湍流廓线激光雷达的研制

 对采用光波波段测量大气湍流强度廓线的湍流廓线激光雷达进行了研究。利用焦点附近的大气瑞利后向散射作为测量信标测量湍流信息,当聚焦高度不同时,可以测得不同高度的整层信息,从而可以得到一系列高度的整层湍流信息,最后通过算法得到分层的大气湍流廓线。介绍了湍流廓线激光雷达系统的组成原理和系统结构,采用像增强器的控制系统使得系统的有效测试距离达到15 km;通过与传统测量方法的对比,得出了可以作为湍流强度廓线测量工具的结论。最后展望了该系统的应用前景。     

激光雷达大气湍流测量方法研究

 报道了一种用激光雷达方法测量大气湍流的技术，利用发射激光束在空间所需位置产生一个聚焦光斑，通过此光斑处的大气分子瑞利散射机制形成一个空间的人造散射光源，接收系统对此光源的散射光进行探测，测量出从地面到此空间散射光源之间的大气湍流参数。给出了对武汉上空大气湍流测量的初步结果。得到了不同高度层的大气相干长度随时间的变化特性、平均值和起伏均方差，并对实验测量和模型计算的大气折射率结构常数在相应高度段的积分值进行了比较，二者积分值都在10-12量级，得到的结果基本相符。这种测量方法的实现，为测量空间不同方位、不同距离的大气湍流提供了一种新的手段。     

探测大气湍流的光强闪烁激光雷达

基于残余光强闪烁理论,分析了与大气湍流探测有关的激光雷达各项硬件参数并获得参数的优化范围,据此研制了一台用于大气湍流探测的光强闪烁激光雷达。背景基线、线性特征等性能测试表明,激光雷达各硬件工作正常,数据获取可靠。实验测量中获得了水平方向上闪烁指数和大气折射率结构常数随探测距离和时间的变化趋势,其中闪烁指数在450~2000 m探测距离范围内由0.001逐渐增大至0.350左右;大气折射率结构常数基本保持水平均匀性,在1.010-16~1.010-15m-2/3范围之内;大气折射率结构常数在10:00~21:00时间内大致呈现上午上升、下午下降、晚上上升的变化趋势,具有较明显的日变化特征。实验结果与理论和常规测量较为相符,表明光强闪烁激光雷达能够获取大气湍流的探测距离变化和日变化特征信息。     

探测大气湍流的光强闪烁激光雷达

基于残余光强闪烁理论,分析了与大气湍流探测有关的激光雷达各项硬件参数并获得参数的优化范围,据此研制了一台用于大气湍流探测的光强闪烁激光雷达。背景基线、线性特征等性能测试表明,激光雷达各硬件工作正常,数据获取可靠。实验测量中获得了水平方向上闪烁指数和大气折射率结构常数随探测距离和时间的变化趋势,其中闪烁指数在450~2000 m探测距离范围内由0.001逐渐增大至0.350左右;大气折射率结构常数基本保持水平均匀性,在1.010-16~1.010-15m-2/3范围之内;大气折射率结构常数在10:00~21:00时间内大致呈现上午上升、下午下降、晚上上升的变化趋势,具有较明显的日变化特征。实验结果与理论和常规测量较为相符,表明光强闪烁激光雷达能够获取大气湍流的探测距离变化和日变化特征信息。     

激光雷达在军事中的应用

本文简要介绍激光雷达的特点、激光雷达探测的基本物理原理及其在军事领域的应用现状。     

相干激光雷达接收机混频效率

相干激光雷达接收机中,信号光为平面光经衍射形成的艾里斑,本振光为基模高斯光束,在文章中对两者在探测器光敏面上混频的混频效率进行了讨论。对于给定的信号光,若满足fλd21,那么高斯光束束腰半径取0.781fλ/d、探测器半径取1.130fλ/d时获得最大混频效率0.834,这一最佳混频可以通过离焦式扩束望远镜调节高斯光束束腰半径的大小与位置来实现。     

Comparison of indigenously developed micro pulse polarization lidar with EZ lidar profiles

A Micro Pulse Polarization LIDAR (MPPL) has been designed and developed for aerosol and cloud studies at National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India (28° 35′ N, 77° 12′E) using a low-energy pico-second pulsed Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm and single PMT detector. This has been used for detecting depolarization characteristics with back-scatter coefficient of atmospheric aerosols and clouds. The back-scattered signals are detected at the emitted wavelength with co-polarization and cross-polarization discrimination with a mirror on stepper motor for aerosols and cloud. Data are obtained by MPPL and are inter-compared with a well-established commercial Leosphere made EZ LIDAR, industry standard at the same site and time, and the results are found to be in good agreement. In the present communication the back-scattered coefficient, aerosols optical depth, depolarization ratio etc. obtained using MPPL & EZ LIDAR are discussed in detail.     

车载式1 064 nm和532 nm双波长米散射激光雷达

 新近研制的车载式双波长米散射激光雷达可用于1 064 nm 和532 nm两个波长对白天与夜晚对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布进行的探测。该激光雷达由激光发射单元、接收光学和后继光学单元、信号探测和采集单元以及系统运行控制单元组成,后继光路之间采用光纤导光、高低层分层探测等关键技术。该激光雷达使用1 064 nm和532 nm的两个波长,其单发脉冲能量分别为400和300 mJ,重复频率都为20 Hz,光束发散角小于0.5 mrad ;望远镜接收视场为1～3 mrad,滤光片的中心波长为1 064 nm和532 nm,带宽1 nm。分别使用R3236及H7680的PMT和VT120及Phillips777的放大器对两个波长的信号进行探测;对532 nm波长用3 A/D采集卡、1 064 nm波长用了光子计数卡。给出了双波长测量对流层气溶胶消光系数垂直分布的结果,该激光雷达可以探测10 ^-5～1之间的消光系数,探测高度可达10 km以上。     

Rayleigh-Taylor turbulence is nothing like Kolmogorov turbulence in the self-similar regime

An increasing number of numerical simulations and experiments describing the turbulent spectrum of Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) mixing layers came to light over the past few years. Results reported in recent studies allow to rule out a Kolmogorov-like turbulence as a mechanism acting on a self-similar RT turbulent mixing layer. A different mechanism is presented, which complies with both numerical and experimental results and relates RT flow to other buoyant flows.     

相干多普勒测风激光雷达

 鉴于多普勒测风激光雷达在航空航天、遥感遥测、气象观测等军事及民用领域中的广泛应用,结合相干探测工作原理,介绍了国外几种典型波段相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统,重点分析了激光发射机/接收机、空间扫描、数据处理等关键技术,并对相干多普勒激光雷达的广阔应用前景进行了展望。指出国内相干多普勒测风激光雷达研究已取得的一些重要进展。     

激光雷达雨中能见度测量

分析了雨中能见度测量值偏高是由于雨滴的前向散射效应的原因。针对这一情况,在假设雨滴谱分布满足Marshall-Palmer分布条件下,提出了激光雷达前向散射修正模型。利用自行研制的CSY2型能见度激光雷达在孝感、北京进行了为期半年的比对实验。结果显示：在中雨和大雨条件下,利用该修正算法能大大减少能见度测量误差。     

激光雷达雨中能见度测量

 分析了雨中能见度测量值偏高是由于雨滴的前向散射效应的原因。针对这一情况,在假设雨滴谱分布满足Marshall-Palmer分布条件下,提出了激光雷达前向散射修正模型。利用自行研制的CSY2型能见度激光雷达在孝感、北京进行了为期半年的比对实验。结果显示：在中雨和大雨条件下,利用该修正算法能大大减少能见度测量误差。     

Dynamic multiscaling in turbulence

We give an overview of the progress that has been made in recent years in understanding dynamic multiscaling in homogeneous, isotropic turbulence and related problems. We emphasise the similarity of this problem with the dynamic scaling of time-dependent correlation functions in the vicinity of a critical point in, e.g., a spin system. The universality of dynamic-multiscaling exponents in fluid turbulence is explored by detailed simulations of the GOY shell model for fluid turbulence.     

Nodal lines in turbulence

The statistics of the nodal lines of scalar fields in two-dimensional (2d) turbulence is found to be conformal invariant and equivalent to that of cluster boundaries in critical phenomena. That allows for a rich variety of exact analytic results, first time in turbulence studies. In particular, the statistics of zero-vorticity lines in Navier-Stokes turbulence is found to be equivalent to that of critical percolation. The statistics of the zero-temperature lines in surface quasi-geostrophic (SQG) turbulence is found to be equivalent to that of the isolines of a Gaussian (free) field.     

Fractal structures in turbulence

We present a qualitative overview of our work on the issue of fractal structures in turbulence. We explain why fully developed turbulence is not space filling and describe how its fractal dimension can be estimated theoretically. The implications of the fractal nature of turbulence on transport processes like turbulent diffusion and on fluctuations in passive scalars are discussed. The latter affect wave propagation in turbulent media and these effects are examined. In addition we consider clouds in the atmosphere which are claimed to have fractal perimeters (or surfaces) and outline the physical reasons for this phenomenon. The fractal dimension of clouds is tied to the theory of turbulent diffusion and is computed theoretically. Indications of the road ahead are given.     

Analysis of systematic errors of lidar gas analysis in the atmosphere by the differential absorption lidar method

In the present work, systematic errors of lidar gas analysis in the atmosphere by the differential absorption lidar method in the near-and middle-IR ranges of the spectrum are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the systematic errors depend on many factors, including the meteorological parameters and concentrations of the examined gases along the sensing path, instability of the spectral parameters of laser radiation lines, shift of the absorption line centers caused by the air pressure, Doppler broadening of backscattered signals, and other sources of errors. Methods of error minimization in reconstructing lidar profiles of the examined atmospheric gas concentrations are suggested. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 68–73, June, 2008.