A General Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nitride Films with Tunable Surface Area and Photophysical Properties

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐CN) has emerged as a promising material for energy‐related applications. However, exploitation of g‐CN in practical devices is still limited owing to difficulties in fabricating g‐CN films with adjustable properties and high surface area. A general and simple pathway is reported to grow highly porous and large‐scale g‐CN films with controllable chemical and photophysical properties on various substrates using the doctor blade technique. The growth of g‐CN films, ascribed to the formation of a supramolecular paste, comprises g‐CN monomers in ethylene glycol, which can be cast on different substrates. The g‐CN composition, porosity, and optical properties can be tuned by the design of the supramolecular paste, which upon calcination results in a continuous porous g‐CN network. The strength of the porous structure is demonstrated by high electrochemically active surface area, excellent dye adsorption and photoelectrochemical and photodegradation properties.     

石墨相氮化碳纳米管的合成及光催化产氢性能

通过硬模板法,采用氰胺前驱物和二氧化硅纳米管(SiO₂-NTs)模板,合成石墨相氮化碳纳米管(CN-NTs)光催化剂。采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、氮气吸附/脱附测试、紫外可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱、热重分析(TGA)等手段对CN-NTs催化剂的结构与性能进行表征。结果表明,CN-NTs的化学组成是石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄),形貌为均匀的纳米管,且是介孔材料。与体相氮化碳(B-CN)和介孔石墨相氮化碳(mpg-CN)相比,CN-NTs的光吸收带边蓝移到440 nm,荧光发射谱的峰强减弱。在可见光(λ>420 nm)照射下,CN-NTs具有较高的光催化分解水活性,产氢速率为58 μmol/h,且表现出良好的光催化活性稳定性和化学结构稳定性。研究结果表明纳米管状结构能有效促进g-C₃N₄半导体激子解离,提高光生电子-空穴的分离效率,进而显著优化g-C₃N₄的光催化产氢性能。     

介孔氮化碳的合成及其在环境卫生领域中的应用

石墨相氮化碳是一种新兴的二维蜂窝状纳米材料,其结构中C原子和N原子以sp2方式杂化,通过PZ轨道上的孤对电子相互作用形成类似于苯环的π键,构成高度离域的共轭体系。这一独特结构使其可与一些离子或分子产生疏水、π－π键、氢键和静电力等相互作用,进而成为一种颇具潜力的吸附剂。但同时石墨相氮化碳本身紧密堆叠的层状结构导致其比表面积较小（< 10 m2/g）。介孔氮化碳应运而生,其具有孔尺寸为2～50 nm的典型介孔结构,与石墨相氮化碳相比,比表面积和孔体积获得有效提高且吸附位点更加丰富。该文总结了介孔氮化碳的合成方法及其在环境卫生领域的应用,并展望了其发展方向。     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride Polymers toward Sustainable Photoredox Catalysis

As a promising two‐dimensional conjugated polymer, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) has been utilized as a low‐cost, robust, metal‐free, and visible‐light‐active photocatalyst in the field of solar energy conversion. This Review mainly describes the latest advances in g‐C₃N₄ photocatalysts for water splitting. Their application in CO₂ conversion, organosynthesis, and environmental purification is also briefly discussed. The methods to modify the electronic structure, nanostructure, crystal structure, and heterostructure of g‐C₃N₄, together with correlations between its structure and performance are illustrated. Perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for the future exploration of g‐C₃N₄ photocatalysts are provided. This Review will promote the utilization of g‐C₃N₄ materials in the fields of photocatalysis, energy conversion, environmental remediation, and sensors.     

Direct Synthesis of Porous Nanorod‐Type Graphitic Carbon Nitride/CuO Composite from Cu–Melamine Supramolecular Framework towards Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance

Facile and direct synthesis of porous nanorod‐type graphitic carbon nitride/CuO composite ( CuO‐g‐C₃N₄ ) has been achieved by using a Cu–melamine supramolecular framework as a precursor. The CuO‐g‐C₃N₄ nanocomposite demonstrated improved visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activities. The results indicate that metal–melamine supramolecular frameworks can be promising precursors for the preparation of efficient g ‐C₃N₄ nanocomposite photocatalysts.     

Synthesis of Porous Carbon Nitride Nanobelts for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2

Sustainable conversion of CO₂ to fuels using solar energy is highly attractive for fuel production. This work focuses on the synthesis of porous graphitic carbon nitride nanobelt catalyst (PN-g-C₃N₄) and its capability of photocatalytic CO₂ reduction. The surface area increased from 6.5 m²·g⁻¹ (graphitic carbon nitride, g-C₃N₄) to 32.94 m²·g⁻¹ (PN-g-C₃N₄). C≡N groups and vacant N_2C were introduced on the surface. PN-g-C₃N₄ possessed higher absorbability of visible light and excellent photocatalytic activity, which was 5.7 and 6.3 times of g-C₃N₄ under visible light and simulated sunlight illumination, respectively. The enhanced photocatalytic activity may be owing to the porous nanobelt structure, enhanced absorbability of visible light, and surface vacant N-sites. It is expected that PN-g-C₃N₄ would be a promising candidate for CO₂ photocatalytic conversion.     

Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Nitrogen‐Rich Carbon Nanofibers: Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution without Cocatalysts

An interconnected framework of mesoporous graphitic‐C₃N₄ nanofibers merged with in situ incorporated nitrogen‐rich carbon has been prepared. The unique composition and structure of the nanofibers as well as strong coupling between the components endow them with efficient light‐harvesting properties, improved charged separation, and a multidimensional electron transport path that enhance the performance of hydrogen production. The as‐obtained catalyst exhibits an extremely high hydrogen‐evolution rate of 16885 μmol h^?1 g^?1, and a remarkable apparent quantum efficiency of 14.3 % at 420 nm without any cocatalysts, which is much higher than most reported g‐C₃N₄‐based photocatalysts even in the presence of Pt‐based cocatalysts.     

泡沫状氮化碳的制备及其可见光分解水产氢性能

以三聚氰胺为前驱体,价格低廉、来源广泛的海泡石作为硬模板,制备出具有特殊空腔结构的泡沫状氮化碳。 通过透射电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、N₂吸附-脱附、紫外可见漫反射光谱及荧光光谱等手段对样品的表面形貌和结构等物理性质进行表征,以光解水产氢性能考察其光催化活性,并通过电化学测试手段考察其光生电荷传输和分离情况。 结果表明,聚多巴胺能起到粘接剂作用,改善了前驱体与模板的结合,制备出的泡沫状氮化碳具有更大的比表面积;随模板用量增加,氮化碳的比表面积增大,当聚多巴胺改性海泡石与三聚氰胺质量比为2:1时,泡沬状氮化碳比表面积可达389.2 m²/g,其可见光产氢速率约为1061.87 μmol/(g·h),较体相氮化碳和未经多巴胺改性海泡石制备的氮化碳分别提高了7和2.6倍。 这表明大比表面积的泡沫状氮化碳为光催化反应提供了更多的活性位点,改善了多相光催化反应的传质扩散过程,提高了光生电子-空穴的分离效率,其特殊的空腔结构能有效地提高光的利用率,从而提高其光催化活性。     

Size Effects of the Anions in the Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nitride Materials

Semiconducting carbon nitride polymers are used in metal-free photocatalysts and in opto-electronic devices. Conventionally, they are obtained using thermal and ionothermal syntheses in inscrutable, closed systems and therefore, their condensation behavior is poorly understood. Here, the synthetic protocols and properties are compared for two types of carbon nitride materials – 2D layered poly(triazine imide) (PTI) and hydrogen-bonded melem hydrate – obtained from three low-melting salt eutectics taken from the systematic series of the alkali metal halides: LiCl/KCl, LiBr/KBr, and LiI/KI. The size of the anion plays a significant role in the formation process of the condensed carbon nitride polymers, and it suggests a strong templating effect. The smaller anions (chloride and bromide) become incorporated into triazine (C₃N₃)-based PTI frameworks. The larger iodide does not stabilize the formation of a triazine-based polymer, but instead it leads to the formation of the heptazine (C₆N₇)-based hydrogen-bonded melem hydrate as the main crystalline phase. Melem hydrate, obtained as single-crystalline powders, was compared with PTI in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water and in an OLED device. Further, the emergence of each carbon nitride species from its corresponding salt eutectic was rationalized via density functional theory calculations. This study highlights the possibilities to further tailor the properties of eutectic salt melts for ionothermal synthesis of organic functional materials.     

Synthesis of Sub‐nanometer Porous Carbon Film for Energy Storage

Carbon‐based supercapacitors are a kind of supercapacitors with very promising applications because of their low cost, good stability and adjustable properties. Simple and rapid syntheses of carbon materials with a high surface area and narrow pore size distribution are of great significance to practical applications of carbon‐based supercapacitors. Here we report a new strategy to synthesize sub‐nanometer porous carbon films (Snp‐CF) via a condensation reaction under mild conditions. Carbon films exhibit a narrow pore size distribution (6.6 Å) and high surface area (508 m² g^?1) after annealing at 700 °C. Snp‐CF‐700 displays a good specific capacity and excellent cycle performance (130 F g^?1 after 5000 cycles, 118 % of initial 110 F g^?1).     

石墨相氮化碳量子点的制备及应用的研究进展

近年来,石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其稳定的物理化学性能和良好的生物相容性而受到研究者关注。与块体g-C3N4相比,石墨相氮化碳量子点(g-CNQDs)尺寸更小、荧光效率更高,且具有量子限域效应,因此拥有特殊的理化性质与更好的光催化性能。本文主要从g-CNQDs的制备策略和应用展开讨论,着重综述了微波辅助法、低温固相法、热化学腐蚀法和电化学刻蚀法制备g-CNQDs,以及g-CNQDs在催化剂、离子检测、生物传感与诊疗等领域的最新应用研究进展;指出了目前g-CNQDs在性质、制备和应用等研究方面的重点和难点;最后对g-CNQDs存在的问题和未来的发展方向作出了展望。     

多孔纳米片状石墨相氮化碳的制备及其可见光催化

以三聚氰胺和硫脲为前驱体,通过简易的氧气刻蚀制备了多孔纳米片状氮化碳。相比于三聚氰胺制备的薄片状氮化碳(MCNS),以硫脲制备的多孔纳米片状的g-C_3N_4(TCNS)片层更薄,其单片厚度约为30 nm,且TCNS的层状结构明显,能带隙约为3.03 eV,高于石墨相氮化碳(2.77 eV),更宽的禁带赋予载流子更强的氧化还原能力。较大的比表面积(114 m~2·g~(-1))可以提供更多的活性位点,同时纳米片状结构可以促进电子与空穴的有效分离和转移,且能有效地降低光生载流子的复合率,因而TCNS具有更高的光催化活性。     

多孔纳米片状石墨相氮化碳的制备及其可见光催化

以三聚氰胺和硫脲为前驱体,通过简易的氧气刻蚀制备了多孔纳米片状氮化碳。相比于三聚氰胺制备的薄片状氮化碳（MCNS）,以硫脲制备的多孔纳米片状的g-C₃N₄（TCNS）片层更薄,其单片厚度约为30 nm,且TCNS的层状结构明显,能带隙约为3.03 eV,高于石墨相氮化碳（2.77 eV）,更宽的禁带赋予载流子更强的氧化还原能力。较大的比表面积（114 m²·g^-1）可以提供更多的活性位点,同时纳米片状结构可以促进电子与空穴的有效分离和转移,且能有效地降低光生载流子的复合率,因而TCNS具有更高的光催化活性。     

石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化活性

研制了一种石墨相氮化碳/三聚氯氰(g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃)复合型光催化剂。 由于该催化剂在g-C₃N₄的基础上有效拓展了π共轭体系,同时引入氯原子,使带隙位置上移,改善了光生电荷的还原能力,在可见光照射下,能有效降解有机污染物。 实验结果表明,20 min内对RR染料废水的降解率达94.7%,重复使用5次后,降解率仍达94%。 通过在降解体系中加入氧化性活性物种捕获剂的方法,研究了g-C₃N₄/C₃Cl₃N₃吸收可见光降解有机污染物的机理。     

碳纳米管改性g-C3N4提升可见光催化降解性能

以尿素为原料,引入少量的多壁碳纳米管(CNT)改性,采用简便方法制备CNT/g-C_3N_4催化剂。利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外-可见-近红外分光光度计(UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer)、荧光光谱(PL)等手段对CNT/g-C_3N_4催化剂进行表征。结果表明,g-C_3N_4与CNT之间的协同作用,影响了gC_3N_4的能带结构,增强了其对可见光的吸收,改善了光生载流子的分布,提高了电子-空穴对的分离效率。并以罗丹明B(RhB)水溶液模拟废水,在可见光下考察催化剂的光催化降解性能,发现当CNT掺杂量为0.1%(w/w)时效果最佳,降解速率常数是体相g-C_3N_4的3.1倍,且研究发现超氧自由基是该体系下的主要活性物种。     

基于Pd/g-C3N4-SWCNTs的雌二醇电化学传感器构建及应用研究

利用表面具有丰富π电子的三聚氰胺(MAM)和单壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs)作为前驱体,通过固体研磨-热聚合法使二者通过π-π静电作用堆叠得到类石墨相氮化碳(Graphitic carbon nitride,g-C_3N_4)-SWCNTs复合材料,然后利用Na_2PdCl_4为Pd纳米粒子前体,通过自组装对g-C_3N_4-SWCNTs进行功能化修饰,得到Pd/g-C_3N_4-SWCNTs复合物。采用SEM、TEM、XRD、FTIR对该复合材料的形貌和组成进行表征,并利用循环伏安等电化学方法研究了该材料对雌二醇(E2)的电催化氧化性能。结果显示,雌二醇在Pd/g-C_3N_4-SWCNTs修饰电极上的响应电流明显大于其在g-C_3N_4、g-C_3N_4-SWCNTs修饰电极和裸玻碳电极上的响应。在优化实验条件下,采用示差脉冲伏安法考察了基质样品中E2的氧化峰电流与其浓度的关系,其氧化峰电流强度与其浓度在5～150μmol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为:I_(pa)(μA)=0.834 7+0.007 0C_(E2)(r=0.990),检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为1.7μmol/L。该传感器具有良好的稳定性和选择性,且与HPLC在方法学上无显著性差异,可满足饲料样品中E2的检测需求。     

Helical Graphitic Carbon Nitrides with Photocatalytic and Optical Activities

Graphitic carbon nitride can be imprinted with a twisted hexagonal rod‐like morphology by a nanocasting technique using chiral silicon dioxides as templates. The helical nanoarchitectures promote charge separation and mass transfer of carbon nitride semiconductors, enabling it to act as a more efficient photocatalyst for water splitting and CO₂ reduction than the pristine carbon nitride polymer. This is to our knowledge a unique example of chiral graphitic carbon nitride that features both left‐ and right‐handed helical nanostructures and exhibits unique optical activity to circularly polarized light at the semiconductor absorption edge as well as photoredox activity for solar‐to‐chemical conversion. Such helical nanostructured polymeric semiconductors are envisaged to hold great promise for a range of applications that rely on such semiconductor properties as well as chirality for photocatalysis, asymmetric catalysis, chiral recognition, nanotechnology, and chemical sensing.