比ro、氯氧化锆的浓度以及微乳沉淀反应的温度都对氧化锆的比表面积有很大影响.在不同温度的微乳体系，氯氧化锆浓度对最终氧化锆粒子的比表面积的影响不同.通过优化制备条件，制得了比表面积为212 m2•g－1（450 ℃焙烧后）的氧化锆纳米粉体.文中还对所制备的氧化锆样品进行了X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜（TEM）和氮气吸附的分析.     

可纺性锆溶胶的制备与应用 Ⅰ.氧化锆连续纤维的制备

以氯氧化锆为原料,异丙醇为溶剂,双氧水为水解促进剂,乙酰丙酮为配位剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了ZrO2前驱体连续纤维,经800℃热处理后得ZrO2连续纤维。用FT-IR、TGA、元素分析和SEM等分析技术表征了纤维的化学结构和形貌观察,研究了可纺性ZrO2溶胶的制备条件和影响因素。结果表明,当n（氯氧化锆）：n（双氧水）：1：3,反应时间6h,陈化温度15℃时可得纺丝性能良好的锆溶胶,ZrO2前驱体连续纤维的成分是部分经乙酰丙酮配位的ZrO2水合物,热处理后ZrO2纤维的平均直径为15μm左右,纤维体中存在大量纳米级气孔,但没有发现明显裂纹。     

溶剂热法合成纯单斜和四方晶相氧化锆中的溶剂效应

在以水或甲醇为溶剂, 通过溶剂热反应合成纯单斜相或四方相氧化锆的前期工作基础上, 利用X射线衍射手段研究了硝酸氧锆(ZrO(NO3)2·2H2O)和尿素的溶剂热反应产物——水合ZrO2的物相结构在不同反应温度、反应时间及后处理温度等条件下的变化过程, 提出了不同晶相氧化锆的形成、转变以及稳定的可能机理. 不论在水还是甲醇溶液中, 最初水解得到的水合ZrO2沉淀即晶相氧化锆前体都具有四方对称性结构. 在水热反应条件下, 氧化锆沉淀物发生Ostwald熟化(溶解-沉淀)过程, 四方对称性结构转变为热力学稳定的单斜对称性结构. 而在甲醇热反应条件下, 氧化锆沉淀物不溶于甲醇, 从而Ostwald熟化过程被抑制, 使得四方对称性结构得以保持; 同时, 尿素与水合锆沉淀物反应脱除所含的结晶水, 形成更刚性的四方对称性结构, 这样使得高温热处理(400 ℃)只能促进其晶化过程, 但不改变其对称性. 因而, 不同溶剂对氧化锆沉淀物溶解性的差异以及造成的氧化锆沉淀物与尿素反应性能的差异可能是溶剂热反应合成单一晶相氧化锆的关键因素.     

分光光度法测定锆粉中氯的含量

<正>金属锆粉呈淡灰色,是有金属光泽的无定型粉末,易燃,有时会自燃发生爆炸,燃烧时发白光,生成氧化锆,不溶于水,主要用于核工业及耐腐蚀合金、闪光灯和烟花等的制造,也用作冶金脱氧剂。低含量氯的测定,常选用离子选择电极法,如高纯水中氯的测定[1]。本工作中锆粉氯的测定采用氯化银浊度法,氯化银颗粒在溶液中分散受稳定性和光照因素影响较大[2],适当加入有机溶剂作为胶体保护剂,以增强氯化银胶体的稳定性[3],可做胶体稳     

含锶钡锆钛酸铅陶瓷(PZT)中游离氧化锆的分光光度测定

在合成PZT陶瓷的过程中,常需测定游离氧化锆,以控制、改进合成工艺条件。一般用容量法测PZT陶瓷中的游离氧化锆,此法宜测0.2%以上的氧化锆,目前由于生产工艺的改进,游离氧化锆的含量大多低于此数量级,为此,本文制订一个适用于该材料中微量锆的分析方法。我们针对PZT陶瓷样品经稀酸处理后的残渣都是难熔的金属氧化物的特点,所以采     

用对-碘杏仁酸测定矿石及合金中的鋯

本文制定用对-碘杏仁酸定量测定锆的方法。研究结果表明,用对-碘杏仁酸沉淀锆时所需的沉淀剂量极少,而方法灵敏度比杏仁酸法为高,同时方法的选择性与杏仁酸相似。化合物成分的研究征明,自3N盐酸溶液中析出的对-碘杏仁酸锆沉淀十分接近于 Zr(C_8H_6IO_3)_4。由化合物的热分解曲线可知,对-碘杏仁酸锆可稳定至约250℃,然后在500℃以后分解成二氧化锆。测定时的称量形式为二氧化锆。利用本法可以测定不同试样(例如,锆英石、异性石、合金钢、锆青铜、铬铝钼基合金等)中少量或大量的锆,所得结果尚为满意。     

NdCl3-AlCl3-H2C2O4体系稀土沉淀热力学研究

稀土矿在浸出过程中杂质离子将随稀土离子一同浸出进入稀土料液中,针对稀土料液中Al³⁺离子杂质对后续萃取过程乃至最终稀土纯度造成不利影响的问题,根据同时平衡原理,对Nd Cl₃-Al Cl₃-H₂C₂O₄体系进行热力学平衡计算,绘制出该体系中各离子lgc-p H图,对其中的计算过程思路与依据进行解释说明,分析了边界条件变化以及各沉淀稳定区形成原因。通过改变草酸浓度,对体系中总钕与总铝含量以及沉淀稳定区域随p H变化的情况进行讨论与分析。研究结果表明,理论上1

11.74条件下均能保证钕沉淀而铝不沉淀析出,结合实际生产情况,着重考察高酸度条件下Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃的沉淀稳定区。草酸浓度超过与钕离子完全结合生成草酸钕沉淀所需浓度时,Nd₂(C₂O₄)₃     

装饰用立方氧化锆晶体生长

立方氧化锆单晶体在光学特性上接近天然金刚石,国外自1976年以来仿金刚钻的立方锆进入宝石市场后风行于世界,需求量很大。本所自1982年开始对装饰用立方氧化锆晶体生长进行研究,建立了冷坩埚壳熔法生长高温晶体技术,随后又解决了用工业氧化锆原料生长出近乎无色立方氧化锆晶体的问题,与用化学纯氧化锆原料相比成本降低了70%左右。在当前国际市场上立方锆石不断降价情况下仍具有竞争能力。     

原子吸收法间接测定微量锆

间接原子吸收光谱法的研究受到人们的普遍重视,主要有利用杂多酸的“化学放大”效应间接测定磷、砷、锗;沉淀反应间接测定氯离子、硫酸根,化学干扰效应间接测定钛、铝及络合效应间接测定钒、硼、硝酸根等,但在间接测锆方面未见报道,本文用Mg-8-羟基喹啉(MgL_2)沉淀锆置换出定量的镁,通过测镁间接测锆,建立了空气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法间接测定锆的新体系,方法的特征浓度为0.018mg/L/1%,较氧化亚氮乙炔火焰(10mg/L/1%)提高500倍,该方法灵敏、快速、体系稳定,经萃取分离除去干扰元素,用于实际样品中氧化锆的测定,结果满意.2 实验部分     

Electron attachment to POCl3: measurement and theoretical analysis of rate constants and branching ratios as a function of gas pressure and temperature, electron temperature, and electron energy

Two experimental techniques, electron swarm and electron beam, have been applied to the problem of electron attachment to POCl3, with results indicating that there is a competition between dissociation of the resonant POCl3-* state and collisional stabilization of the parent anion. In the electron beam experiment at zero electron energy, the fragment ion POCl2- is the dominant ion product of attachment (96%), under single-collision conditions. Small amounts (approximately 2% each) of POCl3- and Cl- were observed. POCl3- and POCl2- ion products were observed only at zero electron energy, but higher-energy resonances were recorded for POCl-, Cl-, and Cl2- ion products. In the electron swarm experiment, which was carried out in 0.4-7 Torr of He buffer gas, the parent anion branching ratio increased significantly with pressure and decreased with temperature. The electron attachment rate constant at 297 K was measured to be (2.5+/-0.6)x10(-7) cm3 s(-1), with ion products POCl2- (71%) and POCl3- (29%) in 1 Torr of He gas. The rate constant decreased as the electron temperature was increased above 1500 K. Theory is developed for (a) the unimolecular dissociation of the nascent POCl3-* and (b) a stepladder collisional stabilization mechanism using the average energy transferred per collision as a parameter. These ideas were then used to model the experimental data. The modeling showed that D0 o(Cl-POCl2-) and EA(POCl3) must be the same within +/-0.03 eV.     

Synthesis of some new hetarylpyranopyridazines,cinnolines, and hetarylpyridazine derivatives

4-Acetyl-5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one was condensed with 6-chloro-3-formylchromone under different reaction conditions to yield the enone or pyranopyridazine. Both compounds were used in the synthesis of some new hetarylpyranopyridazines. Pyranodipyridazine was obtained via a sequence of reactions of 4-acetyl-5,6-diphenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one with diethyl carbonate, acetic anhydride, and 4-bromobenzenediazonium chloride. The reactions of pyridazinylbutane-1,3-dione with conc. H2SO4, POCl3, hydrazines, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, cyanoacetamide, thiourea, and thiosemicarbazone were also studied.     

The use of solid-phase supported 1-N-piperazine-4-N-carboxaldehyde in Vilsmeier reactions

A Vilsmeier salt supported on solid phase was prepared using piperazine bound to Merrifield resin. Piperazine was selected because it contains two secondary amines: one of the amines is protected upon binding to the resin, and the second was formylated to give resin-1-N-piperazine-4-N-carboxaldehyde (9). Activation of the formamide with either bis(trichloromethyl)carbonate (BTC) or POCl(3) afforded the Vilsmeier salt 10. Several olefins were used to test the supported Vilsmeier reagent. The in-solution activation with BTC and POCl(3) of various secondary amides was also evaluated: dimethylformamide (1), N-methyformanilide (4), 4-formylmorpholine (5), and 1,4-dicarboxylpiperazine (6), which showed that amides with one additional heteroatom increase the yields in the Vilsmeier salt formation.     

不同结构形态的NdOHCO3中Nd3+的增强电子拉曼光谱研究

利用X射线粉末衍射、场发射电子扫描显微术和透射电子显微术TEM,对不同方法制备的形态、颗粒大小不同的MdOHCO3进行钕离子的增强电子拉曼光谱和FT-IR光谱研究,发现结构形态不同的NdOHCO3由于配位环境变化,导致钕离子的电子拉曼光谱在2600～1600cm-1附近拉曼谱带的峰形、峰位和峰的数目产生显著变化.     

An electrochemical study of PCl3 and POCl3 in the room temperature ionic liquid [C4mpyrr][N(Tf)2

Voltammetric studies of PCl3 and POCl3 have not been reported in the literature to date, probably due to the instability of these molecules in conventional aprotic solvents giving unstable and irreproducible results. From a previous study [Amigues et al. Chem. Commun. 2005, 1-4], it was found that ionic liquids have the ability to offer a uniquely stable solution phase environment for the study of these phosphorus compounds. Consequently, the electrochemistry of PCl3 and POCl3 has been studied by cyclic voltammetry on a gold microelectrode in the ionic liquid [C4mpyrr][N(Tf)2] (1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide). For both compounds, reduction and oxidation waves were observed and a tentative assignment of the waves is given. For PCl3, the reduction was thought to proceed via the following mechanism: PCl3 + e- <=> PCl3-, PCl3- <=> Cl- + P*Cl2, and Cl- + PCl3 <=> PCl4-. For POCl3, the suggested reduction mechanism was analogous to that of PCl3: POCl3 + e- <=> POCl3-, POCl3- <=> Cl- + P*OCl2, and Cl- + POCl3 <=> POCl4-. In both cases P*Cl2 and P*OCl2 are likely to engage in further reactions. Potential step microdisk chronoamperometry was carried out on the reductive waves of PCl3 and POCl3 to measure diffusion coefficients and number of electrons transferred. It was found that the diffusion of PCl3 was unusually slow (3.1 x 10(-12) m2 s(-1)): approximately 1 order of magnitude less than that for POCl3 (2.2 x 10(-11) m2 s(-1)). For both PCl3 and POCl3, a "split wave" was observed, with an overall electron count of 1. This observation is shown to be consistent with and to "fingerprint" the mechanisms proposed above.     

Reactions of POxCly- ions with H and H2 from 298 to 500 K

Rate constants and product branching ratios for POxCly- ions reacting with H and H2 were measured in a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) from 298 to 500 K. PO2Cl-, PO2Cl2-, POCl2-, and POCl3- were all unreactive with H2, having a rate constant with an upper limit of <5 x 10(-12) cm3 s(-1). PO2Cl2- did not react with H atoms either, having a similar rate constant limit of <5 x 10(-12) cm3 s(-1). The rate constants for PO2Cl-, POCl2-, and POCl3- reacting with H showed no temperature dependence over the limited range of 298-500 K and were approximately 10-20% of the collision rate constant. Cl abstraction by H to form HCl was the predominant product channel for PO2Cl-, POCl2-, and POCl3-, with a small amount of Cl- observed from POCl2- + H. Reactions of O2 and O3 with the POCl- products ions from the reaction of POCl2- + H were observed to yield predominantly PO3- and PO2-, respectively. POCl- reacted with O2 and O3 with rate constants of 8.9 +/- 1.1 x 10(-11) and 5.2 +/- 3.3 x 10(-10) cm3 s(-1), respectively. No associative electron detachment in the reactions with H atoms was observed with any of the reactant ions; however, detachment was observed with a PO- secondary product ion at high H atom concentrations. Results of new G3 theoretical calculations of optimized geometries and energies for the products observed are discussed.     

Electron attachment to POCl3. III. Measurement and kinetic modeling of branching fractions

Electron attachment to POCl(3) was studied in the bath gas He over the pressure range 0.4-3.1 Torr and the temperature range 300-1210 K. Branching fractions of POCl(3)(-), POCl(2)(-), Cl(-), and Cl(2)(-) were measured. The results are analyzed by kinetic modeling, using electron attachment theory for the characterization of the nonthermal energy distribution of the excited POCl(3)(-?) anions formed and chemical activation-type unimolecular rate theory for the subsequent competition between collisional stabilization of POCl(3)(-?) and its dissociation to various dissociation products. Primary and secondary dissociations and∕or thermal dissociations of the anions are identified. The measured branching fractions are found to be consistent with the modeling results based on molecular parameters obtained from quantum-chemical calculations.     

Effect of calcium and carbonate concentrations on cationic membrane fouling during electrodialysis

Fouling, which is the accumulation of undesired solid materials at the phase interfaces of permselective membranes, is one of the major problems in electrodialysis. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect on the fouling of cation-exchange membranes of the composition in calcium and carbonate of a model solution to be treated by electrodialysis. No fouling was observed at 400 and 800 mg/L of CaCl(2) in the absence of carbonate, while at only 400 mg/L CaCl(2) with carbonate, a deposit was observed. This difference could be explained by the buffering capacity of the carbonate, which affects the treatment duration with and without sodium carbonate. Since the duration was longer with carbonate, more calcium ions were able to migrate across the CMX-S membrane, which explained the higher deposit on its surface. Furthermore, whether there was carbonate in the solution treated by electrodialysis or not, the deposit on the surface of the cationic membrane was calcium hydroxide. However, this fouling formed during conventional ED was easily cleaned by an acid procedure.     

Telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with glycerol carbonate and subsequent ring-opening lactone co-polymerization

Glycerol carbonate, straightforwardly issued from glycerol, is functionalized by telomerization with 1,3-butadiene by means of a palladium catalyst, to selectively afford the linear octadienylglyceryl carbonate. Further hydrogenation of the double bonds gives the saturated functionalized product. The resulting glyceryl carbonate ethers are tentatively co-polymerized with lactones in the presence of a neodymium initiator. Copolymers with up to ca 4 mol % of inserted carbonate are received. The rather low amount of inserted co-monomer is found sufficient to modulate the thermal behavior of polycaprolactone.     

Absolute rate coefficients and branching percentages for the reactions of POxCly- + N (4S(3/2)) and POxCly- + O (3P) at 298 K in a selected-ion flow tube instrument

The absolute rate coefficients and product ion branching percentages at 298 K for the reactions of several POxCly- species with atomic nitrogen (N (4S(3/2))) and atomic oxygen (O (3P)) have been determined in a selected-ion flow tube (SIFT) instrument. POxCly- ions are generated by electron impact on POCl3 in a high-pressure source. O atoms are generated by quantitative titration of N atoms with NO, where N atoms are produced by microwave discharge on N2. The experimental procedure allows for the determination of rate coefficients for the reaction of the reactant ion with N (4S(3/2)) and O (3P) as well as with N2 and NO. None of the ions react with N2 or NO, giving an upper limit to the rate coefficient of <5 x 10(-12) cm3 molecules(-1) s(-1). POCl3- and POCl2- do not react with N atoms, giving an upper limit to the rate coefficient of <1 x 10(-11) cm3 molecules(-1) s(-1). The major product ion for POCl3- and POCl2- reacting with O involves loss of Cl from the reactant ion, accounting for >85% of the products. PO2- is a minor product (相似文献