高速公路收费广场的设计和车流管理优化模型——MCM2017 B题简评

<正>1赛题分析2017年美国大学生数学建模竞赛B题为"Merge better after toll",研究高速公路收费广场的结构和车流管理的问题。这是一个思路开放、做法多样的题目。虽然题目要求的是以经济、高效和安全为主要目标,设计收费广场的结构、布局以及收费方式和车流管理模式,但本质上是探讨收费广场车辆缴费     

多收费方式收费系统资源配置优化方法

随着ETC技术的发展,高速公路收费系统从单人工收费方式逐渐向多收费方式格局演变.同时高速公路收费系统的设计涉及到政府、道路管理者、道路使用者及道路非使用者之间利益的协调发展,因此研究在多收费方式情况下,满足不同利益层面需求的系统资源的优化配置问题具有重要意义.通过建立收费系统资源优化配置模型,在收费制式既定的情况下,利用遗传算法对收费站位置与数量进行寻优,并利用非集计方法对多收费方式情况下的车道配置进行均衡求解,可定量计算出最佳系统资源配置方案,包括确定收费制式、收费站位置与数量、收费方式、各收费站不同收费方式车道组合情况.最后我们进行算例研究,并对优化结果进行了分析比较,可为收费制式的选择及收费站的车道布设提供理论依据.     

“风电场运行状况分析及优化”赛题评述

对2016年"高教社杯"全国大学生数学建模竞赛"风电场运行状况分析及优化"一题作简要评述,介绍了问题的背景、命题设想和解题思路,对参赛论文所用的主要方法和出现的主要问题进行了讨论。     

“无人机在抢险救灾中的优化运用”述评

介绍2017年中国研究生数学建模竞赛A题"无人机在抢险救灾中的优化运用"的命题背景、目的和数据构成,分析了本题的建模及求解思路,对参赛论文中发现的问题进行了综述,最后讨论了本题还需继续思考的问题.     

无穷维向量优化问题的本质解及解集的本质连通区

对向量优化引入本质解和解集的本质连通区的概念,研究一般向量优化问题(包括无穷维的)弱有效解集的稳定性.证明了满足一定条件的向量优化问题构成的完备度量空间中,存在一个稠密Gδ集,在此稠密Gδ集中每个问题的解集都是稳定的,推广了文献中的相应结果.进一步讨论了解集的本质连通区,证明了如果解集能分解成两个或两个以上的连通区,则该问题没有本质连通区.最后给出了一个本质连通区存在的充分必要条件.     

融数学思想和应用的高等数学课程教学改革

在分析当前高等数学课程教学现状和存在问题的基础上,提出了更新教学理念、优化教学内容、改革教学方法的思路与举措,通过实行“案例教学法、找错误教学法、可视化教学法、实验教学法以及讨论教学法”,提高学生学习兴趣和分析问题、解决问题的能力。     

城市机动车停车收费绩效评价理论及策略研究

运用Delphi法和AHP法以及优化理论,构建了城市机动车停车收费绩效综合评价指标体系,依据7±2心理极限概念建立了机动车停车数学模型,选用基于"差动"原理的赋权法——Gl法计算各指标的权重,应用模糊综合评价法对其绩效进行综合评价.采用平均加权法对评价因素的各项指标进行量化处理,从而得到机动车停车收费绩效的综合评价结果.对宁波市机动车停车收费绩效进行了实际验证,比较真实地反映了其绩效状况,为宁波市静态交通的进一步发展和整改提供了理论依据.最后,有针对性地提出协调衔接停车规划与停车设施建设、合理调整停车收费结构、制定严格的停车违章处罚政策等城市机动车停车发展策略.     

关于分段收费问题

《新课程标准》指出:学生的数学学习内容应当是现实的、有意义的,富有挑战性的;通过义务教育阶段的数学学习,初步学会运用数学的思维方式去观察、分析现实社会,去解决日常生活中和其他学科学习中的问题,增强应用数学意识.随着我国市场经济体制的不断改革和完善,政府有关部门以及相关行业对一系列收费项目出台了更加科学、规范、合理的收费标准,采取了"分段收费"的良策,克服了收费的一刀切的现象.因此,近几年的中考数学试题中,出现需分段计算的应用题.本文例举2004年中考数学试题中,需     

双模式网络停车限制交通需求管理模型与方法研究

在轨道网和公路网并存的双模式交通网络, 合理设计出行终点的停车容量可优化汽车出行需求, 改善路网交通环境。本文通过分析私家车与城市轨道两种交通模式的出行需求, 并考虑私家车模式的终点停车收费服务, 建立了一种带路段环境容量和终点停车需求容量共同约束的交通需求管理模型。模型中路网使用者的出行模式采用二元Logit模型来计算, 而私家车的路线选择行为服从Logit随机用户均衡, 因此该模型是一个带不动点约束的数学规划问题。针对模型求解困难, 文中采用灵敏度分析来获取各路段流量和需求量关于终点容量波动的梯度信息, 进而设计了一种新的灵敏度分析求解算法.最后通过数值仿真实验, 验证了算法的有效性, 同时分析了不同停车收费参数对模型各指标变化趋势的影响。     

中共中央关于撤销邓小平党内外一切职务的决议

中共中央关于撤销邓小平党内外一切职务的决议中共中央政治局讨论了发生在天安门广场的反革命事件和邓小平最近的表现,认为邓小平问题的性质已经变为对抗性的矛盾。     

Sensitivity Analysis Based Method for Optimal Road Network Pricing

Road pricing is an important economic measure for optimal management of transportation networks. The optimization objectives can be the total travel time or total cost incurred by all the travelers, or some other environmental objective such as minimum emission of dioxide, an so on. Suppose a certain toll is posed on some link on the network, this will give an impact on flows over the whole network and brings about a new equilibrium state. An equilibrium state is a state of traffic network at which no traveler could decrease the perceived travel cost by unilaterally changing the route. The aim of the toll setting is to achieve such an equilibrium state that a certain objective function is optimized. The problem can be formulated as a mathematical program with equilibrium constraints (MPEC). A key step for solving such a MPEC problem is the sensitivity analysis of traffic flows with respect to the change of link characteristics such as the toll prices. In this paper a sensitivity analysis based method is proposed for solving optimal road pricing problems.     

基于双层规划的高速公路收费费率优化模型

在全国联网收费的背景下,从动态收费的角度考虑,建立了双层规划模型,上层规划中将路网管理者作为领导者,以高速公路收费效益最大化为目标函数,同时考虑道路运营管理方的合理收益和养护成本支出情况,下层规划则以用户出行效用最大化为目标,充分考虑了道路使用者的道路选择差异性及道路拥堵对交通分布的影响,建立随机用户均衡模型.最后结合...     

Solving the minimum toll revenue problem in real transportation networks

As a means to relieve traffic congestion, toll pricing has recently received significant attention by transportation planners. Inappropriate use of transportation networks is one of the major causes of network congestion. Toll pricing is a method of traffic management in which traffic flow is guided to proper time and path in order to reduce the total delay in the network. This article investigates a method for solving the minimum toll revenue problem in real and large-scale transportation networks. The objective of this problem is to find link tolls that simultaneously cause users to efficiently use the transportation network and to minimize the total toll revenues to be collected. Although this model is linear, excessive number of variables and constraints make it very difficult to solve for large-scale networks. In this paper, a path-generation algorithm is proposed for solving the model. Implementation of this algorithm for different networks indicates that this method can achieve the optimal solution after a few iterations and a proper CPU time.     

北京市道路交通事故致死率的分析与预测

根据北京市道路交通事故的统计资料,以交通事故致死率为指标,对北京市目前道路交通安全情况进行评价.并基于灰色预测理论,建立北京市道路交通事故死亡人数的灰色GM(1,1)预测模型.预测结果显示,北京市未来几年道路交通事故死亡人数虽处于下降趋势,但死亡人数仍在千人左右,平均每起事故死亡人数仍处于上升趋势,道路交通事故致死率仍然偏高.道路交通管理部门应加大惩治道路交通违法行为力度,以控制道路交通事故的严重后果.     

一种基于收费数据的断面流量估算方法

高速公路的流量是反映高速公路交通状态的一个重要参数.目前,针对高速公路断面流量的采集主要依靠人工方式或者通过安装一些车流检测设备来获得,成本较高.结合高速公路收费系统的特点,通过对收费数据的统计分析,提出一种基于收费数据估算高速公路断面流量的方法.首先,对收费数据进行初步的处理,从中计算出行驶时间;然后,根据收费数据中的车辆信息统计出各个OD的交通流量;最后,结合各个收费站出入口的位置信息、路段行驶速度信息以及OD流量来估算断面的交通流量.     

加权马尔可夫模型在道路交通受伤人数预测中的应用

为提高交通事故预测的可靠性,首先应用有序聚类的方法建立交通受伤人数的分级标准;然后针对事故受伤人数为相依随机变量的特点,采取以规范化的各阶自相关系数为权重,用加权的马尔可夫链模型来预测未来交通事故受伤人数的升降变化状况;最后以北京市1970-2010年共41年的事故受伤人数为例对该方法进行了具体应用,取得了较为满意的结果,为交通事故受伤人数的预测分析提供了新的途径.     

A Three-Level Mathematical Programming Model of Road Pricing

The paper presents a model of toll imposition on road networks, with the aim of recovering, at least in part, the road costs. This model supposes that the amount of the toll is the result of negotiations between the public agency, which is in charge of the network management, and tends to maximize the toll revenues, and the local communities, who bear the negative consequences of the toll imposition, and are compensated for the damage they sustain. A method of negotiation management is proposed, which compels both parties to behave correctly. The model leads to a three-level hierarchical optimization problem for which a method of solution is proposed and, by way of example, applied to study case.     

A biased random-key genetic algorithm for road congestion minimization

One of the main goals in transportation planning is to achieve solutions for two classical problems, the traffic assignment and toll pricing problems. The traffic assignment problem aims to minimize total travel delay among all travelers. Based on data derived from the first problem, the toll pricing problem determines the set of tolls and corresponding tariffs that would collectively benefit all travelers and would lead to a user equilibrium solution. Obtaining high-quality solutions for this framework is a challenge for large networks. In this paper, we propose an approach to solve the two problems jointly, making use of a biased random-key genetic algorithm for the optimization of transportation network performance by strategically allocating tolls on some of the links of the road network. Since a transportation network may have thousands of intersections and hundreds of road segments, our algorithm takes advantage of mechanisms for speeding up shortest-path algorithms.     

Highway toll pricing

For a tolled highway where consecutive segments allow vehicles to enter and exit unrestrictedly, we propose a simple toll pricing method. It is shown that the method is the unique method satisfying the classical axioms of Additivity and Dummy in the cost sharing literature, and the axioms of Toll Upper Bound for Local Traffic and Routing-proofness. We also show that the toll pricing method is the only method satisfying Routing-proofness Axiom and Cost Recovery Axiom. The main axiom in the characterizations is Routing-proofness which says that no vehicle can reduce its toll charges by exiting and re-entering intermediately. In the special case when there is only one unit of traffic (vehicle) for each (feasible) pair of entrance and exit, we show that our toll pricing method is the Shapley value of an associated game to the problem. In the case when there is one unit of traffic entering at each entrance but they all exit at the last exit, our toll pricing method coincides with the well-known airport landing fee solution-the Sequential Equal Contribution rule of Littlechild and Owen (1973).     

高速公路交通事故灰色Verhulst预测模型

在分析我国高速公路交通事故历史数据的基础上,引入灰色Verhulst预测理论,建立了高速公路交通事故灰色Verhulst预测模型.通过对2000～2007年我国高速公路交通事故死亡人数进行实例分析,发现灰色Verhulst模型的预测精度高于GM(1,1)模型.结果表明,灰色Verhulst模型的预测结果较好的反映了高速公路交通事故的发展趋势,该模型用于高速公路交通事故预测是可行的.