A comprehensive investigation in determination of nanofluids thermophysical properties

In recent years, research on heat transfer and related equipment has been one of the topics of interest in many different industries. The use of conventional fluids in heat transfer due to their low thermal properties has created problems in this area, so the use of nanofluids in many cases has been a solution to overcome this problem. The parameters affecting the thermophysical and thermal properties of nanofluids are temperature, concentration, size, shape, pH, surfactant and ultrasonic time, among which temperature and concentration have the greatest effect. Existing models and studies in the field of nanofluids are limited to the type of nanoparticles and base fluids and their operating range, and there is no comprehensive model for predicting thermal properties. In the present study, models and theories regarding the determination of thermal conductivity of nanofluids and other thermophysical properties have been comprehensively compiled and the mechanisms for increasing the thermal properties as well as the effective parameters and the effect of each of them on improving the properties are presented. In general, the results showed that thermal properties improve with increasing concentration and temperature. Finally, the role of nanofluids effect on thermal performance in the heat exchangers is studied and the results are summarized.     

Role of method of synthesis on the size of flakes,dispersion stability and thermophysical properties of aqua based reduced graphene oxide nanofluids

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The role of method of synthesis on the size of flakes, dispersion stability and thermophysical properties of aqua based reduced graphene oxide (rGO)...     

Predicting thermophysical properties and flow characteristics of nanofluids using intelligent methods: focusing on ANN methods

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Nanofluids have attracted much attention of researchers during the past years due to its excellent properties. Albeit many theoretical and experimental...     

Investigation of thermophysical properties of nanofluids containing poly(vinyl alcohol)-functionalized graphene

An experimental study was performed to evaluate the colloidal stability of water-based polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized few-layer graphene (water-based PVA–Gr) nanofluids and ethylene glycol-based polyvinyl alcohol-functionalized few-layer graphene (EG-based PVA–Gr) nanofluids. To this end, a liquid-phase exfoliation method was employed for mass production of graphene sheets (Gr). Then, a simple and novel method was introduced to do a direct functionalization of Gr with PVA. Surface functionality groups and morphology of PVA–Gr were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results consistently confirmed the formation of PVA functionalities on Gr, while the structure of GNP has remained relatively intact. Then, UV–Vis was employed to investigate the stability of PVA–Gr in water and EG. The easily miscible PVA functionalities formed a great colloidal stability for Gr sheets. As a second criterion for having a promising coolant, thermophysical properties were measured experimentally. The thermal conductivity, density and viscosity of the nanofluids at concentrations of 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 mass% were experimentally measured. As compared to the base fluid, the water-based PVA–Gr nanofluids show a significant enhancement at different conditions, like representing ~40% enhancement for 0.1 mass% at 40 °C. This simple and efficient procedure may play an important role for mass production of hydrophilic Gr, which be able to disperse in different solvents.     

Thermal performance of stable SiO2 nanofluids and regression correlations to estimate their thermophysical properties

The present work investigates the best mix ratio of Glycerol in Water as a medium to prepare a stable nanofluid. Increasing the proportion of glycerol enhances the aqueous mix's dynamic viscosity and improves the prepared nanofluid's stability. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the Glycerol and Water mixtures determination were undertaken at various Glycerol ratios. The best percentage of glycerol in the mixture is found to have the least amount of thermal conductivity loss and the optimum viscosity gain. Silica (SiO₂) nanofluid of 0.25%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% weight concentrations was prepared with this optimal mixture of Glycerol and Water. The stability of these SiO₂ nanofluids is evaluated by determining the zeta potential at different time intervals. The nanofluids prepared were observed to be stable for one month. The thermal conductivity and viscosity of the nanofluids are measured between the temperature limits of 30°–70°C. A peak increment of 32.1%and 46.3% in thermal conductivity and viscosity is observed. Furthermore, when the percentage enhancement ratio (PER) and Mouromtseff ratio of these nanofluids is examined, it is observed that they have more excellent thermal performance at higher temperatures. Regression correlations are developed to estimate the thermal conductivity and viscosity of the prepared nanofluids with a maximum deviation of 9%.     

Nonlinear electrochemical and electrokinetic effects in 3omega hot wire measurements of thermophysical properties of nanofluids

This work focuses on the nonlinear electrochemical (EC) activity of fluids and its impact on the accuracy of their thermophysical property measurements using the transient or periodically modulated hot wire method (THW or 3ωHW). This underestimated source of errors becomes crucial for nanofluids, where the thermal conductivity enhancement coefficient (k/k₀???1) is small, requiring high-resolution measurements (below 1%). Theoretical predictions combining thermal and EC nonlinearities are confronted to experimental results obtained with two variants of 3ω cells. Water-based nanofluids (TiO₂ and Al₂O₃) and water solutions of acetic acid, sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride were tested. The two classes of samples show different 3ω amplitude and phase behaviors, which is attributed to additional electrokinetic effects in nanofluids. For all studied samples an anti-correlation between the magnitude of the harmonics and the dc electrical resistivity of the samples was observed. A simple estimation method of 3ωHW errors is proposed consisting in measuring the 2nd harmonic in addition to the 3rd one. The combination of 2nd and 3rd harmonics allowed determining the nonlinearity coefficient which quantitatively characterizes the EC activity of samples. Eventually, the radical solution to avoid the discussed sources of errors is to use an electrically insulated hot wire sensor.

     

Thermo-physical and stability properties of raw and functionalization of graphene nanoplatelets-based aqueous nanofluids

This research aimed to evaluate the thermal viscosity, stability, conductivity and density of coolants including PEG-functionalized graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and gum Arabic (GA)-treated GNPs as a base fluid at various temperatures and concentrations. The present study explores the impacts of GNPs functionalized with poly ethylene glycol (PEG) on the colloidal stability and thermophysical properties of water-based PEG-functionalized GNPs suspensions as a new generation of heat transfer fluids. To this end, PEG-functionalized GNPs as a covalent sample and GA-treated GNPs were synthesized and their colloidal stabilities were traced via UV–vis spectrometry. After functionalized, colloidal stability results indicate less sedimentation for covalent samples (less than 10%) that that of noncovalent one (almost 20%) after a 15-day period. In addition, all the thermophysical properties e.g. thermal conductivity, density and viscosity were measured experimentally. Further, it has shown that by loading PEG-functionalized GNPs in the water, the increasing rate of the density and viscosity is not significant, while water-based GA-treated GNPs nanofluids showed higher rates of increase. Interestingly, the water-based PEG-functionalized GNP nanofluids at very low concentration significantly increase the thermal conductivity in comparison with that of non-covalent nanofluid at the same concentration and temperature and defiantly water.     

Studies of thermophysical properties of binary liquid mixtures of amine and alcohols at various temperatures

The density ρ and speed of sound u of the binary mixtures of ethylenediamine (EDA) with alcohols (1-hexanol, 1-octanol, and 1-decanol) were measured at temperatures from (293.15 to 313.15) K and viscosity η at (298.15 to 308.15) K over the entire composition range and at atmospheric pressure. Using the experimental values of density, viscosity and speed of sound, the excess molar volume $V_m^E$, viscosity deviation Δη, deviation in speed of sound u^D, deviation in isentropic compressibility Δκ_s were calculated. These results were fitted to the Redlich–Kister type polynomial equation. The variations of these excess parameters with composition were discussed from the viewpoint of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The excess properties are found to be either positive or negative depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures. Further, the viscosity data have been used and analyzed in terms of Heric−Brewer and McAllister models.     

Hydrolyzable nonionic surfactants: stability and physicochemical properties of surfactants containing carbonate, ester, and amide bonds

A linear and a branched nonionic cleavable surfactants containing a carbonate bond have been prepared from tetra(ethylene glycol) and an alkylchloroformate. The stability of these carbonate surfactants was determined by investigating their hydrolysis and biodegradability characteristics. The hydrolysis was catalyzed by alkali or enzymes (esterase from porcine liver and lipases from Mucor miehei and Candida antarctica B) and was monitored using 1H NMR. It was found that the stability toward alkali was higher for a carbonate surfactant than for a corresponding surfactant with an ester as weak bond. Biodegradation tests resulted in more than 60% degradation after 28 days for both carbonate surfactants. Physicochemical properties, such as critical micelle concentration (CMC), cloud point, area per molecule, and surface tension at the CMC, were determined and compared to those obtained from similar surfactants containing ester, amide, or ether bonds. It was found that the carbonate linkage is hydrophobic and that the oxycarbonyl part of the carbonate group is equivalent, in a formal sense, to an extra methylene group in the alkyl chain of the surfactant.     

Effect of inorganic electrolytes and nonionogenic surfactants on the stability of soap stock emulsion

Modes in which the fat component of the soap stock emulsion is extracted under heating and introduction of various nonionogenic surfactants and electrolytes were studied. The compression isotherms of the soap stock and its mixtures with OP-7 and NaCl were examined by the Langmuir method, with 2D pressure recorded. Recommendations were developed for separation of the soap stock emulsion for recovery of the fat component from wastes produced in manufacture of vegetable oils.     

Stability and thermophysical properties of azithromycin dihydrate

The aim of this paper was to describe the temperature effect on the stability and the thermophysical properties of azithromycin (AZ). First, the density, the heat capacity and the solubility of original (commercial) AZ were determined. Second, the original samples were heated at 50 °C and 80 °C and their PLM, DSC, TGA and XRD data were compared to those of the original AZ. According to our results, the original AZ was a dihydrate which converted to anhydrate when heated up to 80 °C. The dehydration induced a change of crystal habit while the crystalline lattice remained unchanged.     

A review on the properties,preparation, models and stability of hybrid nanofluids to optimize energy consumption

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - These days, the importance of energy consumption has led scientists to optimize thermal devices. One of the solutions proposed for this purpose is...     

Effect of chain length on transfection properties of spermine-based gemini surfactants

The synthesis and associated structure-activity relationships for gene transfection of a series of spermine-derived cationic gemini surfactants incorporating diamino acid headgroups and either identical (symmetrical) or different (unsymmetrical) lipophilic tailgroups is described. Transfection activity is found to depend critically upon the structural elements present.     

Effect of some anionic surfactants on the stability of oxytetracycline hydrochloride stabilized emulsion

Summary The zeta potential of oxytetracycline hydrochloride stabilized emulsion flocculated by the addition of anionic surfactants has been calculated. The interaction energies of these emulsions have also been evaluated and the stability discussed in the light of D. L. V. O. Theory. The energy barriers, thus obtained, were very high, which prevented the occurrence of flocculation in primary minima. The flocculation could, however, occur in the secondary minima. The flocculation studies were carried out haemocytometrically and the degree of aggregation (D) calculated. In order to account for the observed values ofD, the effective Van der Waals constant of the system should be 2.3 x 10^-13 erg. The binding parameters and free energy of adsorption have also been calculated.

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Zusammenfassung In der Arbeitr wird über die Berechnung des Zetapotentials von Emulsionen berichtet, die mit Oxytetracyclinhydrochlorid stabilisiert und durch Zusatz von anionischen Tensiden geflockt wurden. Auch die Wechselwirkungsenergien werden abgeschätzt und die Stabilität im Licht der DLVO-Theorie diskutiert. Die so erhaltenen Energiebarrieren sind sehr hoch und verhindern eine Flockung im primären Minimum. Die Flockung könnte jedoch im sekundären Minimum erfolgen. Die Untersuchungen wurden durch Flockungsstudien ergänzt, ebenso durch Berechnung von Bindungsparametern und der freien Energie der Adsorption.

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With 6 figures and 4 tables     

Effect of surfactants on properties of composite sorbents based on fullerene black

Synthesis of composite sorbents by molding of fullerene blacks with a solution of polyacrylamide as a binder and surfactants was studied. The effect of surfactants of varied nature on the wettability of fullerene blacks and the sorption and mechanical properties of the molded products obtained was considered.     

Investigation on rheological properties of carbon nanotube nanofluids

The effective viscosity of carbon nanotube nanofluids is strongly dependent on the temperature and concentration. The aggregation behaviour that carbon nanotubes exhibit in solution and the orientation variation of single carbon nanotube make rheological properties of nanofluids more complex. With the increase of shear rate, the degree of dispersion and orientation of carbon nanotubes will be improved. Based on previous studies and the fact mentioned above, a reasonable expression for viscosity of carbon nanotube nanofluids has been given, which is associated with the shear rate and aspect ratios of carbon nanotubes. The expression has been validated comparing with previous experimental data.     

Effect of modified fibre glass on the structure and thermophysical properties of pentaplast(pentane)

The results of experimental investigations of the effects of ground fibre glass on the structural parameters and thermophysical characteristics of pentaplast(pentane) were assessed.The degree of crystallinity, thermal conductivity, specific heat and density of pentaplast containing various amounts of modified fibre glass were determined experimentally.The results obtained are discussed in terms of modern theories of the effects of fillers on the properties and structures of polymers.

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Zusammenfassung Es werden die Ergebnisse der experimentellen Untersuchungen des Einfl usses von gemahlenem Fiberglas auf die Strukturparameter und thermophysikalischen Eigenschaften von Pentaplast (Pentan) gewertet.Der Kristallinitätsgrad, das Wärmeleitvermögen, die spezifische Wärme und die Dichte von Pentaplast mit verschiedenem Gehalt an modifiziertem Fiberglas wurde experimentell ermittelt.Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden hinsichtlich moderner Theorien über den Einfluß von Streckmitteln auf die Eigenschaften und die Struktur von Polymeren diskutiert.

     

Experimental investigation for stability and surface properties of TiO2 and Al2O3 water-based nanofluids

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Nanofluids have gained recent attention because of their potential applications in diverse engineering fields like enhancing thermal transport,...