Friedel-Crafts reactions of 2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarbonyl chloride: unexpected ring-opening chemistry

The Friedel-Crafts reactions of 2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarbonyl chloride with various arenes did not lead to the straightforward formation of the expected aryl 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl ketones. Instead the reactions proceeded, to various degrees depending on the reactivity of the arene, via an apparent rearrangement of the initially formed acylium ion to form novel aryl 3-chloro-3,3-difluoropropyl ketones. The ring-opened product was formed exclusively, and therefore the reaction may be synthetically useful when relatively unreactive arene substrates such as benzene, toluene, and p-xylene are used. No conditions were found where ring-intact products could be formed exclusively when using substituted benzenes as substrates, with the very reactive substrate thiophene being most selective in that regard, favoring ring intact product 3 with a selectivity of 98:2. The regioselectivity of ring-opening was examined and compared with other related systems computationally.     

螺环五配位磷化物合成新方法

螺环五配位磷化物合成方法虽有不少报道,但有的路线较长;有的原料不易得到;有的条件苛刻且收率不高.本文提供一种新的简便合成路线,即在二甲二硫或二乙二硫存在下,含磷五元或六元环亚磷(膦)酸酯与含有两个活泼氢的双官能团化合物反应,一步制得相应的螺环五配位磷化物.反应式如下:     

Access to the spiro hydrindandione ring system of Fredericamycin A through a Friedel-Crafts reaction.

Condensation of 1,4-dimethoxybenzene with 1,1-cyclopentane dicarboxylic acid or 1,1-indan dicarboxylic acid derivatives led to the title compounds.     

TFA-mediated intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction. An efficient metal and halogen free route to stereoselective synthesis of benzocycles

6-Acetoxy-4-alkenyl arenes undergo regio- and stereoselective intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction affording benzocycles in moderate to excellent yields in TFA/HOAc (3:1). It was observed that introduction of alkyls or phenyl group to the allylic acetate moiety facilitates the cyclization reaction. The optically active tricyclic (4bR,8aS)-4b,7,8,8a,9,10-hexahydrophenanthrene skeleton could also be easily obtained in excellent yields.     

An unexpected P-cluster like intermediate en route to the nitrogenase FeMo-co

The nitrogenase MoFe protein contains two different FeS centers, the P-cluster and the iron–molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co). The former is a [Fe₈S₇] center responsible for conveying electrons to the latter, a [MoFe₇S₉C-(R)-homocitrate] species, where N₂ reduction takes place. NifB is arguably the key enzyme in FeMo-co assembly as it catalyzes the fusion of two [Fe₄S₄] clusters and the insertion of carbide and sulfide ions to build NifB-co, a [Fe₈S₉C] precursor to FeMo-co. Recently, two crystal structures of NifB proteins were reported, one containing two out of three [Fe₄S₄] clusters coordinated by the protein which is likely to correspond to an early stage of the reaction mechanism. The other one was fully complemented with the three [Fe₄S₄] clusters (RS, K1 and K2), but was obtained at lower resolution and a satisfactory model was not obtained. Here we report improved processing of this crystallographic data. At odds with what was previously reported, this structure contains a unique [Fe₈S₈] cluster, likely to be a NifB-co precursor resulting from the fusion of K1- and K2-clusters. Strikingly, this new [Fe₈S₈] cluster has both a structure and coordination sphere geometry reminiscent of the fully reduced P-cluster (P^N-state) with an additional μ²-bridging sulfide ion pointing toward the RS cluster. Comparison of available NifB structures further unveils the plasticity of this protein and suggests how ligand reorganization would accommodate cluster loading and fusion in the time-course of NifB-co synthesis.

The K-cluster of NifB as a key intermediate in the synthesis of the nitrogenase active site supports [Fe₄S₄] cluster fusion occurs before carbide and sulfide insertion and displays ligand spatial arrangement reminiscent to that of the P-cluster.     

Synthesis of 3-nitro- and 3-aminoquinoline-2,4-diones. An unexpected route to 3-hydroxyquinoline-2,4-diones

Nitration of 3-substituted-4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolones 1 with nitric acid leads either to 3-nitro- 2 or 3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , depending on the reaction conditions. 3-Substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 are also obtained by oxidative hydroxylation with peracetic acid. Amination of 3-substituted-3-chloroquinolinediones 4 with ammonium hydroxide predominantly leads again to 3-substituted-3-hydroxyquinolinediones 3 , only in one case the 3-aminoquinolinedione 5 could be isolated. With morpholine or pyridine as amines the expected 3-aminoquinolinediones 6 and 7 were obtained.     

An entry route into non-aqueous plutonyl coordination chemistry

The Pu(VI) molecular complex, [PuO(2)Cl(2)(thf)(2)]2, is prepared by addition of a HCl/Et(2)O solution to a suspension of PuO(2)CO(3) in thf, yielding the first example of a precursor suitable for investigation of the non-aqueous chemistry of the plutonyl dioxo cation under inert atmospheric conditions.     

The tert-amino effect in heterocyclic chemistry. Synthesis of spiro heterocycles

The tert-amino reaction effect was examined. A new method to synthesize spiro heterocycles is presented. It was shown that the "tert-amino effect" could be applied to the formation of spiro-fused heterocycles. The formation of spiro compounds proceeds in most cases in good yields in a one-pot reaction.     

Lewis acid-induced intramolecular Friedel-Crafts cyclization of 1,3-bis-exocyclic dienes. a new route to 4a-methyltetrahydrofluorenes

[reaction: see text] An efficient new method for constructing the 4a-methyltetrahydrofluorene skeleton was achieved via Friedel-Crafts intramolecular cyclization of 1,3-bis-exocyclic dienes. This strategy offers a simple and promising method for accessing complex structures.     

tert-Amino effect in heterocyclic chemistry. Synthesis of hydrogenated spiro derivatives of quinolines

A new method was developed for the one-step synthesis of spiro derivatives of fused quinolines by the reactions of ortho-amino derivatives of benzaldehyde with Meldrum"s acid, cyclohexane-1,3-dione, or N,N"-disubstituted barbituric acids.     

A biosynthetic route to photoclick chemistry on proteins

Light-induced chemical reactions exist in nature, regulating many important cellular and organismal functions, e.g., photosensing in prokaryotes and vision formation in mammals. Here, we report the genetic incorporation of a photoreactive unnatural amino acid, p-(2-tetrazole)phenylalanine (p-Tpa), into myoglobin site-specifically in E. coli by evolving an orthogonal tRNA/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair and the use of p-Tpa as a bioorthogonal chemical "handle" for fluorescent labeling of p-Tpa-encoded myoglobin via the photoclick reaction. Moreover, we elucidated the structural basis for the biosynthetic incorporation of p-Tpa into proteins by solving the X-ray structure of p-Tpa-specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase in complex with p-Tpa. The genetic encoding of this photoreactive amino acid should make it possible in the future to photoregulate protein function in living systems.     

"Click chemistry"en route to pseudo-starch

Rapid assembly of starch fragment analogues was achieved using "click chemistry". Specifically, two hexadecasaccharide mimics containing two parallel maltoheptaosyl chains linked via [1,2,3]-triazoles to a maltose core were synthesized using Cu(i)-catalyzed [3 + 2] dipolar cycloaddition of azido saccharides and 6,6'- and 4',6'-dipropargylated p-methoxyphenyl maltoside.     

A practical synthetic route to functionalized THBCs and oxygenated analogues via intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reactions

A practical catalytic approach to the synthesis of 4-substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carbolines (THBCs, 1) and 1,2,3,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indoles (2) via InBr3-catalyzed intramolecular Friedel-Crafts (F-C) cyclization is described. The use of cross-metathesis reaction represents a direct route to the cyclization precursors and the use of InBr3 (5 mol%) allowed polycyclic indole compounds to be isolated in high yields under mild reaction conditions (rt, DCM, minutes). Finally, efforts toward the development of a stereocontrolled version of the present cyclization are presented, highlighting [salenAlCl] and bimetallic [(salenAlCl)2-InBr3] system as promising chiral Lewis acids (ee up to 60%).     

Grindstone chemistry: one-pot synthesis of spiro[diindenopyridine-indoline]triones and spiro[acenaphthylene-diindenopyridine]triones

A one-pot, pseudo four-component, and simple synthesis of spiro[diindenopyridine-indoline]triones and spiro[acenaphthylene-diindenopyridine]triones via the reaction of 1,3-indandione, aromatic amines and isatins or acenaphthylene-1,2-dione using a ‘Grindstone Chemistry’ method is reported.     

Friedel-Crafts chemistry of dieneiron tricarbonyl complexes. Acetylation of 1-silylated and 1,4 disubstituted dienes

In contrast to simple olefinic or to aromatic compounds bearing a silyl group attached to an sp² carbon, trimethyl-silylated dieneiron tricarbonyl complexes, do not undergo ipso-substitution reactions unless there is an alkyl group in the 4 position. This allows synthesis of acylated dienes that still retain the Me₃Si substituent. In one case an unusual 1,1-diacylation was observed during an attempted single acetylation. 1,4-Disubstituted dieneiron tricarbonyl complexes were found to give good yields of stable acylated complexes under the usual Friedel-Crafts conditions.     

Convenient route to water-sensitive sol-gel precursors using click chemistry

The CuAAC-'click' reaction under anhydrous conditions is reported as a new tool for the preparation of moisture-sensitive triethoxysilyl compounds that are obtained in 5 minutes in excellent yield with simple purification.     

An unexpected pathway for the catalytic oxidation of methylidyne on Rh{111} as a route to syngas

This study investigates the adsorption properties of methylidyne (CH) on Rh{111}, its partial and full oxidation as well as its surface mobility, by means of plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Besides investigating known oxidation pathways on rhodium, such as decomposition of CH and subsequent oxidation of the decomposition products, new pathways such as direct reaction of methylidyne and oxygen toward a surface aldyhyde-type species and the decomposition of this species are considered. The unexpected and novel pathway determined here by DFT is utilized for a microkinetic model of the formation of CO and CO2 from methylidyne. A comparison of this microkinetic study with experimental data shows that our novel mechanism can indeed describe the observations. This comparison strongly suggests that this new alternative route is the main reaction pathway for the conversion of methylidyne.     

An unexpected route toward the synthesis of spiro-benzo[b]acridine-furan derivatives

A facile and straightforward procedure for the synthesis of spiro-benzo[b]acridine-6,2′-furan derivatives via the reaction between benzo[b]acridine-6,11-dione, electron-deficient acetylenic compounds, and an isocyanide is described. The benzo[b]acridine-6,11-dione is obtained from the reaction between 2-(aminomethyl)aniline and 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione via an unexpected reaction pathway. The products are synthesized in medium to high yields and no complicated purification is required.