水合氧化锆的晶化方式对Pt/WO3-ZrO2异构化活性的影响

 采用不同方法制备了一系列具有一定晶相结构的水合 ZrO2, 考察了制备方法对水合 ZrO2 晶化方式及 Pt/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂催化正己烷异构化活性的影响. 采用 X射线衍射, Raman 光谱和 NH3-程序升温脱附对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 水合 ZrO2 的晶化方式与制备时氧气的存在与否有关, 也大大影响了催化剂的异构化活性. 以无氧条件下制备的水合 ZrO2 为载体时, Pt/WO3-ZrO2 催化剂具有较高的异构化活性, 而以在空气气氛中制得的水合 ZrO2 为载体时, Pt/WO3-ZrO2 几乎无异构化活性.     

Pt/Al2O3/WO3/ZrO2催化剂对正己烷异构化反应的催化性能

 通过浸渍法制备了系列Pt/Al2O3/WO3/ZrO2催化剂样品,采用X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱和程序升温还原等方法表征了催化剂的结构、表面酸性和氧化还原性能,考察了不同反应条件下催化剂对正己烷异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表明, Pt的加入显著改变了WO3/ZrO2载体的氧化还原性,并使催化剂由单一的酸中心催化变成由酸中心与金属中心共同催化; Al2O3的加入增强了WO3与ZrO2之间的相互作用,增加了催化剂的Lewis酸位. 在n(H2)/n(n-C6H14)=1.5, WHSV=0.7 h-1, m(cat)=2.0 g, p=1.0 MPa, θ=220 ℃和t=3 h的反应条件下, Pt/Al2O3/WO3/ZrO2催化剂上正己烷的转化率和2,2-二甲基丁烷的选择性分别达到84.9%和22.9%,裂解反应产物的收率低于1.5%. 经 1000 h的寿命试验,催化剂没有出现失活.     

Ga2O3对Pt/WO3/ZrO2催化剂上正庚烷异构化反应的促进作用

考察了Ga2O3掺杂的Pt/WO3/ZrO2(Pt/WGZ)催化剂在200℃时正庚烷临氢异构化反应性能.结果表明,少量Ga2O3的加入能显著提高Pt/WGZ的催化活性,异构化选择性也有所增加,这是由于B酸位增加和B酸/L酸比的改变而引起的.Pt/WGZ催化剂连续反应80 h,正庚烷转化率和异构化选择性分别稳定在76%和94%.     

Al2O3／WO3／ZrO2固体强酸催化剂对正丁烷异构化的催化性能

 通过沉淀、回流、浸渍和焙烧等步骤制备了Al2O3／WO3／ZrO2固体强酸催化剂．采用XRD，N2吸附，UV－Vis光谱，NH3－TPD和H2－TPR等技术测定了Al2O3对WO3／ZrO2催化剂的结构、表面酸性、氧化还原性及正丁烷异构化反应性能的影响．结果表明，在WO3／ZrO2中引入适量的Al2O3对其表面酸强度及酸量无显著影响，但可使催化剂中的ZrO2组分以稳定的四方相形式存在，并能有效地抑制催化剂中WO3的聚集长大，从而提高催化剂的稳定性和正丁烷异构化的转化率和选择性．添加铂于Al2O3／WO3／ZrO2中可进一步提高其催化性能．还考察了催化剂的焙烧温度、Al含量、反应温度和反应气氛对正丁烷异构化反应的影响．     

Re/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2催化剂对正己烷异构化反应的催化性能

通过浸渍法制备了系列Re/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO|2(ReGWZ)催化剂,采用X射线衍射、氢气程序升温还原和氨气程序升温脱附等方法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了该催化剂催化正己烷异构化反应性能.结果表明,Re的引入改变了催化剂的氧化还原性能和酸中心分布,且使催化剂由单一的酸中心催化变成由酸中心与金属中心共同催化,因而正己烷异构化率和2,2-二甲基丁烷选择性显著增加.在195℃,1.0MPa,LHSV=1.0h-1和n(H2)/n(C6)=2.0的反应条件下,1.0Re/1.0GWZ催化剂上正己烷转化率、异己烷选择性和2,2-二甲基丁烷选择性分别达到84.8%,97.7%和20%,裂解产物(C5-)选择性为2.1%.150h的稳定性实验表明该催化剂性能稳定.     

固体强酸催化剂Pd/WO3-ZrO2的制备及其对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能

 采用共沉淀方法制备了固体酸载体WO3-ZrO2,考察了W含量和焙烧温度等对WO3-ZrO2酸性和物相结构的影响,并且考察了Pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂对正庚烷异构化反应的催化性能. 结果表明,Pd/WO3-ZrO2催化剂的催化性能与固体强酸的W含量及晶相结构密切相关. 在w(W)=13.2%～15.8%时,经700～800 ℃焙烧,WO3在ZrO2表面达到单层分散,且大部分ZrO2以四方晶相存在,所制备的0.5%Pd/WO3-ZrO2对正庚烷异构化反应的催化活性可达到70.4%,选择性可达到81.0%.     

水滑石焙烧产物Mg（Al）O为载体的Pt催化剂的正己烷临氢反应性能

制备了以水滑石焙烧产物－Ｍｇ－Ａｌ复合氧化物为载体的Ｐｔ催化剂，并考察了它在氢存在下的烃类转化反应性能，表明此类催化剂具有比一般的Ｐｔ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３更好的正己烷脱氢环化和异构化反应活性和选择性，更低的氢解反应活性。分别制备了以Ｈ２ＰｔＣｌ６、Ｐｔ（ＮＨ３）４（ＯＨ）２和Ｐｔ（ＮＨ３）４Ｃｌ２为浸渍剂的催化剂，其中以用Ｐｔ（ＮＨ３）４Ｃｌ２和Ｐｔ（ＮＨ３）４（ＯＨ）２制备的催化剂的脱氢环化反应和异构化     

正己烷在Pt-Ce促进的氧化硅担载的杂多酸金属氧酸盐上的异构化

制备了用于正己烷临氢异构化的氧化硅担载的Keggin型杂多酸和还原态Pt-Ce氧化物催化剂.这些混合氧化物催化剂或单独使用,或与氧化硅担载的杂多酸催化剂一起使用.用X射线衍射、傅里叶变换红外光谱、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱、热重和N2物理吸附等方法表征在氧化、还原态和催化实验后的催化剂状态.本文的目的是在最佳反应条件(反应温度、还原温度和流量等)下,筛选出具有最好异构化收率的催化剂.结果表明,还原氧化物的存在不但有利于消除积炭,而且在反应期间能有效地维持氧化硅担载杂多酸的结构.从这些催化剂样品中,可以找到具有更好异构化活性和选择性的催化剂.     

苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2和Pd/Al2O3/WO2/ZrO2催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响

研究了苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2(PtGWZ)和Pd/Al2O3/WO3/ZrO2(PdAWZ)催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响.结果表明,苯可影响PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应性能,苯含量越高影响越显著.与PdAWZ相比较,苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的影响相对较小;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响是可逆的,撤除苯后PtGWZ对正己烷异构化的催化性能可完全恢复;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的稳定性没有影响.苯对PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响足不可逆的,PdAWZ用于含苯正己烷异构化反应催化剂会逐渐失活.热失重法积炭分析结果表明,相同条件下,含苯正己烷异构化反应后,PtGWZ上的积炭量较PdAWZ上的积炭量少.分析讨论了苯对PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应影响差异性的原因.     

苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2 和Pd/Al2O3/ WO3/ZrO2催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响

研究了苯对Pt/Ga2O3/WO3/ZrO2 (PtGWZ)和Pd/Al2O3/ WO3/ZrO2(PdAWZ)催化剂上正己烷异构化反应的影响。结果表明,苯可影响PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应性能,苯含量越高影响越显著。与PdAWZ相比较,苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的影响相对较小;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响是可逆的,撤除苯后PtGWZ对正己烷异构化的催化性能可完全恢复;苯对PtGWZ上正己烷异构化反应的稳定性没有影响。苯对PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应活性的影响是不可逆的,PdAWZ用于含苯正己烷异构化反应催化剂会逐渐失活。热失重法积炭分析结果表明,相同条件下,含苯正己烷异构化反应后,PtGWZ上的积炭量较PdAWZ上的积炭量少。分析讨论了苯对PtGWZ和PdAWZ上正己烷异构化反应影响差异性的原因。     

n-Hexane Isomerization by Pt/WO3-ZrO2 Using Hydrothermally Synthesized Hydrous Zirconia as Support

A series of hydrous zirconia samples were prepared by the hydrothermal method, and the Pt/WO₃-ZrO₂ catalyst was prepared by impregnation. The effects of hydrothermal temperature of Zr(OH)₄ on the isomerization activity of the catalyst was investigated. The crystalline structure, acidity, and reduction properties of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction, NH₃ temperature-programmed desorption, and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction, respectively. The results indicated that the crystalline structure of hydrous zirconia and the catalyst varied with the hydrothermal temperature, and the increase of hydrothermal temperature reduced the fraction of tetragonal zirconia. Strong acid sites on the catalyst and the isomerization activity increased with the crystallization of Zr(OH)₄. It was proposed that the higher isomerization activity may be related to the existence of large numbers of strong acid sites.     

以水热法合成的ZrO_2负载Au催化剂上的低温水煤气变换反应

采用一种简便的水热法合成了一系列ZrO2,并采用沉积-沉淀法制得相应1.0%Au/ZrO2催化剂,在模拟甲醇重整气气氛下评价了它们的低温水煤气变换(WGS)反应催化性能.结果发现,于150oC水热合成的ZrO2负载的Au催化剂活性最佳,240oC反应时CO转化率达87%,明显高于相同反应条件下Au负载量较高的Au/Fe2O3,Au/CeO2及Au/CeZrO4催化剂.采用X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、N2物理吸脱附及扫描电子显微镜等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,Au/ZrO2催化剂的总孔体积及平均孔径越大、圆形片状形貌越规整,其低温WGS催化活性就越高.     

Pt/WO_3/ZrO_2催化甘油选择性脱羟基制1,3-丙二醇反应的溶剂效应

 考察了不同溶剂中 Pt/WO3/ZrO2 催化剂催化甘油加氢制 1,3-丙二醇的反应性能. 结果表明, 质子溶剂乙醇和水有利于甘油转化为 1,3-丙二醇. 含有乙醇或水的二元混合溶剂表现出明显的溶剂组分协同效应, 使用混合溶剂时 1,3-丙二醇选择性超过使用单一溶剂, 而且混合溶剂的组成对反应性能影响很大.     

Study of Hydrogen Adsorption on Pt/WO3-ZrO2 through Pt Sites

The rate determining step and the energy barrier involved in hydrogen adsorption on Pt/WO_3- ZrO_2 were studied based on the assumption that the hydrogen adsorption occurs only through Pt sites. The rate of hydrogen adsorption on Pt/WO_3-ZrO_2 was measured in the adsorption temperature range of 323-573 K and an initial hydrogen pressure of 50 Torr.The rates of hydrogen uptake were very high for the initial few minutes and the adsorption continued for more than 5 h below 523 K.The hydrogen uptake far exceeded the H/Pt ratio of unity for all adsorption temperatures,indicating that the adsorption of hydrogen involved the dissociative adsorption of hydrogen on Pt sites to form hydrogen atoms,the spillover of hydrogen atoms onto the surface of the WO_3-ZrO2 catalyst,the diffusion of spiltover hydrogen atom over the surface of the WO_3-ZrO_2 catalyst,and the formation of protonic acid site originated from hydrogen atom by releasing an electron in which the electron may react with a second hydrogen atom to form a hydride near the Lewis acid site.The rate determining step was the spillover with the activation energy of 12.3 kJ/mol.The rate of hydrogen adsorption cannot be expressed by the rate equation based on the assumption that the rate determining step is the surface diffusion.The activity of Pt/WO_3-ZrO_2 was examined on n-heptane isomerization in which the increase of hydrogen partial pressure provided positive-effect on the conversion of n-heptane and negative-effect on the selectivity towards iso-heptane.     

Isomerization of n-Hexane over Chlorinated Pt/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts

Chlorided 0.57 wt. % Pt/γ-Al₂O₃ is a moderately active and highly selective catalyst for the isomerization of n-hexane at 300 °C when an excess of H₂ is present. Chlorine, which is continuously lost from the catalyst, may be replaced by adding a small amount of chloroform to the reactant stream. The catalyst exhibits activity and high isomerization selectivity even at 150 °C. Under the conditions of these lower temperature experiments, the equilibrium concentration of C₆ alkenes would be only 8 × 10^?7 Torr. This suggests that the classical mechanism, which involves the formation of n-hexene on the Pt, is not applicable. Rather, it is proposed that isomerization of the alkane occurs at acid sites on the catalyst, and the role of Pt is to catalyze the hydrogenation of any alkenes that might be formed as a result of cracking reactions. At temperatures ≤ 300 °C Brönsted acid sites are present in the catalyst, and presumably are responsible for the isomerization and cracking activity, but at higher temperatures Lewis acid sites play a dominant role.     

Control Preparation of Sulfated Zirconia by Sol-Gel Process: Impact on Catalytic Performances During n-Hexane Isomerization

Sulfated zirconia catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method using CH₃COOH as in situ water source to control hydrolysis of alkoxide, and following two sulfation procedures. The samples were characterized by N₂ adsorption, XRD, chemical analysis, and the activity for isomerization of n-hexane was assessed. It was found that sulfation procedure and the amount of acetic acid added exert a great influence on the catalysts properties. Mixture of sulfuric acid with zirconium propoxide before addition of acetic acid allows the retention of a larger amount of sulfur after calcination and enhances catalytic performances of sulfated zirconia. The use of CH₃COOH reduces the rate of hydrolysis, and improves considerably acidic and catalytic properties.