Angular correlation function of wave scattering by a random rough surface and discrete scatterers and its application in the detection of a buried object

Abstract

The scattering of waves by a buried object is often obscured by the clutter around it. Such clutter can be attributed to the scattering by random rough surfaces and random discrete scatterers. Recent studies show that, because of the memory effect, the angular correlation function can suppress the effects of clutter and make the scattering by the buried object more conspicuous. In this paper, we study the angular correlation function of wave scattering by a buried object underneath a layer of random discrete scatterers and a non-Gaussian random rough surface. Such problems are common when the target is buried below a rough surface that is underneath a layer of vegetation. Numerical results are illustrated for various parameters of rough surfaces and discrete scatterers. The angular correlation function is calculated by frequency and angular averaging. It is shown that the use of the angular correlation function can enhance target detection in the presence of clutter.     

目标角振动的散斑法实时测量

 论述了利用激光散斑实时测量目标散射面角振动的原理，并从干涉条纹的角度对仿真参数进行了分析。理论分析及仿真结果表明，探测器接收的光功率起伏包含了目标散射面角振动的信息，利用散斑实时测量目标角振动是可行的。目标散射面照明尺寸越小，目标散射面绝大多数微元的间距也就控制得越小，探测到的光功率交流分量起伏越大，即信号也越强。光学接收天线光阑边长并不是越大越好，随着其值的增大，光功率交流分量并不是简单的随之增大，而是表现出周期性的起伏。因此，可以对接收天线加可调光阑，从而达到最佳的探测效果。利用此原理构建的系统测量的目标角振动振幅有一定的范围,测量上限受限于相位调制因子。     

Perturbation theory for the angular correlation function

A perturbation expression for the angular pair correlation function g ⁽²⁾(r ₁₂, ω₁, ω₂) is derived for systems interacting via non central potentials based on the method developed by Gubbins and Gray [1]. The method uses the ‘correct’ (in the sense of Rushbrooke [3] and Cook and Rowlinson [4]) angle-averaged potential as the reference system about which the perturbation is made. A preliminary comparison between the original Gubbins-Gray expression for g ⁽²⁾(r ₁₂, ω₁, ω₂) and the present expression is made for a system of two-dimensional point dipoles.     

目标角振动的散斑法实时测量

论述了利用激光散斑实时测量目标散射面角振动的原理,并从干涉条纹的角度对仿真参数进行了分析。理论分析及仿真结果表明,探测器接收的光功率起伏包含了目标散射面角振动的信息,利用散斑实时测量目标角振动是可行的。目标散射面照明尺寸越小,目标散射面绝大多数微元的间距也就控制得越小,探测到的光功率交流分量起伏越大,即信号也越强。光学接收天线光阑边长并不是越大越好,随着其值的增大,光功率交流分量并不是简单的随之增大,而是表现出周期性的起伏。因此,可以对接收天线加可调光阑,从而达到最佳的探测效果。利用此原理构建的系统测量的目标角振动振幅有一定的范围,测量上限受限于相位调制因子。     

The LPCTrap experiment: measurement of the β–ν angular correlation in 6He using a transparent Paul trap

We report on the status of the LPCTrap experiment, devoted to measure the β–ν angular correlation in the pure Gamow–Teller decay of ⁶He. This measurement is motivated by the search for the presence of tensor type contributions to the weak interaction. The ⁶He ions are confined in a novel transparent Paul trap. The β particles and the recoil ions are detected in coincidence to deduce the angular correlation parameter. The commissioning run performed in 2005 has given the proof of principle of this experiment. Up to 10⁵ coincidences were recorded during a second run in 2006.     

Detection of a scatter target over a randomly rough surface by using the angular correlation function in a finite-element approach

Abstract

It is known that the angular correlation function of scattered fields from a randomly rough surface has a conspicuous enhancement on the memory line, and becomes much smaller away from the line. The finite-element method is employed to solve the problem of scattering from a scatter target situated over a randomly rough surface. Numerical results show that the width of the angular correlation function becomes broadened owing to the presence of the target. It can be used to detect the presence of a target placed over the rough surface.     

Velocity measurement of a diffuse object by using time-varying speckles

The relation between the velocity of a moving diffuse object and the mean number of integrated speckles in the certain time interval at the far-field plane of the object is obtained. By using this relation based on the first order statistics of integrated speckles, a new method of measuring the velocity of the diffuse object is proposed and experimentally verified. The first order probability density function of time-integrated speckles is also studied from which the validity of the present method is verified.     

Shaft angular misalignment detection using acoustic emission

Shaft angular misalignment (SAM) is a common and crucial problem in rotating machinery. Misalignment can produce several shortcomings such as premature bearing failure, increase in energy consumption, excessive seal lubricant leakage and coupling failure. Vibration analysis has been traditionally used to detect SAM; however, it presents some drawbacks i.e. high influence of machine operational conditions and strong impact of the coupling type and stiffness on vibration spectra. This paper presents an extensive experimental investigation in order to evaluate the possibility of detecting SAM, using acoustic emission (AE) technique. The test rig was operated at under different operational conditions of load and speed in order to evaluate the impact on the AE and vibration signature under normal operating conditions. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first attempt to use AE for the detection of SAM under varying operational conditions. A comparative study of vibration and AE was carried out to demonstrate the potentially better performance of AE. The experimental results show that AE technique can be used as a reliable technique for SAM detection, providing enhancements over vibration analysis.     

Spin correlation function of neutrons emitted by a compound nucleus with high angular momentum

The spin correlation function of two neutrons evaporated consecutively from a compound nucleus is calculated in the framework of a statistical model. The correlation function varies only weakly with the neutron emission angle, typically not more than 10%. This allows to use a simple formula to calculate the neutron spin correlation in good approximation.     

A distribution function for angular correlation in He- and Be-like ions

A distribution function for the interelectronic angle in atomic systems is suggested and examined for 2- and 4-electron ions. The correlated wave-functions of Weiss and others were used to study the behaviour and relative importance of angular correlation in the K and L shells.     

Profile measurement of a moving object using an improved projection grating phase-shifting profilometry

3-D profile measurement of a moving object using a novel phase-shifting technique is introduced. Digital gratings with two steps phase-shifting are projected periodically onto a measured object surface. The deformed fringe patterns are captured by a frame CCD camera within a short exposure time. By synchronizing the projector and the CCD camera accurately, there is an overlapping part which is the same part of the object among three neighbouring frames. The length of an overlapping part can be controlled as one third of a frame length. Hence the intensity values at the same surface point modulated by three neighbouring gratings can be obtained, and its phase value can be computed by an improved phase-extracting algorithm. The profile of a specimen is detected by the proposed method. Experimental results demonstrate that this method is effective for the profile measurement of a moving object.     

Perturbed angular correlation measurement of theg-factor of the 668keV state in132Xe

A valueg=0.38±0.06 was obtained for theg-factor of the 668 keV state of¹³²Xe (τ=7.3±0.6 psec) from time-integral perturbed angular correlation measurements on gamma cascades in¹³²Xe. Sources of¹³²Te implanted in iron were used to obtain a magnetic hyperfine field of 1510±100 kG at the¹³²Xe nuclei.     

On the detection of objects buried at a shallow depth using seismic wave reflections

This paper concerns the detection of shallow (of the order 1 m) buried objects using seismic excitation. Time-extended signals are used to generate a compressional wave using a shaker attached to the ground. The wave propagates through the ground, reflects off a buried object and is captured by an array of geophones on the surface. The envelopes of the cross-correlation functions between the measured ground velocities and the excitation signal are calculated and summed to generate a cross-sectional image of the ground. The wide cross-correlation peaks caused by high ground attenuation are partially compensated for by using the generalized cross-correlation function called the phase transform. Simple simulations are conducted to demonstrate the method, and some field experiments have been carried out aimed at the detection of a buried concrete pipe. In the experiments the pipe could be detected using the method proposed, with experimental and simulated data producing good agreement.     

Rapid transfer alignment of laser SINS using quaternion based angular measurement

A novel rapid transfer alignment algorithm for laser strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) is studied. Transfer alignment have typically relied on velocity measurements from the master SINS as the source of alignment information, but lever arm error must be compensated accurately while velocity information is utilized, all most every quaternion based error model is nonlinear, so nonlinear filtering algorithms are need, suffering from computational complex and large error. Aim at these problems, a novel improved rapid transfer alignment algorithm formulation is presented, applying quaternion to built the process and measurement models, the improvement employs a special manipulation of the measurement equation results in a linear pseudo-measurement equation, thus the classical linear Kalman filter is employed to estimate the state, need not lever arm error compensation, results in the reduce of computational burden. Observability analysis of this new transfer alignment algorithm has been done based on the piece-wise constant system (PWCS) method, results show that the presented algorithm can accomplish the initial alignment task perfectly. A transfer alignment simulation system is also developed for the evaluation and analysis of the presented algorithm, simulation results are confirmed with the theoretical conclusion, which can achieve the transfer alignment accuracy about 1 mrad within 10 s.     

复物体的恢复

为了恢复一个复值物函数,本文提出了利用透镜后1f距离,2f距离及3f距离处的强度信息来恢复物函数的振幅分布和位相分布.计算表明,此算法具有广泛的实用性;并能给出很好的收敛结果.     

Measurement of the angular correlation of positron annihilation radiation using a Ge(Li) detector

The use of a Ge(Li) detector as one of the radiation detectors in a long slit angular correlation measurement of the annihilation radiation is described. The measurement yields information similar to that obtained by point slit or spark chamber geometry. The results for a copper single crystal are reported.