Theory of Gaussian-beam optical bistability

We describe an analysis of transverse coupling effects in a plane parallel Fabry-Perot containing a medium exhibiting non-linear refraction. The method involves projection on to a set of ortho normal mode functions and numerical solution of the resulting coupled equations. We find evidence for hysteresis in the profile of the transmitted beam without accompanying power hysteresis, in first interference order.     

漂移对聚焦高斯光束闪烁影响的数值模拟

 采用非自适应坐标变换对聚焦高斯光束在湍流大气中的传输进行了数值模拟,结果显示轴闪烁指数并没有出现如Rytov理论所预言的随初始光束半径的增大而明显减小的现象,其原因在于Rytov近似理论未考虑大尺度湍涡产生的漂移效应对闪烁的贡献。对比数值模拟结果与漂移理论结果以及相关实验结果,三者相吻合,表明未考虑漂移效应的Rytov近似理论不能完全准确地描述聚焦光束的闪烁特征,在研究聚焦光束的闪烁时,应当考虑漂移的影响。     

漂移对聚焦高斯光束闪烁影响的数值模拟

采用非自适应坐标变换对聚焦高斯光束在湍流大气中的传输进行了数值模拟,结果显示轴闪烁指数并没有出现如Rytov理论所预言的随初始光束半径的增大而明显减小的现象,其原因在于Rytov近似理论未考虑大尺度湍涡产生的漂移效应对闪烁的贡献。对比数值模拟结果与漂移理论结果以及相关实验结果,三者相吻合,表明未考虑漂移效应的Rytov近似理论不能完全准确地描述聚焦光束的闪烁特征,在研究聚焦光束的闪烁时,应当考虑漂移的影响。     

Propagation of a Gaussian-beam wave through a random phase screen

Tractable analytic expressions are developed for a variety of basic statistical quantities involving a Gaussian-beam wave propagating through a random medium confined to a portion of the propagation path between input and output planes, the limiting case of which defines a thin random phase screen. For a plane wave incident on a phase screen located midway between input and output planes, it is well known that the statistics in the receiver plane are in close agreement with those associated with a plane wave propagating through an extended random medium between input and output planes. For a similar comparison between a phase screen and extended turbulence in the case of a Gaussian-beam wave at the input plane, the present analysis reveals that the phase screen must be positioned between input and output planes differently from the plane-wave case, the position being dependent upon the Fresnel ratio of the Gaussian beam. The analytic results developed in this paper for the thin phase screen model are based on the Kolmogorov power-law spectrum for refractive-index fluctuations and the Rytov approximation. Extension of these results to multiple phase screens is also discussed.     

Irradiance scintillation considering finite turbulence inner scale for optical wave propagating through weak non-Kolmogorov turbulence

The turbulence inner scale plays an important role in investigating the irradiance scintillation index for optical wave propagating through atmospheric turbulence. However, previous expressions of the irradiance scintillation index, which were derived based on the general non-Kolmogorov spectral model, did not consider the influences of finite turbulence inner scale. In this study, based on the generalized exponential spectral model for non-Kolmogorov atmospheric turbulence, theoretical expressions of the irradiance scintillation index are derived for plane and spherical optical waves propagating through weak turbulence. The new expressions have considered the influences of the finite turbulence inner scale and the receiver aperture on the irradiance scintillation index. Numerical simulations are performed to analyze these parameters’ influences.     

General optical scintillation in turbulent atmosphere

A general expression of the scintillation index is proposed for optical wave propagating in turbulent atmosphere under arbitrary fluctuation conditions. The expression depends on extreme behaviors of the scintillation indices under both weak and strong fluctuations. The maximum scintillation index in the onset region and the corresponding Rytov index can be evaluated from the general expression. Plane and spherical waves in the cases of zero and non-zero turbulence inner scale are given as examples for illustration of the general behaviors of scintillation indices.     

Theory of the field-controlled scintillation detector

It is shown theoretically that application of an external electromagnetic field with specially selected frequencies in a dielectric containing impurity atoms allows a scintillation process of emission from impurity atoms to be activated which does not involve phonons. The process is similar to that in a conventional scintillator except that the field is completely controlled. The behavior of the emission process can change radically as the amplitude and frequency of the external field are varied, thus providing a means for wide-range control of such a “field scintillator.” Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 503–510 (August 1999)     

Phase fluctuations model for EM wave propagation through solar scintillation at superior solar conjunction

Traveling solar wind disturbances have a significant influence on radio wave characteristics during the superior solar conjunction communication. This paper considers the impact of solar scintillation on phase fluctuations of electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation during the superior solar conjunction. Based on the Geometric Optics approximation, the close-form approximation model for phase fluctuations is developed. Both effects of anisotropic temporal variations function of plasma irregularities and their power spectrum are presented and analyzed numerically. It is found that phase fluctuations rapidly decrease with increasing Sun–Earth–Probe angle and decrease with increasing frequency at the rate of 1/f². Moreover, the role of various features of the solar wind irregularities and their influence on the EM wave characteristic parameters is studied and discussed. Finally, we study the phase fluctuations of typical cases in order to better understand the impact of phase fluctuations in future deep space communication scenarios during solar conjunction periods.     

Measurements of atmospheric turbulence strength by coherent optical scintillation

Summary The strength of the atmospheric turbulence is measured by an optical scintillation method. The obtained quantity is the structure constant at optical frequencies. As all turbulence parameters, this quantity is strongly affected by meteorological and local conditions, therefore it is of interest to measure it in different conditions and locations. The present measurements were made to characterize the turbulence at Florence. Paper presented at the 1° Congresso del Gruppo Nazionale per la Fisica dell'Atmosfera e dell'Oceano, Rome, June 19–22, 1984.     

Luminescence and scintillation properties of YAG:Ce single crystal and optical ceramics

We use various techniques to study optical and scintillation properties of Ce-doped yttrium aluminum garnet, Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG:Ce), in the form of a high-quality industrial single crystal. This was compared to optical ceramics prepared from YAG:Ce nanopowders. We present experimental data in the areas of optical absorption, radioluminescence, scintillation decay, photoelectron yield, thermally stimulated luminescence and radiation-induced absorption. The results point to an interesting feature—the absence of antisite (Y_Al, i.e. Y at the Al site) defects in optical ceramics. The scintillation decay of the ceramics is faster than that of the single crystal, but its photoelectron yield (measured with 1 μs integration time) is about 30-40% lower. Apart from the photoelectron yield value the YAG:Ce optical ceramic is fully comparable to a high quality industrial YAG:Ce single crystal and can become a competitive scintillator material.     

A sensitivity analysis approach to optical parameters of scintillation detectors

In this study, an extended version of the Monte Carlo light transport code, PHOTRACK, has been used for a sensitivity analysis to estimate the importance of different wavelength-dependent parameters in the modelling of light collection process in scintillators.     

X射线激发荧光光谱仪的建立及闪烁晶体发光表征

利用X射线作为激发光源,自行组装并实现计算机控制的X射线激发荧光光谱仪.介绍了X射线激发荧光光谱仪的建立及其结构特性.该仪器具有时间分辨率高、测量动态范围大、使用方便等优点,可应用于晶体、粉末和液体等各种样品的测量,该仪器同时还具有很强的扩展性.     

Low Earth orbit satellite-to-ground optical scintillation: comparison of experimental observations and theoretical predictions

Scintillation measurements of a 1064 nm laser at a 5 kHz sampling rate were made by an optical ground station at the European Space Agency observatory in Tenerife, Spain while tracking a low Earth orbit satellite during the spring and summer of 2010. The scintillation index (SI), the variance of irradiance normalized to the square of the mean, and power spectra measurements were compared to theoretical predictions based on the Kolmogorov spectrum, the Maui3 nighttime turbulence profile, weak scintillation finite-beam wave theory, included receiver, and source aperture averaging with no free-fitting parameters. Good agreement was obtained, not only for the magnitude of the observed fluctuations, but also for the corresponding elevation angle dependence and shape of the power spectra. Little variation was seen for the SI between daytime and nighttime links. For all elevation angles, ascending and descending, the observed scintillation over extensive regions of the atmosphere is consistent with log-normal statistics. Additionally, it appears from the results presented here that the nighttime turbulence profile for the atmosphere above the observatory in Tenerife is similar to that above Haleakala in Maui, Hawaii.     

大气闪烁对无线光CDMA通信系统性能的影响

将光CDMA技术应用到无线光通信中。提出了基于脉冲位置调制的二维大气无线光CDMA通信系统，并分析了该通信系统的性能。考虑多用户干扰、APD噪声以及热噪声等干扰因素的影响，采用数值分析的方法，详细分析了大气湍流引起的大气闪烁对二维无线光CDMA通信系统误码率的影响。结果表明，大气闪烁是影响二维无线光CDMA系统误码率性能的一个重要因素；当大气闪烁的对数方差较小(如σ2s=0.1)时，该系统可以实现高速率通信；当大气闪烁的对数方差较大(σ2s≥0.2)时，在有限的光功率条件下，该系统难以实现通信，需要采用信道编码技术来提高系统的误码率性能。     

Analysis of spectrum characteristics of optical scintillation in stack gas flow

Based on the analysis of spectrum characteristics of intensity fluctuations while light beams pass through stack gas flow in an industrial setting, this paper puts emphasis upon discussing the spectrum of optical intensity fluctuations by the variety of particle concentration in stack gas flow. This paper also gives the primary theoretical explanation of the measurement results in the stack of coal-fired utility boilers. Meanwhile, the cross-correlation formula is given as the theoretical basis of velocity measurement by using particle concentration scintillation.     

The mutual coherence function and the backscatter amplification effect for a reflected Gaussian-beam wave in atmospheric turbulence

The influence of a modified spectrum of refractive-index fluctuations (that includes a high wavenumber rise as well as inner- and outer-scale parameters) on the backscatter amplification effect, arising from double passage of an optical wave through statistically dependent inhomogeneities of a random medium, is studied for the case of a Gaussian-beam wave reflected by a mirror of finite size. A formal expression is first developed for the mutual coherence function, which subsequently leads to tractable analytic models for the mean irradiance in the strictly backward direction. When the inner scale and Fresnel zone are of comparable size, the modified spectrum predicts significantly larger values of the enhancement factor than predicted by the Kolmogorov power-law spectrum. It is also shown in this analysis that by varying the focal length of the mirror the enhancement effects can be greater or less than those of a plane mirror, depending on focus adjustment. All calculations are based on weak irradiance fluctuations using complex ABCD ray-matrix representations for the propagation channel and a generalized spectral representation theory for the complex phase perturbations.     

Structural, optical and scintillation properties of cerium cyclotriphosphates and polyphosphates

The cerium cyclotriphosphate CeP₃O₉·3H₂O and polyphosphate Ce(PO₃)₃ have been optically investigated for the first time. In both materials, excitation and emission spectra under UV and X-ray excitations as well as emission decays of Ce³⁺ were measured at room temperature. The spectroscopic results of anhydrous Ce(PO₃)₃, prepared by progressively heating the corresponding CeP₃O₉. 3H₂O, are discussed and correlated with the structural data.For the Ce(PO₃)₃ polyphosphate material, the Stokes shift of the d-f emission is very small (760 cm⁻¹), inducing an efficient ultraviolet luminescence and a new application as scintillator.     

Theoretical analysis of stack gas emission velocity measurement by optical scintillation

Theoretical analysis for an online measurement of the stack gas flow velocity based on the optical scintillation method with a structure of two parallel optical paths is performed. The causes of optical scintillation in a stack are first introduced. Then, the principle of flow velocity measurement and its mathematical expression based on cross correlation of the optical scintillation are presented. The field test results show that the flow velocity measured by the proposed technique in this article is consistent with the value tested by the Pitot tube. It verifies the effectiveness of this method. Finally, by use of the structure function of logarithmic light intensity fluctuations, the theoretical explanation of optical scintillation spec- tral characteristic in low frequency is given. The analysis of the optical scintillation spectrum provides the basis for the measurement of the stack gas flow velocity and particle concentration simultaneously.     

Effect of blowing snow and ground blizzards on millimeter wave scintillation spectra

We describe the effect of ground blizzards and blowing snow on millimeter wave scintillation spectra at 116 and 230 GHz. During snowstorms, multipath propagation can occur for various reasons. Whatever the reason for the multipath, it will affect the scintillation spectrum. Enhancement of the scintillation spectrum is observed at both low and high temporal frequencies. In some cases, two additional corner frequencies are evident at the high-frequency end of the scintillation spectrum. The method of obtaining the cross-path wind component fails when the wind is nearly parallel to the propagation path.