基于NI ELVIS的超声换能器参数测量系统设计

为了满足超声换能器快速筛选的要求,在对超声换能器参数导纳圆法测量原理进行分析的基础上,利用NI ELVIS平台搭建了一种结构简单的超声换能器参数测量系统。采用点频法实现高精度、快速的导纳测量,采用最小二乘法拟合得到导纳圆,进而完成超声换能器诸参数的计算。基于LabVIEW软件平台编写了相应的软件系统。针对40 kHz超声换能器的测试表明,所设计的超声换能器参数测量系统精度高、处理速度快,且结构简单、便于使用。     

锥形剖面径向复合超声换能器的机电等效电路

研究了一种锥形剖面径向复合超声换能器。该换能器由一个等截面内金属圆环、一个轴向极化的压电陶瓷圆环和一个锥形剖面外金属圆环沿径向复合而成,且换能器的径向尺寸远大于高度。锥形剖面外金属圆环满足关系式h=h0r,h0为厚度变化常数。基于平面应力径向振动理论,推导了换能器的机电等效电路,得到了共振频率方程和反共振频率方程,进而研究了换能器的振动特性。并将理论计算的第1阶、第2阶径向共振频率和反共振频率与数值仿真结果相比较,二者结果一致。研究表明:锥形剖面换能器第1阶、第2阶径向共振频率、反共振频率、有效机电耦合系数不仅与换能器各部分的材料、径向几何尺寸有关,还与h0有关。h0越大,第1阶径向共振频率、反共振频率越大,有效机电耦合系数先增大后减小。与等截面相比,锥形剖面换能器沿径向向外辐射声波,辐射面积更大,辐射声功率更高,指向性更好。     

脉冲超声换能器声场测试系统的设计

脉冲超声换能器是超声检测的关键部件,为了获取其声场特性参数,该文基于小球反射法,采用虚拟仪和单片机技术设计了工业用圆形晶片活塞声场测试系统。系统的程控交互界面采用美国国家仪器公司研制开发的图形化编程软件LabVIEW设计,通过调用动态链接库与系统核心硬件超声发射接收卡进行数据通信及对其功能进行设置,同时系统上位机通过RS232串口与下位机单片机通讯,实现对三轴扫查平台的多种扫查方式控制。该系统可实时显示脉冲换能器声压分布图像,并可通过对声压分布数据实现对换能器近场长度及扩散角等参数的测量。     

Boundary element simulation of backscattering properties for red blood with high frequency ultrasonic transducers

High frequency ultrasonic imaging (e.g. >30 MHz) from blood is difficult due to its tenuous backscattered pressure and the interference from adjacent tissues as well. To increase the sensitivity focused transducer has to be used, thus raising the complexity of interpreting the received signals. A numerical simulation of the ultrasonic scattering property from erythrocyte and rouleaux based on boundary element method was performed with experimental results based on a modified substitution method. The results (proportional relationship between backscattered pressure and frequency and the frequency limit for Rayleigh scattering) closely coincide with experimental data for erythrocyte. Rouleaux model results also show the dependence of degree of red cell aggregation on backscattering properties. The boundary element method serves as a good means to calculate the acoustic scattering from blood cells under arbitrary incident waves.     

一种拓宽凸球面压电换能器指向性的方法

利用有限元和边界元耦合的方法对涂环氧树脂后的压电陶瓷凸球面换能器进行了指向性仿真计算,发现这种形式的换能器具有较宽的指向性开角。实验测量结果证明了上述结论。     

混合激励纵振换能器的研究

纵振式换能器是水声领域中不可或缺的一类中频段换能器,本文以超磁致伸缩材料Terfenol-D和压电陶瓷材料PZT作为驱动元件设计混合激励纵振式换能器。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了有限元模型,对换能器的电声参数进行了优化,并制作一宽带混合激励纵振式换能器,实验测得的换能器与仿真的结果较为吻合,实测换能器的最大发送电压响应为145dB,其工作频带为4kHz-16kHz,频带内发送电压响应起伏为±4.5dB。     

磁致伸缩超声换能器阻抗匹配网络的设计

根据磁致伸缩超声换能器的等效电路模型和阻抗匹配理论,该文设计了一种优化的π型匹配网络.该网络具有调谐、变阻和滤波的功能,适用于工作在中低频超声频率范围内的磁致伸缩超声换能器系统的阻抗匹配.仿真和实验结果表明:接入该π型阻抗匹配网络后,驱动电源与换能器之间实现了最大功率传输,换能器两端电信号的波形质量得到优化,换能器激励...     

任意阵形水声换能器阵辐射声场计算

本文用边界元的方法计算了阵形任意的水声发射换能器共形阵的辐射声场。在详细研究了边界元方法基本理论的基础上，采用Pro／ENGINEER软件与ANSYS软件相结合来建立换能器阵的边界元模型，再用SYSNOISE软件计算其辐射声场和辐射阻抗。这种声场计算方法可用于发射换能器阵设计阶段对设计结果进行预报。     

Single-element ultrasonic transducer modeling using a hybrid FD–PSTD method

In a recent publication [E. Filoux, S. Callé, D. Certon, M. Lethiecq, F. Levassort, Modeling of piezoelectric transducers with combined pseudospectral and finite-difference methods, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 123 (6) (2008) 4165–4173], a new finite-difference/pseudospectral time-domain (FD–PSTD) algorithm was presented and used to model the generation of acoustic waves by a piezoelectric resonator and their propagation in the structure and the surrounding water. In this paper, the model has been extended to simulate the two-dimensional behaviour of a complete single-element transducer, composed of the resonator, a backing and a front matching layer. This further version of the model takes into account the mechanical loss in materials, and enables the calculation of electrical impedance, which is a characteristic of high interest to optimize the performance of ultrasonic transducers. The impedance curves of a PZT [URL: http://www.ferroperm-piezo.com (last viewed 04/2008); B. Jaffe, R.S. Roth, S. Marzullo, Piezoelectric properties of lead zirconate-lead titanate solid-solution ceramics, J. Appl. Phys. 25 (1954) 809–810] plate-based high-frequency transducer, with a 50 MHz thickness resonant frequency, were compared to those of a KLM model [R. Krimholtz, D.A. Leedom, G.L. Matthei, New equivalent circuit for elementary piezoelectric transducers, Electron. Lett. 6 (1970) 398–399] in the one-dimensional case. The acoustical properties were also found to be in good agreement with those obtained using the finite element (FE) method of ATILA^® software in two-dimensional configuration.     

电容MEMS超声换能器研究进展

MEMS(micro-electromechanical systems)超声换能器(MEMS ultrasonic transducer,简称MUT)是采用微电子和微机械加工技术制作的新型超声换能器。与传统超声换能器相比,MUT具有体积小、重量轻、成本低、功耗低、可靠性高、频率控制灵活、频带宽、灵敏度高以及易于与电路集成和实现智能化等特点。是超声换能器的重要的研究方向之一。MUT的研究主要包括压电MUT(piezoelectric MUT,简称PMUT)和电容MUT(capacitiveMUT,简称CMUT)两个方面。本文概述了CMUT研究的发展进程和研究成果,展望了CMUT的研究和应用前景。     

超声换能器表面的振动状态

从超声波在波密介质和波疏介质之间的传播以及诱发共振发射超声波的角度,讨论了空气中超声声速测量实验所用超声换能器的表面振动状态.理论分析及实验测量结果表明:超声换能器表面振动状态与其结构有关,超声接收器表面位移振幅一般不为零.     

PZT厚膜及高频超声换能器的研究

近年来,基于PZT厚膜的超声换能器研究受到了广泛的重视。本文综述了PZT厚膜制备技术的发展情况,简要介绍了水下声纳和医用超声领域中PZT厚膜型高频超声换能器的应用研制进展。     

超声换能器辐射特性的优化*

匹配层和背衬层是换能器的重要组成部分,对换能器特性有重要影响。针对发射型换能器,基于有/无匹配层和空气/树脂背衬两种条件组合,该文研究了匹配层与背衬层对换能器辐射特性的影响。结果表明,负载材料为水时,空气背衬换能器相较于树脂背衬换能器声能辐射效率更高;匹配层可以提高换能器的主瓣能量,抑制旁瓣能量及旁瓣数量。因此,针对发射型换能器的设计,背衬材料的选择应遵循与压电材料的阻抗差异越大越优的原则;匹配层的合理设计不仅可以提高超声换能器的声能辐射效率,还可以提高主瓣旁瓣峰值比,使声能更集中。     

单侧外部驱动弯张换能器

本文设计、制作了一种单侧外部驱动的弯张换能器，并利用有限元分析软件ANSYS构建了有限元模型，对换能器的电声参数进行了预测，计算结果与实验结果吻合较好。实验测得换能器的最大发射电压响应级为142dB，如果将发射电压加到1200V，换能器的最大声源级预计可达203dB。     

High-frequency ultrasonic transducer based on lead-free BSZT piezoceramics

This paper describes the fabrication and evaluation of a high-frequency (40 MHz) transducer based on lead-free piezoceramics for ultrasonic imaging. The transducer with an aperture size of 0.9 mm has been fabricated using barium strontium zirconate titanate ((Ba_0.95Sr_0.05)(Zr_0.05Ti_0.95)O₃, abbreviated as BSZT) ceramics. The lead-free BSZT has a piezoelectric d₃₃ coefficient of 300 pC/N and an electromechanical coupling factor k_t of 0.45. High-frequency ultrasound transducers were fabricated and a bandwidth of 76.4% has been achieved with an insertion loss of −26 dB. Applications in high resolution biological and medical imaging could be possible with this lead-free material.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a cavitation bubble pair near a rigid boundary in a standing ultrasonic wave field

The dynamics of a micrometer-sized bubble pair in water near a rigid boundary under standing ultrasonic wave excitation is investigated in this study. The viscous effect in the boundary layer at the air-water interface is considered following the viscous correction model. The evolution of the bubble surface at the collapsing stage of the bubble pair is presented for different parameter sets. The field pressure near the rigid boundary, which is induced by the oscillating bubble pair, and the high-speed water jet at the collapse stage, form the main focus of the analysis. This reveals that a horizontal configuration of the bubble pair retards the strength of the bubble jet towards the boundary, whilst a vertical configuration, especially with differently-sized bubbles, can enhance the bubble collapse. This study may help to understand the interaction of multiple bubbles in an acoustic field and its application to surface cleaning.     

多匹配层空气耦合压电超声换能器*

该文针对超声无损检测与成像功能空气耦合换能器开展了分析计算和研制。为解决压电材料与空气间巨大的阻抗失配问题,进行了多匹配层设计,并基于有限元技术仿真设计了1-3压电复合材料参数。借助复数压电方程,导出考虑损耗的多匹配层压电复合材料换能器厚度振动等效电路,获得其等效导纳,以此计算电导谱,同时基于有限元技术数值计算相应电导谱,二者有较好的一致性。在此基础上分别设计制作复合压电材料,多匹配层材料以及由此构成的空气耦合超声换能器。换能器的实测电导谱与数值仿真结果一致。进一步的换能器回波信号测试及其谱分析结果表明,所研制的160 k Hz中心频率空气耦合换能器样品有较好灵敏度和带宽。这些结果说明,该文研制的空气耦合超声换能器的初样是成功的。     

硅油介质中矩形电容式微机械超声换能器发射与接收声场特性研究*

与传统压电式超声换能器相比,基于微机电系统微加工技术制备的电容式微机械超声换能器(CMUT)具有频带宽、灵敏度高、一致性好、易于集成等优势,在医学超声成像中具有广阔的应用前景。该文针对研制的矩形CMUT器件,开展硅油介质中CMUT发射、接收声场特性的理论分析及实验验证研究。首先,针对CMUT阵元结构特征和工作原理,根据指向性函数理论和Bridge乘积原理,建立了矩形CMUT阵元指向性函数分析模型。此基础上,分析微元数目以及谐振频率对CMUT指向性的影响规律。最后,针对7 mm×7 mm二维矩形CMUT在硅油介质中的发射和接收特性进行了实验验证,测试表明发射指向性曲线与仿真理论曲线基本吻合;此外,CMUT接收与发射指向性的测试表明,收发指向性具有一致性,从而验证了声场的互易性。该文的研究对CMUT器件的封装设计以及基于CMUT阵列的乳腺超声CT成像系统的研制具有重要参考价值。     

一种用于应力测量的复合型超声波探头

为了在应力测量中更好地测量超声波的纵波声速和横波声速，提高测量的精度和准确性，本文研究了一种由两种不同频率的纵波晶片和两处偏振方向相互垂直的横波晶片组成的复合型超声波探头，研究了它的几种组合的发射与接怍ＭＡＳＯＮ等效电路图，并报道了它的一些实验结果。     

用来激励高频超声换能器的电激励源

讨论了超声换能器的几种激励方法，分析了三种常用激励方法在激励高频超声换能器时的特点及其同局限性，我们雪崩ＭＡＲＸ电路制作的单极窄脉冲能地激励率高达１００ＭＨｚ的换能器并取得了较好的结果。