A modified torsional kolsky bar for investigating dynamic friction

This paper introduces an experiment to investigate dry sliding resistance of frictional interfaces at normal pressures up to 100 MPa, slip speeds up to 10 m/s and slip distances of approximately 10 mm. This new apparatus involves a novel modification of the conventional torsional Kolsky bar apparatus, employed extensively in the past for investigating high strain rate behavior of engineering materials. The new experimental configuration represents a significant improvement over conventional tribology experiments because it uses elastic torsional waves with a superimposed static compressive force to control the interfacial traction. Moreover, the apparatus allows critical frictional parameters such as the interfacial sliding resistance, slip speeds and slip without the use of transducers at the frictional interface. The usefulness of the device is demonstrated by presenting results of high-speed friction on 6061-T6 Al/1018 steel and Carpenter Hampden tool steel/7075-T6 Al tribo pairs.     

研究材料动态卸载的一种实验方法

在SHPB实验数据分析的基础上,提出了用柱锥形弹丸代替纯柱形弹丸研究材料的动态卸载。用所提出的方法对LF6铝材的动态加、卸载响应进行了实验研究,结果表明:柱锥形弹丸可以有效地延长入射脉冲的卸载段,可用来研究材料动态卸载行为。     

A power-form method for dynamic systems: investigating the steady-state response of strongly nonlinear oscillators by their equivalent Duffing-type equation

This paper aims to apply a transformation method that replaces the elastic forces of the original equation of motion with a power-form elastic term. The accuracy obtained from the derived equivalent equations of motion is evaluated by studying the finite-amplitude damped, forced vibration of a vertically suspended load body supported by incompressible, homogeneous, and isotropic viscohyperelastic elastomer materials. Numerical integrations of the original equations of two oscillators described by neo-Hookean and Mooney–Rivlin viscohyperelastic elastomer material models, and their equivalent equations of motion, are compared to the frequency–amplitude steady-state solutions obtained from the harmonic balance and the averaging methods. It is shown from numerical integrations and approximate steady-state solutions that the equivalent equations predict well the original system dynamic response despite having higher system nonlinearities.

     

A tension split Hopkinson bar for investigating the dynamic behavior of sheet metals

The dynamic response of sheet metals at high strain rate is investigated with a tensile split Hopkinson bar test using plate type specimens. The tension split Hopkinson bar inevitably causes some errors in the strain at grips with the plate type specimens, since the grip and specimens disturb the one-dimensional wave propagation in bars. To validate the experiment, the level of error induced from the grips is estimated by comparing the waves acquired from experiments with the Pochhammer-Chree solution. The optimum geometry of the specimen is determined to minimize the loading equilibrium error. High strain rate tensile tests are then performed with auto-body sheet metals in order to construct their appropriate constitutive models for use in crash-worthiness evaluation.     

Opportunities of the elastometry method for investigating the elastic properties of the eyeball shell

On the basis of a maximally simple mechanical model, the possibility to estimate the stiffness of the eyeball shell using the intraocular pressures measured in the presence of different weights applied to the cornea (elastometry method) is investigated. On the basis of general considerations of dimensional theory, it is shown that the pressure difference used in ophthalmology for estimating the rigidity of the eye ball and determined in the elastometry procedure depends on the ratio E/p ₀, where E is a quantity characterizing the shell stiffness and p ₀ is the intraocular pressure in the unloaded eye. An experimental procedure, which can be treated as a development of the elastometry method and makes it possible to estimate a certain parameter dependent only on the eyeball shell stiffness, is proposed. The practical realization of the method proposed needs to be checked experimentally.     

Measurement method of complex viscoelastic material properties

A measurement technique of viscoelastic properties of polymers is proposed to investigate complex Poisson’s ratio as a function of frequency. The forced vibration responses for the samples under normal and shear deformation are measured with varying load masses. To obtain modulus of elasticity and shear modulus, the present method requires only knowledge of the load mass, geometrical characteristics of a sample, as well as both the amplitude ratio and phase lag of the forcing and response oscillations. The measured data were used to obtain the viscoelastic properties of the material based on a 2D numerical deformation model of the sample. The 2D model enabled us to exclude data correction by the empirical form factor used in 1D model. Standard composition (90% PDMS polymer + 10% catalyst) of silicone RTV rubber (Silastic^® S2) were used for preparing three samples for axial stress deformation and three samples for shear deformation. Comprehensive measurements of modulus of elasticity, shear modulus, loss factor, and both real and imaginary parts of Poisson’s ratio were determined for frequencies from 50 to 320 Hz in the linear deformation regime (at relative deformations 10^?6 to 10^?4) at temperature 25 °C. In order to improve measurement accuracy, an extrapolation of the obtained results to zero load mass was suggested. For this purpose measurements with several masses need to be done. An empirical requirement for the sample height-to-radius ratio to be more than 4 was found for stress measurements. Different combinations of the samples with different sizes for the shear and stress measurements exhibited similar results. The proposed method allows one to measure imaginary part of the Poisson’s ratio, which appeared to be about 0.04–0.06 for the material of the present study.     

A new method for evaluating the dynamic properties of polymers: Time domain mechanical spectroscopy

Rheologica Acta - The complex shear modulusG * (ω) of polymer melts is directly related to the molecular structure of these large entangled chains. We describe here a new method called TDMS...     

A material force method for inelastic fracture mechanics

A material force method is proposed for evaluating the energy release rate and work rate of dissipation for fracture in inelastic materials. The inelastic material response is characterized by an internal variable model with an explicitly defined free energy density and dissipation potential. Expressions for the global material and dissipation forces are obtained from a global balance of energy-momentum that incorporates dissipation from inelastic material behavior. It is shown that in the special case of steady-state growth, the global dissipation force equals the work rate of dissipation, and the global material force and J-integral methods are equivalent. For implementation in finite element computations, an equivalent domain expression of the global material force is developed from the weak form of the energy-momentum balance. The method is applied to model problems of cohesive fracture in a remote K-field for viscoelasticity and elastoplasticity. The viscoelastic problem is used to compare various element discretizations in combination with different schemes for computing strain gradients. For the elastoplastic problem, the effects of cohesive and bulk properties on the plastic dissipation are examined using calculations of the global dissipation force.     

A multiscale material point method for impact simulation

To better simulate multi-phase interactions involving failure evolution, the material point method (MPM) has evolved for almost twenty years. Recently, a particle-based multiscale simulation procedure is being developed, within the framework of the MPM, to describe the detonation process of energetic nano-composites from molecular to continuum level so that a multiscale equation of state could be formulated. In this letter, a multiscale MPM is proposed via both hierarchical and concurrent schemes to simulate the impact response between two microrods with different nanostructures. Preliminary results are presented to illustrate that a transition region is not required between different spatial scales with the proposed approach.     

含高阶余项的非线性动力系统数值计算法

建立了一种求解非线性动力系统高精度数值计算的新方法,重构了等价的非线性动力系统方程,该方程考虑了非线性函数的任意高阶项,并给出了该方程的Duhamel积分表达式,在时间步长内用Newton-Raphson法进行数值迭代求解,该方法能连续满足微分方程而不只是在离散的步长端点满足方程,从而打破了传统的Euler型有限差分法。计算实例表明,该方法计算精度高于传统的Runge-Kutta,Newmark-β和Wilson-θ等方法。     

A perturbation method for estimation of dynamic systems

A novel framework called the Perturbed Jth Moment Extended Kalman Filter (PJMEKF), based on a classical perturbation technique is proposed for estimating the states of a nonlinear dynamical system from sensor measurements. This method falls under a class of architectures under investigation primarily to study the interplay of major issues in nonlinear estimation such as nonlinearity, measurement sparsity, and initial condition uncertainty in an environment with low levels of process noise. Taylor series expansion of the departure motion dynamics about the best estimate is used to derive a series representation of the unforced motion. It is found that such series representation evolves as a set of differential equations that force each other in a cascade manner, adding up to give the unforced motion (in a so-called “triangular” structure). This formal perturbation solution for the departure motion dynamics is used in deriving the differential equations governing the time evolution of the high order statistical moments of the estimation error. These tensor differential equations are found to possess a similar high order triangular structure in addition to being symmetric (in N tensorial dimensions and we appropriately term the evolution equations as Tensor Lyapunov Equations of statistical moment perturbations). Elegance of the tensor differential equations thus derived is accompanied by the computational advantages due to symmetry in all tensorial dimensions. A vector matrix representation of tensors is proposed with which the representation and solution of the tensor differential equations can be carried out effectively. Approximations are introduced to incorporate low levels of process noise forcing function in the propagation phase of the moment equations. The statistics thus propagated are used in a filtering framework to estimate the state vector of a nonlinear system from noisy measurements, within the traditional Kalman update paradigm. The Kalman gain thus determined is utilized in updating all high order moments in preparation for the subsequent propagation phase leading to improved estimation accuracy. The filter developed is applied to an orbit estimation problem and comparisons are presented with classical extended Kalman filter.     

A new fracture-toughness test method for thick-walled cylinder material

A new method for measuring the plane-strain fracture toughness of the material from a thick-walled cylinder is presented. This method utilizes a notched, “C”-shaped test specimen, pin loaded in tension. This specimen has the advantage of most efficiently utilizing the available material to obtain the maximum possible triaxial constraint at the crack tip. Stress-intensity-factor calibrations for this specimen were obtained by two independent experiments. These are a compliance test, as originally proposed by Irwin, and a fatigue-crack-growth test, as suggested by James and Anderson. Very good agreement was obtained between the results of these two experiments. A stress-intensity calibration for a similar geometry was also obtained using a finite-element analysis and a method developed by Kobayashi to determine stress-intensity factors from finite-element results. The results of this method appear to be low by about 10 percent. Comparative fracture-toughness tests of material from a 2-in.-thick plate of special aircraft quality, 4340 steel, were conducted using the proposed new test method and the ASTM standard bend specimen. These results agreed within 2 percent.     

A contour integral method for dynamic stress intensity factors

The contour integral method previously used to determine static stress intensity factors is applied to dynamic crack problems. The required derivatives of the traction in the reference problem are obtained numerically by the displacement discontinuity method. Stress intensity factors are determined by an integral around a contour which contains a crack tip. If the contour is chosen as the outer boundary of the body, the stress intensity factor is obtained from the boundary values of traction and displacement. The advantage of this path-independent integral is that it yields directly both the opening-mode and sliding-mode stress intensity factors for a straight crack. For dynamic problems, Laplace transforms are used and the dynamic stress intensity factors in the time domain are determined by Durbin's inversion method. An indirect boundary element method, incorporating both displacement discontinuity and fictitious load techniques, is used to determine the boundary or contour values of traction and displacement numerically.     

大规模动力系统改进的快速精细积分方法

提出一种针对大规模动力系统的改进的快速精细积分方法（FPIM）。以精细积分方法为基础,利用大规模动力系统矩阵的稀疏性和动力问题的物理特性,分析了矩阵指数的特殊结构,并基于此给出一种计算大规模动力系统矩阵指数及其动力响应的高效率方法。     

A highly accurate ρ method for structural dynamic analysis

The paper proposes a ρ method of unconditionally stable direct integration with the fourth-order and fifth-order accuracy. The ρ method shows a good algorithmic damping and period extension property, and we don't find any “overshooting” phenomenon. It needs less calculation and storage space than other methods of high accuracy. It doesn't require that the damping matrix satisfy the condition of orthogonality of modes in order to prove its unconditional stability. The paper is finished under the guidance of prof. Mai Shuliang.     

非齐次动力学方程的一种精细积分单步方法

针对非齐次动力学方程■,结合精细积分法和微分求积法,利用同阶的显式龙格-库塔法对计算过程中待求的v_(k+i/s)(i=1,2,…,s)进行预估,提出了一种避免状态矩阵求逆的高效精细积分单步方法。该方法采用精细积分法计算e~(Ht),而Duhamel积分项采用s级s阶的时域微分求积法,计算格式统一且易于编程,可灵活实现变阶变步长。仿真结果表明,与其他单步法及预估校正-辛时间子域法进行数值比较,该方法具有高精度、高效率及良好的稳定性,在求解大规模动力系统时间响应问题中具有较大的优势。     

MCA方法在金属材料涂层性能研究中的应用

可移动元胞自动机(MCA)法是继有限元、边界元法之后又一种新的数值方法，它建立在不连续介质力学基础之上，可以直接模拟不均匀材料内部的损伤累积、裂纹扩展、碰撞能的计算等。本文介绍了MCA方法的理论基础及数学模型，通过一个金属基陶瓷涂层材料在冲击载荷作用下的损伤破坏计算实例表明，在同样条件下，双陶瓷涂层试样比单陶瓷涂层试样的抗冲击能力有明显提高，二者断口形貌和本构关系曲线也完全不同，说明涂层结构对涂层材料变形、损伤和破坏形式有重要影响，进而证明MCA方法可用来优化设计涂层结构与材料。