Water-soluble polyketones and esters as the main stable products of ozonolysis of fullerene C60 solutions

Stable ozonolysis products of C₆₀ solutions in CCl₄, toluene, and hexane were studied by elemental analysis, HPLC, and UV and IR spectroscopy. Polyketones and esters were established for the first time to be the main stable products, whose content increased during the whole ozonolysis time (1 h). Epoxides C₆₀O _n (n = 1—6) are accumulated within 1—3 min, and after 5 min of ozonolysis their concentration decreases to zero. Fullerene C₆₀ disappears from the reaction solution due to its conversion to oxides and mechanical capturing of C₆₀ by these oxides to form a precipitate. The oxidation of C₆₀ is completed in the solid phase by the formation of the C₆₀O₁₆ oxide in which 9.68 O atoms fall on fullerene polyketones, 6 O atoms are attributed to esters, and 0.32 O atoms fall per epoxides. The optimum medium for preparation of the C₆₀ oxides is CCl₄ rather than traditional toluene, which reacts with ozone in the side reaction to form products containing active oxygen. The C₆₀ cage is raptured during ozonolysis because of the C=C bond cleavage to form two C=O groups at the ends of the open hexagon. Ozonolysis of C₆₀ solutions in CCl₄ is efficient for synthesis of water-soluble fullerene oxides due to the high yield and solubility of polyketones and esters in water.     

Monoalkylation of C60 and C70 with Zn and active alkyl bromides

We report a convenient and simple solution-phase electron-transfer reaction of C(60) with zinc and alpha-bromoacetonitrile, alpha-bromo acetate esters, allyl bromide, benzyl bromide and alpha-bromo ketones in DMF, with which different types of monoalkylated C(60) derivatives can be prepared. When this method is employed with C(70), 2-carbomethoxymethyl-1,2-dihydro[70]fullerene (isomer 5a) is produced as one of the two 1,2-monoalkylated C(70) isomers, together with the first 5,6-monoalkylated C(70) derivative.     

Efficient oligomerization of negatively-charged beta-amino acids at -20 degrees C

This paper describes a procedure, known as eutectic concentration, used to concentrate an aqueous solution by cooling. Using a water-soluble carbodiimide, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide, the researchers were able to accelerate the rate of polymerization of beta-amino acids when the solution was cooled to -20 degrees C. Different temperatures and solution concentrations were investigated to determine which gave the most efficient rates of polymerization. The effect of sodium chloride on the products of the reaction was also studied.     

Origin of chlorophyll fluorescence in plants at 55-75 degrees C

The origin of heat-induced chlorophyll fluorescence rise that appears at about 55-60 degrees C during linear heating of leaves, chloroplasts or thylakoids (especially with a reduced content of grana thylakoids) was studied. This fluorescence rise was earlier attributed to photosystem I (PSI) emission. Our data show that the fluorescence rise originates from chlorophyll a (Chl a) molecules released from chlorophyll-containing protein complexes denaturing at 55-60 degrees C. This conclusion results mainly from Chl a fluorescence lifetime measurements with barley leaves of different Chl a content and absorption and emission spectra measurements with barley leaves preheated to selected temperatures. These data, supported by measurements of liposomes with different Chl a/lipid ratios, suggest that the released Chl a is dissolved in lipids of thylakoid membranes and that with increasing Chl a content in the lipid phase, the released Chl a tends to form low-fluorescing aggregates. This is probably the reason for the suppressed fluorescence rise at 55-60 degrees C and the decreasing fluorescence course at 60-75 degrees C, which are observable during linear heating of plant material with a high Chl a/lipid ratio (e.g. green leaves, grana thylakoids, isolated PSII particles).     

Discontinuous buffer systems operative at pH 2.5 - 11.0, 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C, available on the Internet

This communication is an announcement of the availability on the Internet of a computer output of discontinuous buffer systems operative at pH 2.5-11.0, 0 degrees C and 25 degrees C, generated by the theory and program of T. M. Jovin. The output and instructions for its use can be accessed under http://www.buffers.nichd.nih.gov.     

室温下甲苯中C6-60和C6-70的电化学检测

采用铂微电极观察到了室温下(25±1)℃甲苯单一溶剂中C60和C70的六步单电子电化学还原过程.在甲苯中采用一般的有机相支持电解质溶解度差,电势窗口也不宽.实验结果表明,离子液体[Tetrahexylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide,THA-Tf2N]在甲苯中具有良好的溶解度,因而可以作为这种非极性溶剂的理想支持电解质,并且该体系可以提供宽达-3.7 V(相对于二茂铁电对,Fe /Fe)的电化学还原窗口,这是在室温下实现C6-60和C6-70的电化学检测的主要原因.     

Ozonolysis of methyl, amino and nitro substituted ethenes: A semi-empirical molecular orbital study

The three-step ozonolysis reaction is studied for a number of methyl, amino and nitro substituted ethenes (classified as symmetrically, asymmetrically and cis/trans substituted) using the PM3 SCF-MO method. Substituent effects are predicted to generally yield the order NH₂ > Me > NO₂ for the ability to enhance facility of ozonolysis, in line with the electrophilic nature of ozone. Geometry and conformation allow for a variety of different pathways, and the lowest energy pathway is predicted for each case, with consequences for identity of the intermediates preferentially involved. Greater stability of the trans isomer of the carbonyl oxide intermediate is the main factor for its preferred involvement in the second step of the reaction. For the cis/trans substituted ethenes, the major product (the secondary ozonide) is predicted as being the cis ozonide and the trans ozonide for the cis and the trans substituted ethenes, respectively.     

室温下甲苯中C60^6-和C70^6-的电化学检测

采用铂微电极观察到了室温下(25±1)℃甲苯单一溶剂中C60和C70的六步单电子电化学还原过程.在甲苯中采用一般的有机相支持电解质溶解度差,电势窗口也不宽.实验结果表明,离子液体[Tetrahexylam-monium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide,THA-Tf2N]在甲苯中具有良好的溶解度,因而可以作为这种非极性溶剂的理想支持电解质,并且该体系可以提供宽达3/3.7V(相对于二茂铁电对,Fe /Fe)的电化学还原窗口,这是在室温下实现C660-和C760-的电化学检测的主要原因.     

Formation of secondary fullerene ozonides in the ozonolysis of C60 solutions and chemiluminescence upon their hydrolysis

The formation of secondary fullerene ozonides (SFOs) in the ozonolysis of C₆₀ solutions in CCl₄ has reliably been determined for the first time; SFOs are accumulated during the whole ozonolysis time as a suspension in CCl₄. Hydrolysis of the SFOs results in chemiluminescence (CL) (I _max = 2.65·10⁸ photon s⁻¹ mL⁻¹), whose spectra contain maxima at 558, 608, and 685 nm. The most probable CL emitters are excited fullerene polyketones. Hydrogen peroxide was identified as a stable hydrolysis product of the SFOs by the color reaction with diphenylcarbazide and CL arisen upon the addition of an aqueous solution of FeSO₄·9H₂O to the hydrolyzate of the SFO. Chemiluminescence upon hydrolysis is a selective test for SFOs and allows one to find them in a complex mixture of the ozonolysis products of C₆₀. The rate constant and activation energy of SFO hydrolysis were determined from the kinetic measurements of CL. For SFO hydrolysis several probable reactions were proposed, including the formation of the CL emitters, and their heat effects were estimated using the PM3/RHF and AM1/RHF semiempirical methods for one-and two-cage model structures of SFOs. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1322–1329, August, 2006.     

SNAr iodination of 6-chloropurine nucleosides: aromatic Finkelstein reactions at temperatures below -40 degrees C

Mesitoyl or toluoyl esters of inosine and 2'-deoxyinosine were deoxychlorinated at C6 to give the crystalline 6-chloropurine nucleoside derivatives, which underwent quantitative conversion to the 6-iodo analogues with NaI/TFA/butanone at -50 to -40 degrees C. The 6-iodo compounds were efficient substrates for SNAr, Sonogashira, and Suzuki-Miyaura reactions, in contrast with the 6-chloro analogues, and gave good to high yields of C-N and C-C coupled products.     

The synthesis and fluorescence of a methoxy-phenyl substituted C_60-pyrrolidine derivative

A new 4-methoxyphenyl substituted C60-pyrrolidine derivative, C60(C10H13NO) (1), was prepared and its room-temperature fluorescence was studied. Its fluorescence intensity is three times stronger than that of C60. Its singlet energy was estimated to be 25 kJ/mol lower than that of C60. The fluorescence lifetime was determined to be 2.1+0.3 ns by using the frequency domain method. The fluorescence quenching by concentration and aromatic electron donor: N, N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) was investigated. Data show that its fluorescence could not be quenched by DMA.     

A DFT study of Diels-Alder reactions of o-quinone methides and various substituted ethenes: selectivity and reaction mechanism

The Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of various substituted ethenes (methyl vinyl ether (MVE), styrene, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK)) with o-quinone methides (o-QM) are studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level. On the basis of analysis for frontier molecular orbital and comparison of the activation energies for different reaction pathways, the ortho attack modes present transition structures more stable than the meta ones. The reactivity, ortho selectivity, and asynchronicity are enhanced with the increase of the electron-releasing character of the substitute on ethene fragment. The discussions for the charge distribution and charge transfer on different transition states indicate that there are different molecular mechanisms for the different substituted ethenes. The calculations show that the effect of solvent decreases the activation energy and increases the asynchronicity. The results also indicate that the hydrogen-bond formation between chloroform and the carbonyl oxygen of the o-QM lowers the activation energies and increases the asynchronicity.     

Theoretical study of the addition patterns of C60 fluorination: C60Fn (n = 1-60)

A systematic study is presented of addition patterns occurring upon fluorination of C60. We use the program SACHA, which increments the number of fluorine addends, tests all available addition sites within a given cutoff radius, and selects the most energetically stable structure for further addition on the basis of full AM1 optimizations for every isomer. The lowest energy structures are optimized at HF/3-21G level of theory. A number of distinct addition routes are predicted, based on octahedral, 'S', and 'T' addition patterns, leading both to experimentally observed C60F(n) isomers and to isomers not previously described in the literature. Furthermore the main addition routes were analyzed for C60F2n isomers, using ab initio global and local aromaticity calculations. For this, magnetizability and NICS calculations have been carried out at HF/3-21G level of theory. We show the possibility of using NICS to predict the next preferential addition site, matching the above-described addition routes.     

Chemospecific chromium[VI] catalyzed oxidation of C-H bonds at -40 degrees C1

H5IO6 in the presence of catalytic chromoyl diacetate is a powerful method for oxidation of C-H bonds. Tertiary and oxygen activated C-H bonds are oxidized to tertiary alcohols or ketones at temperatures as low as -40 degrees C. The putative reagent is neutral dioxoperoxy chromium[VI] which undergoes C-H oxidation with retention of stereochemistry. This reagent appears to be the first reagent capable of oxidation of a C-H bond in the presence of an olefin without concomitant epoxidation.     

Hydrolysis of uranium(VI) at variable temperatures (10-85 degrees C)

The hydrolysis of uranium(VI) in tetraethylammonium perchlorate (0.10 mol dm(-3) at 25 degrees C) was studied at variable temperatures (10-85 degrees C). The hydrolysis constants (*beta(n,m)) and enthalpy of hydrolysis (Delta H(n,m)) for the reaction mUO(2)(2+) + nH(2)O = (UO(2))(m)(OH)(n)((2m-n))+) + nH(+) were determined by titration potentiometry and calorimetry. The hydrolysis constants, *beta(1,1), *beta(2,2), and *beta(5,3), increased by 2-5 orders of magnitude as the temperature was increased from 10 to 85 degrees C. The enthalpies of hydrolysis, Delta H(2,2) and Delta H(5,3), also varied: Delta H(2,2) became more endothermic while Delta H(5,3) became less endothermic as the temperature was increased. The heat capacities of hydrolysis, Delta C(p(2,2)) and Delta C(p(5,3)), were calculated to be (152 +/- 43) J K(-1) mol(-1) and -(229 +/- 34) J K(-1) mol(-1), respectively. UV/Vis absorption spectra supported the trend that hydrolysis of U(VI) was enhanced at elevated temperatures. Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy provided additional information on the hydrolyzed species at different temperatures. Approximation approaches to predict the effect of temperature were tested with the data from this study.     

Approaches to open fullerenes: synthesis and kinetic stability of diels-alder adducts of substituted isobenzofurans and C60

We have examined the reactions of 1,3-disubstituted isobenzofurans with the fullerene C60 in the context of an approach to open a large orifice on the fullerene framework. A variety of substituted isobenzofurans (6a-h), generated from the reaction of 1,4-substituted 1,4-epoxynaphthalenes 3a-h with 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4a) or 1,2,4,5-tetrazine (4b), were added to C60 to afford the Diels-Alder adducts 7a-h. The thermal stability of these adducts toward retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation differs greatly in solution from that in the solid state. In solution, the relatively facile retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation of monoadducts 7a and 7c, to give C60 and the free isobenzofurans 6a and 6c, have rate constants (and activation barriers) of k=9.29x10(-5) s-1 at 70 degrees C (Ea=32.6 kcal mol-1) and k=1.36x10(-4) s-1 at 40 degrees C (Ea=33.7 kcal mol-1), respectively, indicating that the addition of isobenzofurans to C60 is readily reversible at those temperatures. In the solid state, thermogravimetric analysis of adduct 7a indicates that its decomposition occurs only within the temperature range of 220-300 degrees C. As a result, these compounds can be stored at room temperature in the solid state for several weeks without significant decomposition but have to be handled within several hours in solution.     

Chemiluminogenic features of 10-methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)acridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates alkyl substituted at the benzene ring in aqueous media

10-Methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)acridinium trifluoromethanesulfonates bearing alkyl substituents at the benzene ring were synthesized, purified, and identified. In the reaction with OOH(-) in basic aqueous media, the cations of the compounds investigated were converted to electronically excited 10-methyl-9-acridinone, whose relaxation was accompanied by chemiluminescence (CL). The kinetic constants of CL decay, relative efficiencies of light emission, chemiluminescence quantum yields, and resistance toward alkaline hydrolysis were determined experimentally under various conditions. The mechanism of CL generation is considered on the basis of thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the reaction steps predicted at the DFT level of theory. The chemiluminescence efficiency is the result of competition of the electrophilic center at C(9) between nucleophilic substitution by OOH(-) or OH(-) and the ability of the intermediates thus formed to decompose to electronically excited 10-methyl-9-acridinone. Identification of stable and intermediate reaction products corroborated the suggested reaction scheme. The results obtained, particularly the dependency of the "usefulness" parameter, which takes into account the CL quantum yield and the susceptibility to hydrolysis, on the cavity volume of the entity removed during oxidation, form a convenient framework within which to rationally design chemiluminescent 10-methyl-9-(phenoxycarbonyl)acridinium cations.     

Reactions of fullerenes with reactive methylene organophosphorus reagents: efficient synthesis of organophosphorus group substituted C60 and C70 derivatives

Treatment of C70 with cycloalkylaminomethylenebisphosphonates in the presence of NaH gave corresponding C70 dimers 1 in good yield, while the methanofullerenes, C70>CH(PO3Et2) (3) and C70>C(PO3Et2)2 (4) or C60>CH(PO3Et2) (5) and C60>C(PO3Et2)2 (6), were obtained, respectively, by the reaction of C70 or C60 with tetraethyl methylenediphosphonate in the presence of NaH. Diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate reacted with C60 or C70 under similar conditions to afford C60>C(PO3Et2)CN (7) and C70>C(PO3Et2)CN (8). Furthermore, the presence of weak electronic interactions between two fullerene cages of fullerene dimers was demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry. A radical mechanism was proposed for the formation of the fullerene derivatives on the basis of the ESR studies.