双核系统核子交换势能面

实验证实,用重离子碰撞合成超重原子核时,准裂变对熔合的抑制是非常重要的.碰撞中双核系统间核子转移所形成的势能面称之为驱动势,它制约核子转移,因而决定熔合与准裂变的竞争.双核系统势能面还提供重离子碰撞合成超重原子核的最佳激发能和最佳弹靶组合的信息.     

超重核合成时的驱动势与热熔合反应截面

在双核模型框架下,双核系统生成超重复合核的机理是由双核中的弹核的核子全部转移到靶核产生的,而核子转移是由双核系统驱动势确定的.对有的反应道,核子转移与中质比变化路径之间有比较复杂的关系.原则上动力学方程与驱动势都应该是中子和质子的二维显函数.为处理方便,采用与中质比相关的核子转移路径的选择来取驱动势,得到了接近实验值的超重核合成蒸发剩余截面. 关键词： 超重核 熔合反应 驱动势 激发函数     

重离子熔合反应系统中的准裂变(英文)

在重离子熔合反应中,准裂变与熔合过程之间相互竞争。在双核模型中,常常在主方程中加入Kramers公式来描述准裂变。但只有当准裂变位垒足够高时,该公式才能成立。在本工作中,把弹靶核的间距作为独立的动力学变量,通过求解主方程来自洽地同时描述双核模型向全熔合和准裂变过程的演化,因此检验了Kramers 公式的适用条件。此外,在重离子熔合反应过程中,把动力学形变的演化和核子的转移过程都看成是耗散过程,在系统的势能面的约束下,同时求解含有动力学形变参量和质量不对称度参量的一系列主方程。研究显示了动力学形变对准裂变质量分布的直接影响,得到了与实验观测值符合得很好的计算结果。In heavy ion fusion reactions, the quasifission(QF) is competing with fusion, and which is often described by incorporating the Kramers formula(KRA-F) into the master equation(ME) within the Di-Nuclear System(DNS) model. However the KRA-F works well only if the QF barrier is high enough. Presently by takingthe relative distance of nuclei as an independent dynamical variable, the evolution of the DNS towards fusion and QF are both treated as a diffusion process in a consistent way by solving MEs. The validity of the KRA-F is thuschecked. Furthermore, the dynamical deformation and the nucleon transfer in heavy ion fusion reaction process are viewed simultaneously as a diffusion process, and are treated by solving a set of MEs with the variables of thequadrupole deformation of each nucleus and the mass asymmetry variable in the potential energy surface(PES) of the system. The distinct influence of the dynamical deformation on the QF mass yield distribution is discussed,and the experimental observations can be well reproduced by the calculation.     

超重核合成理论模型简介

介绍并讨论了研究超重核合成的主要理论模型以及近年来在研究重核熔合机制和超重核合成理论模型方面的进展。 The theoretical models for investigating the fusion mechanism of heavy nucleus collisions and calculating the formation cross sections of superheavy nuclei have been introduced. The recent development and the present status for understanding the fusion mechanism of heavy nucleus collisions have been discussed.     

重离子碰撞中超重核的形成机制(英文)

在双核模型框架下,用数值解主方程方法计算了超重核的熔合几率。 明确描述了包含能量、角动量和碎片形变弛豫的相对运动,并与核子扩散过程相耦合。因此,用微观方法推导出的核子跃迁几率是与时间相关的。所计算的以Pb为靶的冷熔合超重核形成截面和以48Ca为弹核的热熔合超重核形成激发函数与已知的实验值在合理的范围内符合。In the dinuclear system conception, the master equation is solved numerically to calculate the fusion probabilities of super heavy nuclei. The relative motion concerning the energy, the angular momentum and the fragment deformation relaxations is explicitly treated to couple with the diffusion process. The nucleon transition probabilities, which are derived microscopically, are related with the energy dissipation of the relative motion, thus they are time dependent. The formation cross sections of the super heavy nuclei from Pb based cold fusion and excitation functions from 48Ca induced hot fusion are reasonably consistent with known experimental data.     

重离子反应中质子与中子转移对超重元素合成的影响

研究了采用类弹碎片质量数为变量的一维(1D)主方程(ME)描述重离子熔合反应时的受限制条件, 建立了以类弹碎片中子和质子数为独立变量的二维(2D) ME, 并采用分步差分格式法数值解(2D) ME得到了熔合几率。 新的方法适用于研究任何弹靶组合系统, 给出了与实验符合更好的结果, 为寻求合成超重核的反应道提供了更为宽阔的选择空间。 同时也研究了弹靶的不同同位旋组合对复合核形成截面的影响。 The limitation of the one dimensional master equation with the mass number of project like fragment as the variable is discussed. A two dimensional master equation with neutron and proton numbers of the project like fragment as variables is set up, and solved numerically by means of a two step difference scheme to obtain fusion probability. The new equation is suitable for studying fusion reactions with any projectile target combination, and can better fit the experimental data, so that it can provide a large probability to choose the reaction system for synthesizing a certain superheavy nucleus. The influence of projectile target combinations with different isospins on the cross sections of compound nuclei is studied.     

重离子熔合反应与双核模型

简单介绍了兰州-北京-吉森合作组对合成超重核的重离子反应进行的初步研究。研究的重点是熔合阶段的反应机制。在原有双核模型的基础上做了一些改进,把耗散相对运动过程与核子转移过程耦合起来,从更微观的角度来描写双核系统向全熔合复合核的演化。在双核过程中的每一步求解主方程,不对驱动势做谐振子近似。同时,还探讨了原子核形变与相对取向对驱动势的影响,存活几率与复合核蒸发中子的奇偶效应,以及入射道中原子核非弹性激发对俘获截面的影响等。In recent years, the Lanzou-Beijing-Giessen collaboration has studied the heavy ion reactions which are lead to the formation of super-heavy nuclei. The study emphases the mechanism of the fusion stage of the reactions. Based on the so called Di-nuclear System Model, some improvements have been made. The main points are the coupling of the dissipation of relative motion energy, angular momentum with nucleon transfer, and solving the Master equation in every step of the nucleon transfer with exact driving potentials, in order to describe the evolution of the system more microscopically. At the same time, we also discussed the effects of nuclear deformation and their relative orientation on the driving potentials, and studied the survive probability of the compound nuclei and its old-even effects, as well as the influence of inelastic excitations of nuclei in entrance channels to the capture cross sections.     

核破裂中的激发能的作用

在晶格气体模型的框架中研究了¹²⁹Xe系统在破裂过程中的热力学性质和轻粒子发射性质随核温度和系统的冻结密度的变化规律.计算发现在不同的冻结密度下,¹²⁹Xe破裂过程的物理观测量呈现了不同的温度相关性.在这种情况下,核物质液气相变发生时的临界温度强烈地依赖于系统的冻结密度.当激发能代替温度作为一个自变量时,临界激发能将不再灵敏地依赖于系统的冻结密度.除此之外,由于不同冻结密度而引起的不同粒子发射产额的温度相关性,也随着激发能的应用,出现了几乎一致的激发能依赖性.从这些结果中可以认为,激发能可以作为一个控制核破裂的基本物理量和标度量.     

与核密度及温度相关的核子相对论微观光学势

在Walecka模型、热场动力学和相对论Dirac-Bruckner-Hartree-Fock计算结果基础上,研究了在不同核密度和各种温度情况下的核子相对论微观光学势及其相应的薛定谔等效势和平均自由程,计算结果表明,对于不同的温度,核子的薛定谔等效势与平均自由程随核密度变化较为敏感,而核温度对核子的薛定谔等效势和平均自由程的影响随着核密度的增加变大.     

35MeV/u 40Ar+197Au反应中复合核的激发能与温度

利用大面积位置灵敏气体探测器对35MeV/u ⁴⁰Ar+¹⁹⁷Au反应中形成的裂片进行了符合测量,由此得到了裂变复合核的速度分布.在大质量转移假设下扣除前平衡发射粒子的影响,得到复合核的激发能.另外利用望远镜探测器对反应中出射的轻带电粒子也进行了符合测量,并由后角α,p,d,t的能谱提取了复合核的温度.温度与激发能的关系没有表现出理论预言的相变特征.     

基于双核模型的粒子交换势能面与熔合几率的研究(英文)

研究了基于双核模型的粒子交换势能面.原子核的形变效应对于势能面的形状有较大的影响.在反应过程中,作为反应时间函数的动态形变的变化是显著的.通过求解主方程,对一些基于冷熔合机制的反应道的全熔合几率也进行了讨论. The Potential Energy Surface (PES) for particle exchange in Di nuclear system is studied in detail. It is found that the nuclear deformation effect can change the shape of PES significantly. The dynamical deformation as a function of the reaction time in the reaction process is investigated in a simple model and we found that its variation with time is dramatic. The fusion probabilities P-CN of some reaction channels based on the mechanism of cold fusion are also calculated.     

Electronic Excitation Energy Transfer between Different Types of Dye Molecules in a Porous Glass Matrix

The processes of electronic excitation energy transfer (EEET) between different types of dye molecules inserted into the matrix of a porous glass have been investigated. An extreme character of the dependence of the EEET efficiency on the size of pores has been revealed. The dependence of the fractal dimensionality of the distribution of dye molecules on the sizes of the pores has been determined. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 446–449, July–August, 2005.     

Effects of Isospin on Pre-scission Particle Multiplicity of Heavy Systems and Its Excitation Energy Dependence

Isospin effects on particle emission of fissioning isobaric sources ²⁰²Fr, ²⁰²Po, ²⁰²Tl and isotopic sources ^189,202,212Po, and its dependence on the excitation energy are studied via Smoluchowski equations. It is shown that with increasing the isospin of fissioning systems, charged-particle emission is not sensitive to the strength of nuclear dissipation. In addition, we have found that increasing the excitation energy not only increases the influence of nuclear dissipation on particle emission but also greatly enhances the sensitivity of the emission of pre-scission neutrons or charged particles to the isospin of the system. Therefore, in order to extract dissipation strength more accurately by taking light particle multiplicities it is important to choose both a highly excited compound nucleus and a proper kind of particles for systems with different isospins.     

On the Energy Growth of Some Periodically Driven Quantum Systems with Shrinking Gaps in the Spectrum

We consider quantum Hamiltonians of the form H(t)=H+V(t) where the spectrum of H is semibounded and discrete, and the eigenvalues behave as E _n ∼n ^α , with 0<α<1. In particular, the gaps between successive eigenvalues decay as n ^α−1. V(t) is supposed to be periodic, bounded, continuously differentiable in the strong sense and such that the matrix entries with respect to the spectral decomposition of H obey the estimate ‖V(t) _m,n ‖≤ε|m−n|^−p max {m,n}^−2γ for m≠n, where ε>0, p≥1 and γ=(1−α)/2. We show that the energy diffusion exponent can be arbitrarily small provided p is sufficiently large and ε is small enough. More precisely, for any initial condition Ψ∈Dom(H ^1/2), the diffusion of energy is bounded from above as 〈H〉 _Ψ (t)=O(t ^σ ), where . As an application we consider the Hamiltonian H(t)=|p| ^α +ε v(θ,t) on L ²(S ¹,dθ) which was discussed earlier in the literature by Howland.     

Stability of Driven Systems with Growing Gaps, Quantum Rings, and Wannier Ladders

We consider a quantum particle in a periodic structure submitted to a constant external electromotive force. The periodic background is given by a smooth potential plus singular point interactions and has the property that the gaps between its bands are growing with the band index. We prove that the spectrum is pure point—i.e., trajectories of wave packets lie in compact sets in Hilbert space—if the Bloch frequency is nonresonant with the frequency of the system and satisfies a Diophantine-type estimate, or if it is resonant. Furthermore, we show that the KAM method employed in the nonresonant case produces uniform bounds on the growth of energy for driven systems.     

多原子半无限晶体中极化子的激发能量

研究多原子半无限晶体中电子与表面光学SO声子和体纵光学LO声子强耦合的极化子的激发态的性质。采用线性组合算符和幺正变换方法导出强耦合情形下极化子的基态能量、第一内部激发态能量和激发能量。结果表明,多原子半无限晶体中强耦合极化子的基态能量、第一内部激发态能量和激发能量不仅包含不同支LO声子和不同支SO声子与电子耦合的能量,而且还包含不同支LO声子之间和不同支SO声子之间相互作用贡献的附加能量。     

Sustainability of Environment‐Assisted Energy Transfer in Quantum Photobiological Complexes

It is shown that quantum sustainability is a universal phenomenon which emerges during environment‐assisted electronic excitation energy transfer (EET) in photobiological complexes (PBCs), such as photosynthetic reaction centers and centers of melanogenesis. We demonstrate that quantum photobiological systems must be sustainable for them to simultaneously endure continuous energy transfer and keep their internal structure from destruction or critical instability. These quantum effects occur due to the interaction of PBCs with their environment which can be described by means of the reduced density operator and effective non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian (NH). Sustainable NH models of EET predict the coherence beats, followed by the decrease of coherence down to a small, yet non‐zero value. This indicates that in sustainable PBCs, quantum effects survive on a much larger time scale than the energy relaxation of an exciton. We show that sustainable evolution significantly lowers the entropy of PBCs and improves the speed and capacity of EET.