Theoretical Study on Intramolecular Proton Transfer of Perylenequinonoid Derivatives

In the past two decades, perylenequinonoid derivatives (PQD), such as hypocrellin A (HA), hypocrellin B (HB) and hypericin (HYP) have attracted considerable attention owing to their excellent properties of photosensitization and great advantages over the investigation of intramolecular proton transfer (IPT)1-5. Previous researches demonstrated that IPT both in the ground state and excited states exists in PQD and is critical for PQD to reserve their photosensitive activity3,6. Altho…     

含不同质子供体的2-苯基苯并三唑衍生物激发态质子转移的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)和二级微扰理论(MP2)研究了带不同质子供体的2-苯基苯并三唑衍生物: 2-(2-羟苯基)苯并三唑(H-TIN), 2-(2-氨苯基)苯并三唑(APyBT)和2-(2-巯苯基)苯并三唑(MPyBT)的激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)性质以及它们作为紫外光吸收剂的光物理机制. 结果表明, 在基态时三个化合物的最稳定异构体是均存在分子内氢键的正常构型N, 而互变异构体T和其扭曲构型T_twisted都是不稳定的. 激发态势能曲线表明H-TIN和APyBT的ESIPT分别需要克服约7.06和20.7 kJ/mol的能垒, 而MPyBT的ESIPT无需能垒|同时结合分子轨道, 电荷差分密度三维立体图的分析结果表明三个化合物都能发生ESIPT, 并且伴随有扭曲分子内电荷转移, 这些原因均表明它们都具有好的紫外光稳定作用.     

A Spectroscopic Study on Ground- and Excited-State Proton Transfer Reactions of Coumarin Derivatives

Interaction of Coumarin 1, its 3-aldehyde derivative, and biscoumarin with solvents of varying acidity (water and ethanol with an alkali or acid admixture) was studied by following changes in their absorption and luminescence properties. The reasons for weak emission ability of neutral ethanolic solutions of 3-substituted derivatives of Coumarin 1 were revealed.     

分子形貌所指示的羟基卡宾及其衍生物的质子转移反应

分子形貌(Molecular face, MF)定义分子的内禀电子转折边界面,同时在其上计算并描绘出前沿电子密度(MFED). MF不仅能显示分子的形状和大小,还能够指示分子的化学反应性.应用M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p)理论方法,对单线态和三线态羟基卡宾分子及其衍生物的质子化反应进行研究并计算了这些反应的活化能.结果表明,吸电性和供电性较强的取代基,均使单线态反应活化能增大,只有吸电性较强的─CN才能使三线态反应活化能增大.应用分子形貌理论研究了上述反应,不仅展示出分子的形貌变化、与反应位点的关联,以及有关物理量的变化倾向,而且还定量地显示出,单线态羟基卡宾及其衍生物分子边界面上前沿电子密度极大值与极小值的差值,与其质子转移反应的活化能之间存在线性相关.     

生色团连接的苯骈三氮唑衍生物的激发态分子内质子转移

用从头算和密度泛函理论研究了对硝基二苯乙烯作为生色团连接的2-(2-羟基-苯基)-苯骈三氮唑的衍生物2-羟基-5-[对硝基-二苯乙烯基-氧亚甲基]-苯基-(2H-苯骈三氮唑)(C1)和4′-硝基-3,4-二[2-羟基-(2H-苯骈三氮唑)-苄氧基]-二苯乙烯(C2)发生激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)的可能性.系统研究了C1和C2发生ESIPT的互变异构体的基态与激发态的性质变化,包括相关的键长、键角等结构参数,Mulliken电荷和偶极矩,前线轨道以及势能曲线.计算结果表明,对于C1来讲,酮式(keto)的基态(K)不存在稳定结构,因此发生基态分子内质子转移(GSIPT)可能性很小.酮式的激发态(K*)的氢键强度要远强于烯醇式(enol)的激发态(E*)的氢键强度.分子在光致激发后,质子供体所带负电荷减小而质子受体所带负电荷增加.在K*,HOMO→LUMO的电子跃迁导致电子密度从"酚环"向质子化杂环转移.E*→K*跃迁只需要克服较小的能垒(约41 kJ.mol-1).计算结果表明C1发生ESIPT的可能性很大.C2由于具有高能量,其具有基态的单质子转移特征的异构体EK(同时含烯醇E与酮K结构)、具有基态的双质子转移特征的异构体2K(含有双酮结构),以及具有双酮结构特征的激发态2K*均无法获得它们的稳定结构,因此,基态分子内单或双质子转移和激发态分子内双重质子转移发生的可能性极小.然而,由于双烯醇式的激发态(2E*)和EK的激发态(EK*)存在稳定结构,且2E*→EK*跃迁具有低能垒,因此C2有可能发生激发态分子内单重质子转移.本文进一步计算了两个分子的紫外-可见吸收光谱与荧光发射光谱,获得了具有较大斯托克位移的ESIPT的荧光发射峰.     

Novel Quinolone Derivatives: Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - Novel quinolone derivatives have been designed and readily synthesized according to a simple protocol including O-alkylation and Claisen rearrangement...     

Easy-To-Access Quinolone Derivatives Exhibiting Antibacterial and Anti-Parasitic Activities

The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has a unique structural organisation, comprising a high lipid content mixed with polysaccharides. This makes cell wall a formidable barrier impermeable to hydrophilic agents. In addition, during host infection, Mtb resides in macrophages within avascular necrotic granulomas and cavities, which shield the bacterium from the action of most antibiotics. To overcome these protective barriers, a new class of anti-TB agents exhibiting lipophilic character have been recommended by various reports in literature. Herein, a series of lipophilic heterocyclic quinolone compounds was synthesised and evaluated in vitro against pMSp12::GFP strain of Mtb, two protozoan parasites (Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei brucei) and against ESKAPE pathogens. The resultant compounds exhibited varied anti-Mtb activity with MIC₉₀ values in the range of 0.24–31 µM. Cross-screening against P. falciparum and T.b. brucei, identified several compounds with antiprotozoal activities in the range of 0.4–20 µM. Compounds were generally inactive against ESKAPE pathogens, with only compounds 8c, 8g and 13 exhibiting moderate to poor activity against S. aureus and A. baumannii.     

Intramolecular Thiiranocyclobutane-Open Chain Isomerization of 3,3'-Dithioxo Sulfide Derivatives: A Quantum-Chemical Study

The thermodynamic stability and structural and electronic characteristics of thiabicyclic structures, expected products of photochemical isomerization of bis(3-thioxo-1-phenylpropenyl), bis(3-thioxo-1-propenyl), and bis(5,5-dimethyl-3-thioxocyclohex-1-enyl) sulfides, were evaluated by quantum-chemical calculations. The energy in the thiabicyclic structures is accumulated owing to formation of metastable highly strained fused systems. The heats of dark isomerization of thiabicyclic structures into acyclic ones range from 50 to 250 kJ mol^{- 1}. The activation energy of thermal transformations into acyclic isomers are 90-310 kJ mol^{- 1}. Higher thermal effects and lower activation energies are obtained when the polarity of the medium is taken into account. The calculation results show that this class of compounds is promising for solar energy conversion.     

水杨醛衍生物激发态下的质子转移过程及在荧光探针领域的应用

从电子结构控制理论出发,通过在酚羟基对位引入吸电子取代基团稳定水杨醛中激发态的酮式构象,制备了目标化合物5-对氰基苯基-水杨醛(CN-SA).光谱测试结果显示,CN-SA表现出典型的ESIPT态荧光分子特性,而且辐射跃迁过程的酮式分配比例显著提高,荧光强度和颜色变化明显.CN-SA的荧光光谱不但能够对外围溶剂环境进行选择性识别,而且对溶解和聚集过程(聚集效应)及外围氢键形成能力的变化(pH效应和阴离子效应)等具有特异性响应,其变化可以定量表达.CN-SA仅通过结构微调即实现醇-酮构象的显著变化,可作为一个简单的多重刺激响应型荧光探针.     

Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer: Photoswitching in Salicylidene Methylamine Derivatives

The effect of chemical substitutions on the photophysical properties of the salicylidene methylamine molecule (SMA) (J. Jankowska, M. F. Rode, J. Sadlej, A. L. Sobolewski, ChemPhysChem, 2012 , 13, 4287–4294) is studied with the aid of ab initio electronic structure methods. It is shown that combining π‐electron‐donating and π‐electron‐withdrawing substituents results in an electron‐density push‐and‐pull effect on the energetic landscape of the ground and the lowest excited ππ* and nπ* singlet states of the system. The presented search for the most appropriate SMA derivatives with respect to their photoswitching functionality offers an efficient prescreening tool for finding chemical structures before real synthetic realization.     

Quantum-Chemical Substantiation of the Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Nitration of Biphenyl Derivatives

Quantum-chemical calculations were used to substantiate the reactivity and regioselectivity of nitration of benzene, biphenyl, and carboxy-substituted biphenyls.     

Basicity and Proton Transfer in Proton Sponges and Related Compounds: An Ab Initio Study

Theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level were carried out on a family of 1,8-diR-naphthalenes, which include the proton sponge (1,8-bisdimethylaminonaphthalene, R = NMe₂) and other substituents (R = NH₂, R = OH, R = CH₃, R = F). Their basicity was compared with that of the corresponding monosubstituted benzenes. The dianion of 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene should be a compound of extraordinary high basicity. The barriers to proton transfer, geometry, and density at the bond critical point of the hydrogen bond have been calculated and compared with experimental data when available.     

2-巯基吡啶质子迁移过程的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论,在B3LYP/6-311G**基组水平上,计算并考察了2-巯基吡啶分子硫醇式结构和硫酮式结构进行结构互变质子迁移过程中的4种可能途径:(a)分子内质子迁移,(b)水助质子迁移,(c)同种二聚体双质子迁移和(d)异种二聚体间双质子迁移.计算结果表明,途经c所需要的活化能最小(9.73 kJ.mol-1,逆反应则为55.28 kJ.mol-1),而过程a所需要的活化能最大(106.02 kJ.mol-1),途径b和d的活化能居中间(分别为32.05和15.91 kJ.mol-1).研究还表明,氢键在降低反应活化能方面起着重要的作用.     

水杨酰苯胺衍生物分子内电荷/质子转移荧光

将苯甲酰苯胺(BA)类电荷转移(CT)反应基团耦合到具有激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)反应通道的水杨酸(SA)分子中,设计合成了苯胺对/间位取代的水杨酰苯胺及其羟基甲基化衍生物邻甲氧基苯甲酰苯胺,考察了环己烷、乙醚、乙腈和甲醇中两类水杨酰苯胺衍生物吸收光谱和荧光光谱的溶剂效应和取代基效应.结果表明,水杨酰苯胺的荧光为SA-型质子转移(PT)荧光,对取代基的依赖性较小;当电子给体苯胺基的给电子能力提高时,如N-甲基水杨酰苯胺分子,其荧光为BA-型CT荧光.而羟基甲基化后的衍生物邻甲氧基苯甲酰苯胺则表现出与BA类似的荧光光谱特性,具有明显的取代基效应.认为水杨酰苯胺衍生物的激发态存在着相互竞争的BA-型CT和SA-型PT通道,二者可经苯胺基上取代基的电子效应调控.     

Quantum-Chemical Study of Anisole Molecule

The potential functions of internal rotation around the C -O bond in the C₆H₅OCH₃ molecule were obtained by HF/6-31G(d), MP2(f)/6-31G(d), and B3LYP/6-31(d) calculations. Hartree-Fock calculations reveal a fourfold barrier to internal rotation around the C -O bond. The MP2 and B3LYP calculations reveal a twofold barrier with a height of 7.78 and 10.70 kJ mol^{- 1}, respectively (corrected for the zero vibration energy). The molecular geometries, first Koopmans ionization potentials, and dipole moments are reported. Calculations for liquid anisole in the self-consistent reactive field (SCRF) continual model give the results that only slightly differ from the results obtained for the isolated molecule in a vacuum. Within the framework of the Natural Bond Orbitals formalism, the following parameters were determined: energy, degree of hybridization, and population of oxygen lone electron pairs and energy of their interaction with antibonding ^* orbitals of the aromatic ring.     

Quantum-Chemical Simulation of the Proton Transport in Mono- and Disubstituted Salts with Octahedral Anions

Salts Rb₂H₃IO₆, Rb₄H₆I₂O₁₂, and Rb₄H₂I₂O₁₀ and adducts CsHSO₄· H₆TeO₆ and Cs₂SO₄· H₆TeO₆ of the salt · acid type are calculated within density functional theory B3LYP. Calculations for Te, I, Rb, and Cs atoms make use of basis set LanL2DZ complemented by polarization d,p-functions and pseudopotential LanL2; for Li, O, and H atoms, basis set 6-31G** is used. The activation energy for the proton migration is commensurate with that for the water molecule abstraction in the salts and is smaller in rubidium salts than in cesium salts.     

3,6-二羟基哒嗪质子转移过程的理论研究

为了探索3,6-二羟基哒嗪分子醇式和酮式结构互变异构化的反应机理,本研究组采用DFT B3LYP/6-311+G(d)方法对标题化合物异构化反应的势能面进行了研究,在探讨各种可能的反应途径中,发现至少有34种异构体和43种过渡态.结果表明,6-羟基-3(2H)-哒嗪酮不论是单体,与水形成配合物,还是二聚体,比其相对应的异构体能量低,表明在通常情况下是以6-羟基-3(2H)-哒嗪酮形式稳定存在的,这与前人通过实验数据对互变异构体的比率进行预测的结果是一致的;在考察的可能反应途径中,直接进行的分子内质子转移过程需要的活化能为142.2 kJ·mol^-1,水助催化时,反应活化能为41.3 kJ·mol^-1,考虑溶剂效应后,其活化能为59.2 kJ·mol^-1,二聚体双质子转移的活化能为16.8 kJ·mol^-1,二聚体双质子转移所需活化能最低,在室温下就可以进行.由此可见氢键在降低反应活化能方面起着重要的作用.