Coefficients of viscosity of a gaseous plasma

We present here an order of magnitude calculation for the coefficients of viscosity with the assumption that the drift velocity introduces asymmetry both in the single-particle distribution functionf ₁ and the correlation functionP(1, 2). These asymmetric parts have been estimated considering the self-relaxation of the system when the cause of drift velocity is suddenly removed. Using these, the kinetic part of the coefficient of electron viscosity has been calculated and the result fairly agrees with similar studies by others. The potential part of shear viscosity coefficient is found to be zero while both parts of the coefficient of bulk viscosity are non-zero.     

Measurements of viscosity in pure-electron plasmas

Measurements of the viscosity in quiescent magnetized pure-electron plasmas are up to 10(8) times larger than predicted by classical collisional theory. This strong viscosity is due to long-range " E x B drift collisions" between electrons separated by up to a Debye length. Recent theories of long-range collisions show order-of-magnitude agreement with the measurements, but do not give the observed dependence on the plasma column length. A simple empirical scaling law fits the length and magnetic field dependence surprisingly well.     

Transverse waves and the liquid and gaseous states

The distinction between liquid and gas, in a computer simulated Lennard-Jones fluid, persists above the critical temperature, the liquid supporting both transverse and longitudinal waves while the gas displays only longitudinal waves.     

Temperature dependence of the far-infrared absorption spectrum of gaseous methane

The rototranslational absorption spectrum of gaseous methane has been measured at seven different temperatures from 296 to 140 K. We have analyzed both the spectral moments and the experimental absorption shapes, assuming that only octupolar and hexadecapolar induction mechanisms contribute to the absorption. This assumption allows us to parameterize the temperature dependence of both the intensity and the shape of the absorption band. The results obtained indicate that other contributions to absorption are not negligible.     

The viscosity and diffusion coefficients of eighteen binary gaseous systems

The paper reports accurate measurements of the viscosity of the eighteen binary gaseous systems: CF₄ with He, Ne, Ar, N₂, CO₂, CH₄; SF₆ with He, Ne, Ar, N₂, CO₂, CH₄, CF₄ and O₂ with He, Ne, CO₂, CF₄, SF₆. The measurements were performed in a high-precision oscillating-disk viscometer at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range 25–200°C for the systems containing CH₄ or SF₆ and in the temperature range 25–400°C for the remainder. The reported viscosities are believed to be accurate to within ±0.1% at room temperature and to within ±0.2% at 400°C.It is shown that the data conform to the extended law of corresponding states developed by Kestin, Ro and Wakeham despite the complexity of some of the component gases. The standard deviation between the experimental values and those calculated from the law of corresponding states is only 0.3% which is commensurate with the uncertainty in the experimental results.Binary diffusion coefficients derived from the mixture viscosity data are also presented; they have an estimated uncertainty of ±2%.     

Self-diffusion in gaseous and liquid ethylene

Proton spin echoes at 24 MHz have been used in an accurate study of the self-diffusion coefficient in gaseous and liquid ethylene over a large range of density and temperature. The high temperature data are well described by the corrected Enskog theory. As the temperature is lowered, increasing deviations from the hard sphere behaviour are observed, which are in qualitative agreement with computer simulations on square-well and Lennard-Jones particles.     

Measurements of depolarization ratios and polarizability anisotropies of gaseous molecules

Values for the depolarization ratio (?^T_V) of Rayleigh scattered light are reported for a large number of gas molecules. When possible, the results are combined with refractive index data to yield the anisotropy in the optical polarizability.     

High pressure ‘cell’ model of compressed methane

Abstract

The Thomas-Fermi method is used to treat self-consistently a model of compressed methane. Two assumptions underlying the treatment are (i) the use of spherical averaging of the proton potential about the C atom in the methane molecule and (ii) the compressed spherical ‘cell’ model. Within this framework, the equilibrium bond length of CH₄ is calculated as a function of cell volume. The free space bond length given by this model is too large, and so results are presented for R_e/R_e(∞) versus cell volume. The volume is finally converted to an estimated pressure using an empirical equation of state. The relevance of the work to ices in planetary material is pointed out.     

利用蜂鸣片受迫振动测液体黏度

用信号发生器驱动蜂鸣片在真空泵油中产生受迫振动,通过测量液体中振动物体的谐振频率求得液体阻尼系数,进而确定了液体黏度.     

Temperature dependence of liquid viscosity

Least squares programs were used to evaluate the correlation between recent experimental results and theoretical, semi-theoretical, or empirical relations between liquid viscosity and temperature. It was found that none of these describes the experimental dependence in the whole range of temperature. A new dependence based on the free volume concept and cell-hole liquid theory is proposed. The theory permits linearization of the viscosity-temperature data in the range (T_i, T_i+1), where the T_i's are the liquid-liquid transition temperatures. It was demonstrated that these transitions, both in small molecular and in polymeric liquids, occur in discrete steps: T_i = a_iT_g, where T_g is the glass transition temperature and the a_i's are numerical parameters. Not all the transitions T_i were apparent in all liquids. Transition T₂ = 1.26T_g was observed for most polymeric liquids. On the basis of thermal analysis it was demonstrated that the T_i's coincide with the temperatures at which small changes in the apparent specific heat were detected. These temperatures can be assigned to the maximum rate of crystallization and melting temperatures of the metastable and stable crystalline forms.     

Collisional transition probability in gaseous and liquid carbontetrachloride

In gaseous CCl₄ at 20 to 30 °C, the probability that a binary collision effects an energy transfer between the translational and the vibrational degrees of freedom is 3.8 · 10^?3, in liquid CC1₄ at the same temperature it is close to 2.6 · 10^?3. The ratio of these experimental values corresponds exactly to that predicted from the theoretical relationship:P _liquid/P_gas = (1 +S _η/T) · exp(??/kT).     

温度对液体黏度影响的实验研究

利用自主开发的多光电门可变温式液体黏度测试仪研究了液体黏度随温度变化的关系,得到了实验曲线,显示了不同温度区段的变化特性.     

Proton magnetic resonance of ethane in the liquid and gaseous states

The proton chemical shift of ethane is reported, covering for gaseous ethane the density range 0 to 0·5 g cm^-3 and the temperature range 0 to 110°C, and for liquid ethane from the critical temperature down to -55°C. The results are discussed in terms of the van der Waals interaction term σ _w , using a virial expansion including both binary and ternary collisions. A parallel is drawn between the medium shifts and the equation of state for non-ideal gases. Some comments are made regarding (i) the uniqueness of the parameter B for protons in a C-H bond in non-polar molecules, (ii) the neighbour anisotropy contribution σ _a in molecules such as ethane and ethylene, and (iii) the van der Waals gas-to-liquid medium shift, and its temperature dependence, in larger molecules.     

Longitudinal viscosity of liquid alkali metals

Summary The viscosity coefficient entering sound wave attenuation is evaluated for the liquid alkali metals in an ion-electron plasma approach. It is shown that the contribution from electrical conduction, though small, is by no means negligible. The calculated longitudinal viscosity is very close to the measured shear viscosity contribution, the bulk viscosity being expected to be small in the present approach.     

Measurement of the rotational viscosity of nematic liquid crystals

An apparatus to determine the reorientation kinetics of nematic liquid crystals in a magneticfield is described. Measurements of the rotational viscosity as a function of temperature are presented for several commercial mixtures composed of different classes of substances. An attempt is made to relate the data with some structural properties.     

Intermolecular potential energy functions from gaseous viscosity data. Choice of the well depth

Dilute gas viscosity data may be inverted directly to give the intermolecular potential energy function if the well depth is known. The consequences of using different values of the well depth are studied, and it is concluded that the correct value may be distinguished by using second virial coefficient data.