Enhanced heating of mirror-trapped ions under an instability around ion-cylotron frequency

The high-energy tail of the ion energy distribution is heated by an instability with broad-band frequency spectrum having a peak a little above the ion-cyclotron frequency. The tail heating of the ions is enhanced under a mirror configuration of the magnetic field.     

Experiments on plasma heating in the lower hybrid frequency range

Experimental results of lower hybrid heating in a small tokamak are described. When rf power is applied, a high energy tail of ions is produced, whether or not there is a lower hybrid resonance layer (LHR layer) in the plasma column, though bulk ion heating is not observed. The electron temperature in the plasma surface increases, while the electrons in the center lose their energy, which is related to an impurity ion flux diffusing from the outside of the plasma.     

Fast electron energy deposition in aluminium foils: Resistive vs. drag heating

The high current electron beam losses have been studied experimentally with 0.7 J, 40 fs, 6 10¹⁹ Wcm^-2 laser pulses interacting with Al foils of thicknesses 10-200 μm. The fast electron beam characteristics and the foil temperature were measured by recording the intensity of the electromagnetic emission from the foils rear side at two different wavelengths in the optical domain, ≈407 nm (the second harmonic of the laser light) and ≈500 nm. The experimentally observed fast electron distribution contains two components: one relativistic tail made of very energetic (T _h ^tail ≈ 10 MeV) and highly collimated (7° ± 3°) electrons, carrying a small amount of energy (less than 1% of the laser energy), and another, the bulk of the accelerated electrons, containing lower-energy (T _h ^bulk=500 ± 100 keV) more divergent electrons (35 ± 5°), which transports about 35% of the laser energy. The relativistic component manifests itself by the coherent 2ω₀ emission due to the modulation of the electron density in the interaction zone. The bulk component induces a strong target heating producing measurable yields of thermal emission from the foils rear side. Our data and modeling demonstrate two mechanisms of fast electron energy deposition: resistive heating due to the neutralizing return current and collisions of fast electrons with plasma electrons. The resistive mechanism is more important at shallow target depths, representing an heating rate of 100 eV per Joule of laser energy at 15 μm. Beyond that depth, because of the beam divergence, the incident current goes under 10¹² Acm^-2 and the collisional heating becomes more important than the resistive heating. The heating rate is of only 1.5 eV per Joule at 50 μm depth.     

Ion heating with beating electrostatic waves

The nonlinear interaction of a magnetized ion with two beating electrostatic waves (BEW) whose frequencies differ by a cyclotron harmonic can lead, under some conditions [Phys. Rev. E 69, 046402 (2004)], to vigorous acceleration for an ion with arbitrarily low initial velocity. When applied to an ensemble of ions, this mechanism promises enhanced heating over single electrostatic wave (SEW) heating for comparable wave energy densities. The extension of single ion acceleration to heating (SEWH and BEWH) of an ensemble of initially thermalized ions was carried out to compare the processes. Using a numerical solution of the Vlasov equation as a guideline, an analytical expression for the heating level was derived with Lie transforms and was used to show BEWH's superiority over all parameter space.     

Anisotropic ion heating and tail generation during tearing mode magnetic reconnection in a high-temperature plasma

Complementary measurements of ion energy distributions in a magnetically confined high-temperature plasma show that magnetic reconnection results in both anisotropic ion heating and the generation of suprathermal ions. The anisotropy, observed in the C(+6) impurity ions, is such that the temperature perpendicular to the magnetic field is larger than the temperature parallel to the magnetic field. The suprathermal tail appears in the majority ion distribution and is well described by a power law to energies 10 times the thermal energy. These observations may offer insight into the energization process.     

Large crystalline grain growth using current-induced Joule heating

Electrical-current-induced Joule heating was applied to crystallization of 60-nm-thick amorphous silicon films formed on glass substrates. 3-7s-pulsed voltages were applied to silicon films connected with a capacitance in parallel. Coincident irradiation with 28-ns-pulsed excimer laser melted films partially and reduced its resistance. Complete melting for 12 7s and a low cooling rate at 1.1᎒⁸ K/s were achieved by Joule heating from electrical energy accumulated in the capacitance at 0.22 7F. For 7.4᎒¹⁷ cm^-3 phosphorus-doped films, analysis of temperature change in the electrical conductivity gave that the density of defect states localized at grain boundaries was 1.5᎒¹² cm^-2. Formation of 3.5-7m-long crystalline grains was observed by transmission electron micrograph. Preferential crystalline orientation was (110).     

影响激光加热运动圆柱体的加热线型的分析

 采用几何分析的方法研究激光加热运动圆柱体的过程，在说明加热线型的概念和意义后，讨论了在地平面上各点处所具有的加热线型的时间宽度，从而指出，为了激光有效加热运动圆柱体，激光器应当怎样在地平面上放置的原则。即根据激光器有效工作时间与圆柱体抛射时间的比例关系选择一定的相对时间宽度等值线，以此等值线为界在地平面上划出一有效区域，并从中选取距离轨道最近的点作为激光器的放置点。当考虑大气对激光的衰减作用时，激光以小于一定入射角阈值进行动态加热的总能量将出现极大值，在此处放置激光器最有利于动态加热。     

Isochoric heating of solid-density matter with an ultrafast proton beam

A new technique is described for the isochoric heating (i.e., heating at constant volume) of matter to high energy-density plasma states (>10(5) J/g) on a picosecond time scale (10(-12)sec). An intense, collimated, ultrashort-pulse beam of protons--generated by a high-intensity laser pulse--is used to isochorically heat a solid density material to a temperature of several eV. The duration of heating is shorter than the time scale for significant hydrodynamic expansion to occur; hence the material is heated to a solid density warm dense plasma state. Using spherically shaped laser targets, a focused proton beam is produced and used to heat a smaller volume to over 20 eV. The technique described of ultrafast proton heating provides a unique method for creating isochorically heated high-energy density plasma states.     

Role of ambient gas in heating of metal samples by femtosecond pulses of laser radiation

In this work we consider an experimentally observed effect of significant increasing of the residual heat in metal targets at their irradiation with femtosecond laser pulses in an ambient gas in respect to the vacuum conditions. Numerical modelling of heating of a platinum target by femtosecond laser pulses in argon under normal conditions has been performed taking into account gas breakdown in the focussing region of the laser beam in front of the target. The applied model is based on a combination of a thermal model describing heating and phase transitions in irradiated samples and a hydrodynamic model to describe motion of the ambient gas perturbed by laser irradiation as a result of multiphoton ionization. The hot ambient gas is shown to heat efficiently the irradiated sample. The hydrodynamic processes in the ambient gas play an important role in heating. This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project 08-01-00264-a) and the INTAS/SB RAS Program (Project 06-1000013-8949).     

Predicting high harmonic ion cyclotron heating efficiency in Tokamak plasmas

Observations of improved radio frequency (rf) heating efficiency in ITER relevant high-confinement (H-)mode plasmas on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment are investigated by whole-device linear simulation. The steady-state rf electric field is calculated for various antenna spectra and the results examined for characteristics that correlate with observations of improved or reduced rf heating efficiency. We find that launching toroidal wave numbers that give fast-wave propagation in the scrape-off plasma excites large amplitude (～kV?m(-1)) coaxial standing modes between the confined plasma density pedestal and conducting vessel wall. Qualitative comparison with measurements of the stored plasma energy suggests that these modes are a probable cause of degraded heating efficiency.     

ECR等离子体的磁电加热研究

在ECR等离子体装置上进行了磁电加热研究,利用离子灵敏探针(ISP)测量了磁电加热前后离子温度的变化,研究了电极环偏压、磁场强度、气压等参数对磁电加热过程以及加热效率的影响.结果表明:等离子体的整体加热是通过离子在电极环鞘层中的磁电加热及被加热的离子沿径向的输运来完成的.轴心处离子温度随电极环偏压的升高呈非线性增加.磁电加热效率随偏压的增大而增大,在电极环偏压为1000 V时,磁电加热效率为2%-2.5%,ECR等离子体中的离子温度能够提高20 eV以上.磁场强度在磁电加热过程中对离子的限制和加热起到重要作用,当磁场强度在6.3×10^-2-8.7×10^-2T之间变化时,磁电加热的效率随磁场强度的增大而增大.气压在0.02-0.8 Pa范围内,磁电加热的效率随气压的减小而增大. 关键词： ECR等离子体 磁电加热 离子温度     

微波加热技术的应用与研究进展

文章简述了微波加热的发展概况，阐述了微波加热的介电损耗机理和微波加热的特性．从微波加热与解冻、微波干燥、微波改性、微波烧结、微波杀菌等方面，介绍了微波加热技术在国内的研究与应用情况，指出微波加热技术具有广阔的发展前景，今后应重点加强微波与物料问相互作用理论、微波场中物料的传热和传质机制、微波加热工艺与设备、微波加热技术和其他技术的有机结合等方面的研究．     

Decline of nucleation in the heating process with a high heating rate

The effect of the heating rate on the nucleation of metallic glass in a rapid heating process starting from the glass transition temperature is investigated. The critical nucleus radius increases with the increase of the temperature of the undercooling liquid. If the increment rate of the critical nucleus radius, owing to the heating process, is higher than the growth rate of the nuclei, the nuclei generated at the low temperature will become the embryos at the high temperature. This means that the high heating rate can make no nucleation happen in the heating process. In consideration of the interfacial energy, the growth rate of the nuclei increases with the increase of their size and the growth rate of the critical nucleus is zero. Thus, the lower heating rate can also make the nuclei decline partially. Finally, this theory is used to analyze the nucleation process during laser remelting metallic glass.     

Influence of subcutaneous fat in surface heating of ultrasonic diagnostic transducers

The transducers of diagnostic ultrasonic equipment generate undesired local heating at the applied part of the transducer surface. The assessment of this heating is fundamental in warranting patient safety. On the standard IEC 60601-2-37, methods have been established for the reliable measurement of heating, where three tissue models based on tissue-mimicking materials are recommended: soft tissue mimic only, bone mimic close to the surface of soft tissue, and skin mimic at the surface of soft tissue. In the present work, we compared the last-mentioned tissue model with a new one using a layer of porcine subcutaneous fat inserted between the soft tissue and skin-mimicking materials. We verify significant statistical differences between models, with the average temperature rise measured for the tests without subcutaneous fat at 6.7 °C ± 1.7 °C and for the ones with subcutaneous fat at 8.9 °C ± 1.8 °C (k = 2; p = 0.95). For each model, the procedure was performed 10 times in repeatability conditions of measurement. It has been suggested that the influence of subcutaneous fat for external transducers heating evaluation should be considered, as the presence of many millimeters of subcutaneous fat is a common condition in patients. Otherwise, the transducer surface heating and, therefore, the risk to the patient may be underestimated.     

Localized rapid heating process for precision chalcogenide glass molding

Precision glass molding is an important process for high volume optical fabrication. However, conventional glass molding is a bulk heating process that usually requires a long thermal cycle, where molding assembly and other mechanical parts are heated and cooled together. This often causes low efficiency and other heating and cooling related problems, such as large thermal expansion in both the molds and molded optics. To cope with this issue, we developed a localized rapid heating process to effectively heat only very small part of the glass. This localized rapid heating study utilized a fused silica wafer coated with a thin graphene layer to heat only the surface of the glass. The graphene coating functions as an electrical resistant heater when a power source was applied across the thin film coating, generating heat on and near the coating. The feasibility of this process was validated by both experiments and numerical simulation. To demonstrate the advantages of the localized rapid heating, both localized rapid heating process and bulk heating process were performed and carefully compared. The uniformity and quality of the molded sample by localized rapid heating process was also demonstrated. In summary, localized rapid heating process by using graphene coated fused silica wafer was characterized and can be readily implemented in replication of micro scale chalcogenide glasses.     

Sounding rocket measurements of suprathermal ion acceleration

Transverse ion acceleration has been observed at rocket altitudes between 500 and 1000 km due to the injection of 100-200-eV argon plasma, auroral electron precipitation, and the injection of electromagnetic waves. Field-aligned currents necessary to neutralize the plasma injection payloads and those naturally occurring in the aurora could be responsible for the ions observed in the first two observations. Associated with the aurora, both bulk heating and tail heating are observed, sometimes simultaneously. In this case, either different masses are accelerated and/or different mechanisms are responsible. The bulk heating is closely correlated with the aurora structure while tail heating is not so well correlated. High-time-resolution rocket ion data have revealed that the transverse acceleration process is of very short duration (~100 ms) and occurs in a very limited volume (a few hundred kilometers along B and on the order of the ion gyrodiameter across B). Such impulse acceleration events are correlated with waves near the lower hybrid resonance. Wave injections of electromagnetic waves near the lower hybrid frequency result in the transverse acceleration of ambient ions     

Enhancement of ohmic and stochastic heating by resonance effects in capacitive radio frequency discharges: a theoretical approach

In low-pressure capacitive radio frequency discharges, two mechanisms of electron heating are dominant: (i) Ohmic heating due to collisions of electrons with neutrals of the background gas and (ii) stochastic heating due to momentum transfer from the oscillating boundary sheath. In this work we show by means of a nonlinear global model that the self-excitation of the plasma series resonance which arises in asymmetric capacitive discharges due to nonlinear interaction of plasma bulk and sheath significantly affects both Ohmic heating and stochastic heating. We observe that the series resonance effect increases the dissipation by factors of 2-5. We conclude that the nonlinear plasma dynamics should be taken into account in order to describe quantitatively correct electron heating in asymmetric capacitive radio frequency discharges.     

Preparation of activated carbons by microwave heating KOH activation

Activated carbons with high surface areas were prepared via KOH activation process by microwave (MW) heating. As a comparison, activated carbons were also prepared by conventional heating (EF) method. The influences of KOH/Mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) weight ratio and activation time on the pore properties of the activated carbons were investigated. For both MW and EF heating methods, the surface area and pore volume increase to a maximum and then decrease with the KOH/MCMB ratio increasing. The effects of activation time on the pore properties depend on the KOH/MCMB ratio. The activated carbons prepared by MW heating have higher surface area and larger pore volume than those by EF heating when KOH/MCMB ratio is the same. The MW heating method shortens the activation time considerably. Activated carbons prepared by MW heating show low content of oxygen containing groups.     

Resonance zone effects on electron heating of an electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma

The influence of higher harmonic heating was examined in a microwave electron-cyclotron-resonance (ECR) plasma as the first resonance zone surface was partially withdrawn from the plasma. Harmonic heating did not appear to be appreciable.