无机材料在有机太阳能电池中的应用

无机材料电子迁移率高、光谱响应范围与太阳光谱匹配,而有机材料价格低廉、合成方法简单、容易制作在基底上,因此在太阳能电池中具有更广阔的应用前景。 目前,阻碍有机太阳能电池发展的主要原因是材料的载流子迁移率低、器件稳定性差、吸收光谱与太阳光谱不匹配,导致光电转换效率较低。 若能将有机、无机材料二者的优点相结合,将可提高有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率。 目前的研究已经取得了一定进展,无机材料在受体层、阴极缓冲层、阳极缓冲层中的应用均不同程度地提高了有机太阳能电池的能量转换效率。 本文综述了目前该领域的研究现状,并对今后的研究提出了展望。     

纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池

纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池作为一种新型光伏器件成为近年来的研究热点。通过改变纳米晶的形貌及尺寸来调节材料本身的带隙从而改善光吸收特性,并且无机半导体材料本身具有高的电子迁移率和良好的热稳定性,以上特性使该类电池具有巨大的发展潜力。本文从纳米晶的种类、形状和尺寸、表面配体及纳米晶与聚合物界面性能等方面综述了纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池的研究现状。纳米晶形貌、太阳光利用率和载流子传输效率是影响电池效率的主要因素。文中指出开展窄带隙纳米晶的合成、优化纳米晶/聚合物电池结构、解析纳米晶与聚合物界面激子传输机理等改善该类电池性能的途径,旨在为提高纳米晶/聚合物太阳能电池的效率提供借鉴经验。     

Design approach of a density-driven solar water heater system

Energy conservation continues to play a crucial role in social and economic development. With the remarkable increase in oil prices and exploring solutions for the replacement of fossil fuels, an ecofriendly energy resource has become the priority among more and more people. Keeping the intension for reducing the global warming impact and looking for alternative clean source of energy, solar energy applications such as solar thermal systems, solar water heating and cooling are becoming energy-efficient designs. One of the widely used applications of solar energy is solar water heating systems. Low-cost solar water heaters can cover the domestic needs for water in the range of 100–200 l per day. Solar water heating systems are generally more efficient and advantageous in hot areas. However, the application of solar water heating is still a challenge in winter and sub-zero conditions, having low solar irradiance. In such conditions, solar water heating system cannot produce enough energy, which drives a need for evaluating system component design and improves its performance during low ambient conditions. In this study, detailed design methods for solar water heater components are discussed for cold regions like North Dakota, USA. The type of system chosen in this study is natural circulation-based solar water heating system. The study will also compare the experimental data with previously conducted numerical analysis.

     

太阳能转换过程中的高分子应用

近年来,在太阳能利用的科学领域内,高分子材料得到了广泛的应用。本文从太阳能工艺学和太阳能转换两个方面对此问题作了介绍和讨论。     

Prospects of Graphene as a Potential Carrier‐Transport Material in Third‐Generation Solar Cells

Third‐generation solar cells are understood to be the pathway to overcoming the issues and drawbacks of the existing solar cell technologies. Since the introduction of graphene in solar cells, it has been providing attractive properties for the next generation of solar cells. Currently, there are more theoretical predictions rather than practical recognitions in third‐generation solar cells. Some of the potential of graphene has been explored in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), but it has yet to be fully comprehended in the recent third‐generation inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells. In this review, the diverse role of graphene in third‐generation OPVs and DSSCs will be deliberated to provide an insight on the prospects and challenges of graphene in inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells.     

Stipulating Low Production Cost Solar Cells All Set to Retail…!

Today's solar cells are exceptionally in demand whilst excess exploitation of natural fossil fuels. In this context, the first and second generation solar cells commercially available in market for more than decades however limitations in production cost and large–scale applications insist to generate inexpensive materials for fabrication. Thereby, organic materials based solar cells explored and emerging as third generation solar cells which possess flexibility, low cost and large‐scale applications. For example, organic photovoltaics, dye sensitized solar cells and perovskite (organic‐inorganic) solar cells (PSCs) are considered third generation solar cells wherein PSCs reached the record power conversion efficiency (PCE ～23 %) and durability assists great advantages for commercialization in near future. Moreover, we reported various global renowned companies involved producing the modules and materials for three generation solar cells, hence, majority of companies considered commercialization of perovskite based solar cells assist low cost photovoltaics to meet the current energy necessities and environmental safety.     

染料敏化太阳电池研究进展

本文介绍了染料敏化太阳电池(DSC)的结构和基本原理,综述了DSC各项关键技术的实验和产业化研究最新成果。对DSC中的几个重要组成部分：纳米半导体薄膜、染料敏化剂、氧化还原电解质、对电极和导电基底材料等几个方面的研究进展进行了详细的评述。回顾了DSC从实验室小电池研究到大规模产业化研究的发展,对该领域未来发展前景进行了展望。     

宽光谱太阳能电池

太阳能电池的光谱响应特性和光电转换效率与光伏材料的微观能带结构及其宏观组装方式密切相关。无论使用哪种光伏材料,普通单结或单层太阳能电池都只能对部分波段的太阳光进行有效利用。宽光谱研究的目标是要使太阳能电池更好地利用太阳光谱所覆盖的全部波段范围的能量,从而提高太阳能电池光电转换效率。本文从化学角度综述了实现宽光谱太阳能电池的基本方法和当前的研究进展,其中包括叠层太阳能电池、中间带太阳能电池、量子点太阳能电池、热光伏太阳能电池、上转换和下转换、分子基柔性太阳能电池等方法。     

Light-conversion phosphor nanoarchitectonics for improved light harvesting in sensitized solar cells

Photovoltaic technology provides a promising approach for solar energy conversion. One significant factor limiting the efficiency is the poor light harvesting of solar energy, which is related to the mismatch between the energy distribution of photons and the absorption of semiconductor materials or dye. Light-conversion phosphors have been explored as spectral converters to improve the light-harvesting ability in sensitized solar cells. Many progressive studies have been conducted to expand the family of light-conversion phosphors and exploit their application in sensitized solar cells, bringing emerging opportunities to develop commercial sensitized solar cells. In this review, we survey the development of light-conversion phosphors in sensitized solar cells. First, the application and conversion mechanism of light-conversion phosphors, including up-conversion phosphors, down-conversion phosphors, up/down conversion phosphors, and long-lasting phosphors, are summarized in detail. After that, the challenging problems and possible solutions of applying light-conversion phosphors to sensitized solar cells are discussed. The review also highlights some new ideas in the development of sensitized solar cells and the application of light-conversion phosphors in other solar technology.     

钙钛矿型太阳电池研究进展

自从2009年钙钛矿材料被应用到太阳电池领域,到现在仅6年的时间里,钙钛矿型太阳电池的光伏转换效率从约3%提高到20.1%,受到全球瞩目。 本文对近年来钙钛矿型太阳电池的发展进行了综述,介绍了钙钛矿吸光材料的性能及其制备,总结了钙钛矿型太阳电池器件结构及其内在机理,探讨了该类型电池待突破的方向和可能的解决途径,阐述了钙钛矿型太阳电池的进展历程,展望了未来发展方向。     

Near Infrared Organic Semiconducting Materials for Bulk Heterojunction and Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have been the subject of intensive academic interest over the past two decades, and significant commercial effort has been directed towards this area with the vison of developing the next generation of low cost solar cells. Materials development has played a vital role in the dramatic improvement of both DSSC and BHJ solar cell performance in the recent years. Organic conjugated polymers and small molecules that absorb solar light in the visible and near infrared (NIR) regions represent a class of emering materials and show a great potential for the use of different optoelectronic devices such as DSSCs and BHJ solar cells. This account describes the emering class of near infrared (NIR) organic polymers and small molecules having donor and acceptors units, and explores their potential applications in the DSSCs and BHJ solar cells.     

太阳CO 4.6微米红外成像观测

太阳红外光谱中蕴含着丰富的物理信息,其中CO 4.6μm波段是具有代表性的分子谱带,其形成于温度极小区附近,对研究太阳物理具有极其重要的意义。为获得CO 4.6μm波段太阳单色像,本文建立了一套全反射太阳红外成像观测系统。该系统采用定天镜跟踪引光,通过成像反射镜将太阳成像于3~5μm波段红外相机的焦平面上,该相机采用的是国产HgCdTe焦平面阵列器件。同时,为提高信噪比,提出了一种有效计算平场提取观测目标的方法,并利用该方法获得了CO 4.6μm波段的太阳单色像。     

Recent progress of thin-film photovoltaics for indoor application

Indoor photovoltaics have attracted increasing attentions owing to their great potential in supplying energy for low power devices under indoor light in our daily life.The third generation thin-film solar cells,including dye-sensitized solar cells,perovskite solar cells and organic solar cells,have made rapid progress from the aspect of materials design to photovoltaic performance.This review provides an overview on the recent advances in the development of indoor photovoltaic technologies based on the third generation solar cells.The design principles of advanced thin-film indoor photovoltaics were also summarized according to the characteristics of indoor light and the advantages of the third generation solar cells.Finally,after summarizing the current research progress,the perspective on this topic is provided.     

Advances in the structure and materials of perovskite solar cells

The possible exhaustion of fossil fuels in the near future and soaring global energy demand have driven the search for new types of sustainable and renewable alternatives. Perovskite (CH₃NH₃PbX₃, X = I, Br, Cl) solar cells are a type of solar cell based on a perovskite absorber, most commonly a tin halide-based or hybrid organic–inorganic lead material, as the visible-light sensitizer layer, which produces electricity from sunlight. Recently, perovskite solar cells have received substantial worldwide attention. Compared with traditional solar cells, the perovskite solar cells can obtain high efficiency with a simple architecture and via a cost-effective process. In the latest 5 years, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells to convert power has skyrocketed from 3.8 % to more than 19.3 %. It is the fastest advancing solar technology to date. The highest efficiency demonstrated by perovskite solar cells is higher than that of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A lager number of research groups have demonstrated that perovskite solar cells may ultimately boost efficiency as high as 25 %. The high efficiency and cheap production costs make it evident that perovskite solar cells have great potential to be commercialized soon. In this review, the history, materials, processing and architecture of solar cells are discussed to obtain a better understanding of high-performance perovskite solar cells.     

Progress of all-perovskite tandem solar cells: the role of narrow-bandgap absorbers

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have gained increasing attention due to their excellent photovoltaic performance,achieving certified power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 25.2%.To further enhance PCE and break the Shockley-Queisser limit of the single junction PSCs,great efforts have been made in tandem solar cells based on perovskite,including perovskite/Si,and perovskite/perovskite(all-perovskite).Among them,all-perovskite tandem solar cells exhibit unique advantages of both lowcost fabrication and high efficiency.They have advanced rapidly in these years,due to the realization of stable and efficient narrow-bandgap perovskites.In this work,we review the development of monolithic all-perovskite tandem solar cells and highlight the critical role of narrow-bandgap perovskites in recent progress of all-perovskite solar cells.We also propose our perspective of future directions on this subject.     

Comparison of solar silicon feedstock

One of the major factors in reducing a cost of commercial solar cells is the lifetime of the photovoltaic material. In this work, a deterioration of Si generated by solvent metal gathering method (SMG) and Si removed from damaged solar cells is analyzed and compared with electronic grade Si. The differences in heating and cooling cycles on the DTA curves of different solar grade Si and Cu–Si mixtures are compared. A nonequilibrium exothermic reaction in Si generated by SMG method is recorded in samples aged in room atmosphere for 1 year. The outcomes of the cooling cycles after the DTA analyses for various solar grades Si were not significantly differentiated from the referred electronic grade Si indicating that recrystallization of aged Si diminishes the problem related to agglomeration of Cu and oxygen on the surface of Si solar grade particles. The DTA tests showed that recrystallized Si from the deteriorated solar cells can be recycled as feedstock materials for solar cells applications while Si generated by SMG method can be used for blending in order to achieve a long lifetime of Si solar cells.     

MOLECULAR CLONING OF THE HUMAN GENE SUVCC1 ASSOCIATED WITH THE REPAIR OF NONDIMER DNA DAMAGE INDUCED BY SOLAR UV RADIATION

Abstract— A mutant cell line, DRP 287, sensitive to solar UV radiation and deficient in the repair of solar UV-induced nondimer DNA damage, was derived from ICR 2A frog cells. These cells were transfected with human DNA and a secondary transformant obtained in which normal solar UV sensitivity was restored and the repair defect corrected. The DNA from this secondary transformant was used to construct a genomic DNA library from which a recombinant phage was isolated containing the human gene capable of restoring normal solar UV sensitivity and correcting the repair defect in the DRP 287 cells. This represents the first human gene which has been isolated that is specifically involved in the repair of nondimer DNA damage induced by solar UV radiation. It has been designated SUVCC1 to denote solar UV cross-complementing gene number 1.     

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池研究进展

基于p型光电极的染料敏化太阳能电池是一种受到广泛关注的新型太阳能电池。根据电池的结构不同可以将其分为p型和p-n叠层型染料敏化太阳能电池。其中p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的理论光电效率可以达到43%,高于传统的基于n型TiO₂光阳极的染料敏化太阳能电池理论效率（30%）,引起了科学界的高度关注。本文将总结基于p型光电极染料敏化太阳能电池（p型和p-n型叠层器件）的研究成果,重点介绍用于p型和p-n型叠层染料敏化太阳能电池的电极材料,染料及电解质的研究进展;同时总结目前该类电池发展中亟需解决的问题以及进一步提高器件效率的途径。     

Recent advances of organometallic complexes in emerging photovoltaics

Organometallic complexes (OMCs) consisting of organic and metal active moieties have shown immense potential for application in solar cells. The diverse structure, rich porosity, and unique charge centers of OMCs enable them to be functional in solar cells. In this review, we introduced four types of OMCs, such as crown organometallic complexes, β-diketone metal complexes, cyclometallic complexes, and main chain metal-containing polymers, providing an in-depth analysis of the structure-performance relationship. OMCs could serve as active or interlayer materials in a variety of solar cell systems such as organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells, especially some metals to improve the photoelectric performance of the device as dopants. In the end, perspectives on the opportunities and challenges of OMCs are given.     

卤化钙钛矿太阳能电池材料理论研究进展

卤化钙钛矿由于具有低成本、高效率等特点,最近作为非常有前景的太阳能电池吸收层材料被广泛研究。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池效率在短短的几年间由3.8%(2009年)迅速增加到22.1%(2016年)。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池的出现彻底改变了太阳能电池领域,不仅因为它们快速增长的效率,而且因为它们在材料生长和结构方面的可控性。卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池的优越性能说明卤化钙钛矿材料具有独特的物理性质。在本综述中,我们总结了卤化钙钛矿材料最近几年在结构、电学、光学方面的理论研究成果,这些都与它们在太阳能电池方面的应用密切相关。我们也将探讨一些卤化钙钛矿型太阳能电池目前遇到的挑战以及可能的理论解决途径。