A spectroscopic study of the effect of humidity on the atmospheric pressure helium plasma jets

Atmospheric-pressure plasma has a great potential in many applications due to its simplicity rather than low pressure plasmas. In material processing, biomedical applications, and many other applications, the input power, gas flow rate, and the geometry of electrode have been mainly considered and studied as important external parameters of atmospheric-pressure plasma control. Besides, since the atmospheric-pressure plasmas are typically generated in an open air, the relative humidity is difficult to control and can change day by day. Therefore, the relative humidity cannot be ignored for plasmas. Thus, in this work, the atmospheric-pressure plasma jet was characterized by changing relative humidity, and it was found that the increase in electron density and OH radicals are due to Penning ionization between helium metastable and water vapors at higher humidity condition.     

Dynamic state of the atmosphere in aerosol components

An approach to analyzing experimental data on the size distribution and concentrations of atmospheric aerosol particles and meteorological parameters by using the flicker-noise spectroscopy is proposed. This approach makes it possible to identify the character of evolution of the measured parameters due to the processes underlying their variation, to trace the relationship between measured quantities, and, based on this, to determine the mechanisms of interactions between aerosol particles and gaseous components of the atmosphere. As an example, the behavior of the concentration, average particle size, and relative humidity of the atmosphere is examined. Atmospheric measurements were carried out at the recreation center in Tishkovo (Moscow Region). The proposed approach may prove useful in solving ecological and environmental problems.     

Sorption isotherm measurements by NMR

An experimental setup is described for the automated recording of sorption isotherms by NMR experiments at precisely defined levels of relative humidity (RH). Implementation is demonstrated for a cotton fabric; Bloch decays. T1 and T2* relaxation times were measured at predefined steps of increasing and decreasing relative humidities (RHs) so that a complete isotherm of NMR properties was obtained. Bloch decays were analyzed by fitting to relaxation functions consisting or a slow- and a fast-relaxing component. The fraction of slow-relaxing component was greater than the fraction of sorbed moisture determined from gravimetric sorption data. The excess slow-relaxing component was attributed to plasticized segments of the formerly rigid cellulose matrix. T1 and T2* sorption isotherms exhibit hysteresis similar to gravimetric sorption isotherms. However, correlating RH to moisture content (MC) reveals that both relaxation constants depend only on MC, and not on the history of moisture exposure.     

用于KDP晶体的桥式聚倍半硅氧烷防潮膜

 以间苯亚甲基二异氰酸酯与氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷反应制备了具有长桥链结构的聚倍半硅氧烷前驱体,利用制备的前驱体在碱性条件下水解缩聚制备了桥式聚倍半硅氧烷溶胶,并采用提拉浸涂法对磷酸二氢钾（KDP）晶体镀膜。通过1H NMR 对前驱体进行结构定性,利用²⁹Si MAS NMR和N₂吸附-脱附表征对凝胶结构进行了分析,用AFM对薄膜的表面形貌进行了研究,通过湿度为60%时KDP晶体光学性质的变化考察了薄膜的防潮性能。利用三倍频和基频激光测试了薄膜的抗激光损伤性能。结果表明:这种桥式聚倍半硅氧烷薄膜对KDP晶体具有很好的防潮保护作用,并显示了较好的抗激光损伤性能。     

光纤光栅型温湿度传感器的设计与实现

针对目前温湿度测量过程中电量传感器长期稳定性和互换性差的不足,以光纤光栅为基础,以改性PI薄膜为湿敏涂层,研制出了一种新型非电量温湿度传感器.详细阐述了其测量原理、制作工艺及其主要参量的优化确定,对其测量范围、测量精度、湿滞特性等主要特征参量进行了试验测定.测试结果表明:该传感器可在20～80℃、10%～90%测量范围内实现精度为±0.2℃和±5%的实时测量,且具有响应时间短(≤15 s)和长期稳定性好等优点.     

Relative humidity sensor with optical fiber Bragg gratings

A novel concept for an intrinsic relative humidity (RH) sensor that uses polyimide-recoated fiber Bragg gratings is presented. Tests in a controlled environment indicate that the sensor has a linear, reversible, and accurate response behavior at 10-90% RH and at 13-60 degrees C. The RH and temperature sensitivities were measured as a function of coating thickness, and the thermal and hygroscopic expansion coefficients of the polyimide coating were determined.     

可见光到远红外波段气溶胶衰减计算模式

建立了一种根据实测的气溶胶尺度谱分布(Junge指数)、地面能见度、相对湿度和气溶胶衰减廓线计算空间任意两点的气溶胶衰减计算模式,光谱波段范围覆盖了从可见光到远红外(1~25 000 cm-1)。利用该气溶胶模式及国际上流行软件MODTRAN中的气溶胶模式同时和光栅太阳辐射计(pgs100)实测气溶胶衰减进行了对比,这种模式与MODTRAN相比,因考虑了气溶胶的实际尺度谱分布和高度分布,计算结果更接近实测值。利用所建立的气溶胶模式还分析了气溶胶衰减受各参数的影响,结果表明：气溶胶衰减受各参数影响较大,说明实测气溶胶参数在计算气溶胶衰减中起重要作用。将此气溶胶模式嵌入到我们自己研制的通用大气辐射传输软件CART中进行大气透过率和大气辐射传输的计算,有助于提高计算精度和增强功能。     

可见光到远红外波段气溶胶衰减计算模式

 建立了一种根据实测的气溶胶尺度谱分布(Junge指数)、地面能见度、相对湿度和气溶胶衰减廓线计算空间任意两点的气溶胶衰减计算模式,光谱波段范围覆盖了从可见光到远红外(1~25 000 cm^-1)。利用该气溶胶模式及国际上流行软件MODTRAN中的气溶胶模式同时和光栅太阳辐射计(pgs100)实测气溶胶衰减进行了对比,这种模式与MODTRAN相比,因考虑了气溶胶的实际尺度谱分布和高度分布,计算结果更接近实测值。利用所建立的气溶胶模式还分析了气溶胶衰减受各参数的影响,结果表明：气溶胶衰减受各参数影响较大,说明实测气溶胶参数在计算气溶胶衰减中起重要作用。将此气溶胶模式嵌入到我们自己研制的通用大气辐射传输软件CART中进行大气透过率和大气辐射传输的计算,有助于提高计算精度和增强功能。     

相对湿度对大气气溶胶消光系数的影响

消光系数是气溶胶颗粒物光学性质的关键参数之一。基于Mie散射理论和气溶胶颗粒粒径及折射率的湿度增长模型,本文详细研究了气溶胶吸湿性对其消光系数的影响。计算结果表明:当入射光波长为808nm、相对湿度在60%~95%之间增加时,因颗粒粒径的增长及折射率的减小,导致颗粒物消光系数曲线右移且其波动性更加明显;而对于同一球形颗粒,小粒径颗粒的消光系数随相对湿度的增加呈指数规律增大,较大粒径颗粒的则表现为波动减小趋势。此外,在不同入射光条件下,小颗粒消光系数与相对湿度之间的关系保持不变。本文的计算结果对气溶胶光学性质与大气环境质量的研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Simultaneous Identification and Quantitative Determination of Amino Acids in Mixture by NMR Spectroscopy Using Chemometric Resolution

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy receives increasing interest in biological and metabolomic studies. It is still, however, a great challenge to analyze the NMR spectra of multicomponent samples, containing overlapping responses of the compositions. In this work, nonnegative independent component analysis (nonnegative ICA) and immune algorithm (IA) were employed for simultaneous identification and quantitative determination of three amino acids in mixture samples from measured multicomponent NMR signals. Results show that the correlation coefficients (R) between the extracted and measured spectra are higher than 0.97 and that those between the calculated relative contents and experimental ones are higher than 0.99. The method may provide an alternative technique for analyzing multicomponent samples like biofluids by using NMR spectroscopy.     

Systematic parametric investigation on the CVD process of polysiloxane nano- and microstructures

Amorphous polysiloxane nano- and microstructures with different shapes can be synthesized from trifunctional organosilane precursors. In the present study, various polysiloxane nano- and microstructures have been produced via a chemical vapor deposition process using ethyltrichlorosilane as precursor. The structure formation and shape are the result of a delicate interplay between temperature, absolute amount of water, and relative humidity. The impact of these reaction parameters during a chemical vapor deposition process has been examined. Experiments have been performed to find a correlation between the reaction conditions and the final shape. Scanning electron microscopy data show that different structures like polysiloxane microrings, microrods, sprouts, nanofilaments, and mixtures of them can be synthesized depending on the reaction conditions. Furthermore, the in-depth comparison of the nanofilament diameters illustrates the dominating influence of relative humidity on structure formation. There is a general trend that at a higher value of relative humidity, structures with a larger diameter are formed independent from the temperature. Here, we clearly differentiate between relative humidity as major and absolute amount of water and temperature as minor important adjusting screws defining the thickness and shape of the resulting nano- and microstructures. Based on these observations, we proof the mechanism of the initial step of structure formation. It is shown that nano- and micro-sized water droplets formed on the substrate surface are likely to act as starting points for structure formation. All results described here strongly confirm the recently published droplet assisted growth and shaping mechanism.     

Concealable strain sensing method for art preservation

A novel method to measure strain without mediation of stress has been developed to assess relative displacements in art objects responding to environmental fluctuations. The method uses a chip with a variable resistor composed of a Giant Magnetic Resistance (GMR) material. In a case study, the dimensional changes of wooden test vehicles subjected to sudden humidity changes at constant temperature inside a controlled environmental chamber were measured. Furthermore, an optimized sensor deployment and converging algorithm to increase the accuracy of the measurements was developed and applied.     

核磁共振实验中氢核化学位移的相对测量

用简单核磁共振实验装置减少磁场飘移后测量水和三氟乙酸中氢核的核磁共振频率的差异，从中推算出它们的相对化学位移。     

Study of molecular dynamics and cross relaxation in tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (CH(3))(4)NPF(6) by (1)H and (19)F NMR

(CH(3))(4)NPF(6) is studied by NMR measurements to understand the internal motions and cross relaxation mechanism between the heterogeneous nuclei. The spin lattice relaxation times (T(1)) are measured for (1)H and (19)F nuclei, at three (11.4, 16.1 and 21.34 MHz) Larmor frequencies in the temperature range 350-50K and (1)H NMR second moment measurements at 7 MHz in the temperature range 300-100K employing home made pulsed and wide-line NMR spectrometers. (1)H NMR results are attributed to the simultaneous reorientations of both methyl and tetramethylammonium groups and motional parameters are evaluated. (19)F NMR results are attributed to cross relaxation between proton and fluorine and motional parameters for the PF(6) group reorientation are evaluated.     

核磁共振研究木材吸着过程中水分吸附机理

核磁共振方法以质子(H)为探针,为研究木材与水分的关系提供了一个新的视角. 该文通过研究杨木在32 ℃恒温、相对湿度为98%恒湿环境下杨木吸着过程中质子的自旋-自旋弛豫时间T₂的变化,进而来分析木材吸着过程中水分的分布与迁移特性. 探测木材吸着过程中水分的迁移行为,为解释木材与水分的关系提供了一个有力的理论依据,同时从微观层面揭示木材吸着过程中水分的吸附机理,其水分吸附机理同样适用于食品等领域. 实验结果证实核磁共振是揭示木材与水分的复杂关系的一个有效的手段.     

低温圆截面直肋结霜工况下的传热研究

通过对低温圆截面直肋在自然对流下的结霜研究,得出肋片在低温下的结霜特点和传热特性。空气相对湿度对结霜起主导作用,同一空气相对湿度下,霜层主要参数都在相仿的数值范围内变化。肋基温度对霜层生长的影响较小,但仍存在一种随着肋基温度的降低,结霜厚度随之增加的微弱趋势。随着空气相对湿度的增加,霜层厚度增大,但通过霜层的热通量和传热比反而增大,霜层物性对霜层的传热起决定性影响。     

Parameter optimization of excited OH radical in multi-needle to plate negative DC corona discharge

In this paper, the emission spectra of OH radical (A²Σ⁺→X²Π, 0-0) were successfully measured by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) in multi-needle to plate negative DC corona discharge at atmospheric pressure in humid ambient air. The influences of discharge power, distance between needlepoint and plate, and relative humidity on production and productive rate of OH radical have been investigated. The optimized parameters of excited OH radical under present experimental conditions were obtained from the analysis of experimental results.     

探空湿度测量太阳辐射误差修正流体动力学研究

针对太阳辐射加热导致的误差显著限制了相对湿度测量的准确度,提出一种新颖的相对湿度误差修正方法—–基于流体动力学的数值分析法.在流体-固体耦合传热数值模拟分析中考虑探空湿度传感器的外部热环境情况,施加对流-太阳辐射耦合热边界条件,建立了地面到32 km高空不同气压和温度条件下探空湿度传感器的温度误差分析模型.结合Goff-Gratch饱和水汽压逼近公式,进而提出了相应的相对湿度误差流体动力学数值分析模型,并且着重研究了太阳辐射方向、传感器尺寸、反射率和衬底材料热导率等物理参数对相对湿度误差的影响.分析数值仿真结果表明:随着海拨的升高,其与太阳辐射加热引起的相对湿度误差之间存在非线性的单调递增关系;太阳辐射方向对于湿度测量精度的影响显著,当太阳辐射方向垂直于传感器正面时误差最大、传感器顶部时次之、侧面时误差最小;虽然通过减小探空湿度传感器的尺寸、降低衬底材料的热导率以及提高反射率均可以一定程度地降低太阳辐射加热引起的相对湿度误差,但是在低气压高空条件下,太阳辐射加热误差对于湿度准确性的影响仍然十分明显,需加以修正.与实验结果对比表明,基于流体动力学模拟仿真的相对湿度误差数值分析法为辐射误差修正提供了一种新的途径.     

材料表面之间黏附过程分析

对两材料表面黏附过程进行了理论分析，得出了跳触距离的计算公式，发现跳触距离与试样的几何尺寸和系统的刚度有关，而且也受到相对湿度的影响. 利用单峰接触模型和幂律流体的本构方程，对材料表面吸附的水膜进行了动力学分析，改进了描述拉开力和停留时间关系的方程. 并利用自制的黏附力测试装置对跳触力和拉开力进行了测试和分析. 关键词： 黏附 范德华力 相对湿度 水膜     

渤海J油田储层核磁共振测井孔隙度影响因素分析及校正

渤海J油田沙河街组储层核磁共振（NMR）测井孔隙度和岩心NMR孔隙度均低于岩心氦孔隙度,这种现象影响了NMR测井的应用效果．通过开展岩心NMR实验,对该研究区仪器采集参数、井眼环境以及储层流体性质等因素进行分析,发现造成储层NMR测井孔隙度偏低的主要原因是高矿化度泥浆滤液侵入．基于饱和不同矿化度盐水对T₂谱的影响规律,确定了需要对T₂谱进行形态校正的矿化度下限值,并建立了对应不同矿化度的T₂谱形态校正模型及NMR孔隙度校正方法．应用结果表明,校正后的NMR测井孔隙度与岩心氦孔隙度的平均相对误差从13.56%下降至2.81%,有效提高了NMR测井孔隙度的精度．