离子色谱法测定饮用水及底泥中砷酸盐和亚砷酸盐

为建立离子色谱法测定环境样品中的AsO33-和AsO43-,选用Ion Pac AS4-SC色谱柱,1.8 mmol.L-1Na2CO3 1.6 mmol.L-1NaHCO3作淋洗液,抑制电导检测。方法的线性范围为0.09-35 mg.L-1,相关系数为0.999 8,相对标准偏差分别为2.2%,1.3%,样品平均加标回收率为91.0%-98.9%,方法的检出限分别为2及3μg.L-1,测定结果与氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法结果对比,相对偏差为2.1%-12.9%。     

液相微萃取-气相色谱法测定水样中微量酚类污染物

提出了一种静态液相微萃取与气相色谱联用技术测定水样中微量酚类污染物的方法.以苯酚为代表,考察了萃取溶剂种类和用量、搅拌速度、萃取时间、pH值及离子强度对酚类化合物的静态液相微萃取效率的影响.优化的萃取条件为:3.0μL甲苯为萃取剂(对硝基甲苯为内标),搅拌速度150 r·min-1,萃取时间20 min,pH为2.2,离子强度为200 g·L-1氯化钠溶液.在优化的萃取和色谱条件下,苯酚和氯酚的线性范围分别为0.02～20.00 mg·L-1和0.02～10.00 mg·L-1,检出限(3S/N)为0.01 mg·L-1.用此方法分析了一种湖水样品中的酚类污染物,并以此样品为基体进行回收及精密度试验,测得平均回收率为93.7%,相对标准偏差(n=7)为6.3%.     

离子色谱法测定水果中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐

建立了离子色谱法测定水果中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的方法.试样溶液中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐在YSA-8阴离子色谱柱分离,以4 mmol.L-1碳酸钠-3 mmol.L-1碳酸氢钠为流动相,电导检测.亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的检出限分别为0.02 mg·L-1和0.11 mg·L-1,工作曲线的线性范围分别在0.2～20.0 mg·L-1和0.3～30.0 mg·L-1范围内.该方法已应用于水果中亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的测定,测得回收率在93.4%～105.2%之间.     

离子色谱法测定魔芋精粉、虾中亚硫酸盐

魔芋精粉和虾样品经水蒸气蒸馏除去杂质的干扰,在密闭容器中对样品进行酸化,在氮气流的保护下蒸馏,用甲醛溶液吸收释放出的二氧化硫,提出了离子色谱法测定样品中亚硫酸盐含量的方法。以IonPacAS9-HC色谱柱,以8mmol.L-1碳酸钠-2.5mmol.L-1氢氧化钠溶液为淋洗液等度洗脱,用电导检测器测定。亚硫酸盐的质量浓度在6.0mg.L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3S/N)为4.0mg.kg-1。方法用于魔芋精粉和虾样品分析,回收率在88.1%～98.3%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)在1.4%～6.6%之间。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法测定调味品中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ色素

应用气相色谱-质谱联用方法的选择离子监测技术(GC-MS-SIM),测定了调味品辣椒粉和腌料中的苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ色素。分别在0.58~18.9 mg.L-1及0.31~19.8 mg.L-1浓度范围内,方法具有良好的线性关系。样品的平均回收率为85.5%~95.4%(直接萃取法)及80.7%~88.1%(氧化铝柱净化法),RSD(n=5)为3.64%~7.14%。样品称量为5.0 g时,苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ的检出限分别为0.005 8,0.007 6 mg.kg-1。     

四丁基铵离子液体阳离子的离子色谱-直接电导检测法分析

采用离子色谱-直接电导检测的方法对四丁基铵阳离子进行了系统的研究,考察了色谱柱、淋洗液、色谱柱温度及流速对测定四丁基铵阳离子的影响,并讨论了保留规律。用羧酸型阳离子交换色谱柱,以3 mmol·L-1甲烷磺酸-40%乙腈为淋洗液,流速1 m L·min-1,色谱柱温度40℃,四丁基铵阳离子的保留时间小于4 min。本方法测定四丁基铵阳离子的检出限(S/N=3)为0.82 mg·L-1,保留时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差(n=5)分别为0.09%和1.10%。方法用于测定实验室合成的四丁基铵离子液体样品,加标回收率为98%~100.1%。本方法准确、可靠、快速,具有较好的实用性,可满足离子液体样品的检测要求。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定除虫菊素水乳剂中氯氰菊酯残留量

提出了气相色谱-质谱法测定除虫菊素水乳剂中氯氰菊酯残留量的方法。除虫菊素水乳剂(WE)样品经乙酸乙酯高速匀浆提取、固相萃取柱净化后,分别经双柱(弱极性色谱柱和中等极性色谱柱)气相色谱仪和气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定。试验结果表明:采用双柱气相色谱法分析复杂样品,易出现样品假阳性。采用气相色谱-质谱法测定,氯氰菊酯在0.1～4.0 mg.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限为0.04 mg.L-1。方法回收率在82.5%～90.0%之间。     

加速溶剂萃取/离子色谱法测定菊花中的SO_2残留

采用碱性溶液加速溶剂萃取(ASE)/离子色谱(IC)法测定,建立了菊花中SO2残留的分析方法。粉碎后的样品以碱性溶液为萃取溶剂,经加速溶剂萃取仪提取,C18固相萃取(SPE)净化后,以碳酸盐为淋洗液,IonPac AS9-HC离子色谱柱分离,电导检测器进行检测。结果表明,SO2(以SO2-3计)在0.5~50 mg·L-1范围内线性关系良好(r2=0.999 7),检出限(LOD)为0.05 mg·L-1,定量下限(LOQ)为0.17 mg·L-1。以空白菊花样品为基体,在低、中、高3个浓度水平下的平均加标回收率为82.9%~92.6%,RSD(n=6)小于5.0%。与传统方法相比,该方法具有自动化程度和提取效率高的优点,适合于批量测定菊花中的SO2残留。     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法同时测定生物转化样品中的海藻糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培电化学检测法同时测定生物转化样品中海藻糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖的分析方法。选用CarboPac^TM10色谱柱(250 mm×2 mm)对分离条件进行优化,使用标准样品测定了线性范围和工作曲线,柱温为30 ℃,流速为0.30 mL/min,以氢氧化钠溶液和醋酸钠溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,脉冲安培法进行检测。研究结果表明,该方法可在15 min内实现海藻糖生物转化液中3种糖的快速定量分析。海藻糖、葡萄糖和麦芽糖峰面积与质量浓度的线性关系良好,检出限为0.010~0.100 mg/L。将此方法用于酶法制备海藻糖的检测,加标回收率为89.40%~103.2%。在生物转化样品中检测到海藻糖浓度为101.084 g/L,转化率达到了50.5%。该方法灵敏度高,简便快速,可应用于海藻糖制备样品中各种成分的分离和定量检测。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠血浆中尼古丁及其药物代谢动力学研究

采用气相色谱-质谱法测定大鼠血浆中的尼古丁。血浆样品采用蛋白沉淀法净化,采用DB-Wax毛细管色谱柱分离,质谱中选择电子轰击离子源和选择离子监测模式,以茴香脑为内标进行定量。并采用PKSlover 2.0软件计算药代动力学参数。尼古丁的线性范围为0.10~2.0mg·L-1,检出限为4.59μg·L-1。对空白样品进行加标回收试验,回收率在85.0%~90.1%之间,相对标准偏差(n=6)小于3.0%。应用此方法考察了灌胃给药的大鼠血浆样品中尼古丁代谢动力学特点,主要动力学参数AUC0-t,AUC0-∞,Tmax和ρmax分别为8.570mg·L-1·h-1,10.49mg·L-1·h-1,1.0h,998.9μg·L-1,结果呈现药物代谢动力学过程。     

高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测法分析啤酒和麦汁中的糖

建立了高效阴离子交换色谱-脉冲安培检测(HPAEC-PAD)同时测定单糖、二糖和多种低聚糖的方法。采用水、0.25 mmol/L NaOH溶液和1 mol/L NaAc溶液三元梯度淋洗,在CarboPac PA-100色谱柱上,11种糖在40 min内达到良好分离;采用积分脉冲安培检测方法,无需对样品进行复杂的前处理或衍生反应便可直接检测。11种糖的检出限(S/N=3)在13～88 pg范围内。将该方法用于啤酒和麦汁样品中单糖、二糖及低聚糖的分析取得了很好的结果,样品中的加标回收率为81%～107%。     

Efficient separation of oxidized cello-oligosaccharides generated by cellulose degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases

We present an evaluation of HPLC-based analytical tools for the simultaneous analysis of native and oxidized cello-oligosaccharides, which are products of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Whereas cello-oligosaccharides arise from cellulose depolymerization by glycoside hydrolases, oxidized cello-oligosaccharides are produced by cellobiose dehydrogenase and the recently identified copper dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) currently classified as CBM33 and GH61. The latter enzymes are wide-spread and expected to play crucial roles in further development of efficient enzyme technology for biomass conversion. Three HPLC approaches with well documented performance in the field of oligosaccharide analysis have been investigated: high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC), hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and porous graphitized carbon liquid chromatography (PGC-LC). HPAEC with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) was superior for analysis of oxidized oligosaccharides, combining the best separation with superior sensitivity for oligosaccharide species with a degree of polymerization (DP) ranging from 1 to 10. Furthermore, the HPAEC method can be optimized for operation in a high-throughput manner (run time 10 min). Both PGC-LC and HILIC allow reasonable run times (41 and 25 min, respectively), with acceptable separation, but suffer from poor sensitivity compared to HPAEC-PAD. On the other hand, PGC-LC and HILIC benefit from being fully compatible with online mass spectrometry. Using an LC–MS setup, these methods will deliver much better sensitivity than what can be obtained with conventional detectors such as ultraviolet-, charged aerosol-, or evaporative light scattering and may reach sensitivities similar to or even better than what is obtained in HPAEC-PAD. Pure oxidized cello-oligosaccharide standards, ranging from DP2 to DP5, were obtained by semi-preparative PGC and characterized by MS and NMR analysis.     

氧氟沙星在聚L-色氨酸修饰电极上的电化学行为及测定

氧氟沙星(ofloxacin,OFL)又名氟嗪酸,是第3代喹诺酮类药物,通过作用于细胞DNA螺旋酶的A亚单位,抑制DNA的合成和复制导致细菌死亡,具有高效广谱抗菌作用,是治疗呼吸道、泌尿道、肠道、皮肤、关节及软组织等感染的有效药物,而大剂量的服用可发生结晶尿,若不调整剂量,会使肝、肾功能减退、血药浓度增高等,因此测定药物中OFL的含量有重要意义.     

Comparisons of disposable and conventional silver working electrode for the determination of iodide using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection

The paper compared the performance of two kinds of silver working electrode in electrochemical detector-the disposable and conventional electrode for the determination of iodide using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) hyphenated with pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The comparisons were carried out on the time of equilibration, long and short-term reproducibility, limits of detection and linearity of calibration. Results showed that disposable working electrode manifested equal or better results than conventional working electrode and could be used for iodide analysis. Besides, the disposable electrode could work for consecutive 2660 min (about 44 h, 10 min needed for each run) with no degradation. Due to its "disposable" property, disposable working electrode could be discarded if the detection sensitivity decreased to 80% so the time for polishing and reconditioning was spared and good reproducible results could be obtained. At last, the disposable electrode was applied for the determination of iodide in soil and sea water samples with the spiked recovery ranging from 96-104% and the detection limit of 0.5 microg/L (10 microL injection, three times of the baseline noise).     

Evaluation of different operation modes of high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of complex mixtures of neutral oligosaccharides

Chromatographic methods based on different HPLC operation modes, reverse phase (RP), high performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC), graphitized carbon chromatography (GCC) and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), have been developed and compared for the analysis of complex mixtures of neutral oligosaccharides with functional properties. Whereas GCC gave the best chromatographic separation of isomeric oligosaccharides with the same molecular weight (R(s) values in the range 1.0-4.0 and 2.4-5.6 for tetra- and pentasaccharides, respectively), HILIC provided the best results for mixtures including oligosaccharides of different degrees of polymerization (R(s) values of maltooligosaccharides between 3.4 and 6.2). Validation of the HILIC LC-MS method proved its utility for the analysis of oligosaccharide mixtures with functional properties: relative standard deviations lower than 10%, LOD's and LOQ's in the range 12.7-130.2 ng mL(-1) and 39.3-402.2 ng mL(-1), respectively, and linearity up to 10-20 μg mL(-1). Quantitative data for fructooligosaccharides, gentiooligosaccharides and dextransucrase cellobiose acceptor oligosaccharides were obtained by using this method.     

Exfoliated Graphite Oxide Modified Electrode for the Selective Determination of Picomolar Concentration of Lead

We report the selective, picomolar determination of lead(II) ions using exfoliated graphite oxide (EGO) modified glassy carbon electrode. Exfoliated graphite oxide is the oxidized form of exfoliated graphite containing a variety of functional groups such as hydroxyl, phenolic and carboxyl groups. The EGO can be dispersed as a stable colloid in a wide range of pH, from 2 to 11. This leads to the flexibility of film formation on substrates and use of a variety of functional groups to complex lead ions. The analyte is preconcentrated and subsequently determined using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The factors influencing the determination of lead such as the pH of the analyte solution, preconcentration time and the thickness of EGO layer on the electrode surface have been optimized. Two linear ranges are observed between 1 mM and 10 μm and 0.1 μM and 1 pM for a 5 minute preconcentration time. The lowest detection limit is found to be 1 pM. The main advantages of the electrode are the ease of preparation of the modified electrode, low cost, sensitivity and selectivity. The analytical utility of the EGO modified electrode in the determination of lead is demonstrated by application to several water samples.     

HPAEC‐PAD method for the analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b capsular polysaccharide

A gradient method has been devised for the rapid analysis of alkaline hydrolyzates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) capsular polysaccharide‐based vaccines by high‐performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC‐PAD). As compared with published procedures, peak shape and sensitivity were significantly improved with this approach, analysis time was short and there was little interference from impurities. The limits of detection and quantification were established with a purified reference polysaccharide. We propose this method as a practical alternative for the analysis of minute amounts of Hib polysaccharide, which can be lower than with the conventional approaches. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Natural pyrite as an electrochemical sensor for potentiometric titrations with EDTA, mercury(II) and silver(I)

The results obtained in potentiometric titrations of copper(II), mercury(II) and iron(III) with standard EDTA solutions are presented. The titration of copper(II) at pH values in the range from 8.11 to 10.99 (ammonia buffer) and the titration of mercury(II) and iron(III) at pH values from 3.59 to 5.65 (acetate buffer) were performed. The titration end-point (TEP) was detected with an indicator electrode made from natural crystalline pyrite as an electrochemical sensor. The results obtained in potentiometric titration with the pyrite electrode were compared with those obtained using a platinum electrode (Fe³⁺), a Cu ion selective electrode (Cu²⁺) and a Hg electrode (Hg²⁺). Accurate and reproducible results with good agreement were obtained, but higher potential changes at the TEP were obtained using the pyrite electrode. In the course of the titration the potential was established within less than 1 min, whereas at the TEP it was within about 2–3 min. The potential changes at the TEP were in the range from 60 to 200 mV per 0.1 ml EDTA, according to the stability constant of the complex formed. The highest potential changes, ranging from 160 to 200 mV, were obtained in the titration of iron(III) at pH 3.59. Reverse titration was also performed and accurate and reproducible results were obtained. Moreover, titration of halogenide and thiocyanate with standard mercury(II) solutions, as well as cyanide with silver(I) solution, were performed and accurate and reproducible results were again obtained. Received: 20 February 1998 / Accepted: 19 November 1999     

CuNPs/PAA/GR纳米新材料修饰玻碳电极检测猪肉中的莱克多巴胺

采用一种温和且简单的原位生长法将铜纳米粒子和石墨烯非共价键合,形成一种对莱克多巴胺催化活性高的复合纳米新材料Cu NPs/PAA/GR。该材料用扫描电镜表征形貌,用阻抗表征修饰电极。不同扫速和p H值条件下,以其修饰玻碳电极构建的电化学体系受吸附控制,莱克多巴胺在该电极表面的反应机理属两电子转移过程。体系中电化学参数为:电子转移数(n)=1.7,修饰电极的有效面积为3.57 cm2,为裸电极的12.6倍,电极吸附量(Гs)为1.98×10-12mol/cm2。采用微分脉冲伏安法进行检测,莱克多巴胺的浓度在1~30μmol/L范围内呈良好线性关系(r2=0.990 2),检出限(S/N=3)为18.3 nmol/L。该传感器经济易制备、灵敏性高、稳定性与重现性好。将该传感器用于猪肉中莱克多巴胺的检测,其回收率为97.0%~102.5%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~3.2%。     

Structural characterisation by both positive- and negative-ion electrospray mass spectrometry of partially methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides purified by semi-preparative high-performance anion-exchange chromatography

The off-line coupling of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) to electrospray ionisation/ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) is described. The Dionex carbohydrate membrane desalter (CMD) has been assessed as an on-line chromatographic desalting system to remove the high sodium concentration necessary for the HPAEC separation of partially methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides. The developed HPAEC configuration proved to be suitable for indirect coupling with ESI-ITMS. This paper provides some interesting features of positive- and negative-ion multistage tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) analysis of these acidic oligosaccharides. The spectra acquired in both negative- and positive-ion modes show characteristic fragment ions resulting from glycosidic bond and cross-ring cleavages. Some new mass spectrometric fragmentation routes are also described. The positive-ion mode gave more complex spectra but was as informative as the negative-ion mode. ESI-ITMS was revealed to be, as previously reported from direct use on an unseparated enzymatic digest, a powerful sequencing technique for the determination of linkage type and the methyl ester distribution of partially methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides. Moreover, unlike matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS), it gives valuable information on the elution behaviour of these oligomers in relation to their structure, namely the HPAEC co-elution of isomeric structures.