Surface hydroxylation and silane grafting on fumed and thermal silica

The optimization of the surface functionalization of flat thermal silicon oxide by silanes was investigated. The difficulties are the low density of silanols at the surface of thermal silica, the lack of precise knowledge of the actual surface chemistry of thermal silica and of its hydroxylation, and the limited number of possible chemical analyses at flat surfaces of small area. This steered our study toward a comparative investigation of the hydroxylation and silane grafting of thermal silica and the well-known fumed silica. The silane grafting density for fumed silica that had undergone thermal treatments of dehydroxylation was related to the surface density of silanols. The surface density of silane on the flat thermal silica as measured by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy was 1.4 micromol/m2, similar to that of fumed silica dehydroxylated at 1000 degrees C. This moderate value was related to the low silanol density present on such silica surfaces. Several rehydroxylation treatments that proved their efficiency on dehydroxylated fumed silica did not lead to any noticeable improvement on thermal silicon dioxide.     

Thermal science and analysis

History of thermoscopy and thermometry is reviewed showing the role of temperature degrees including the forgotten logarithmic scale. The importance of natural laws of energy, motion, least action, and thermal efficiency is discussed. The meaning of idiomatic terms—thermal physics, thermodynamics, thermostatics, thermotics, and thermal analysis—is specified and revealed within two parallel developed branches of thermal science. Itemized 105 references with titles.     

Thermal transport coefficients for liquid and glassy water computed from a harmonic aqueous glass

We compute thermal transport coefficients for liquid and glassy water in terms of the vibrations of the quenched liquid. The thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are computed for H(2)O and D(2)O at densities from 0.93 to 1.2 g cm(-3). The computed thermal diffusivity of liquid water is in reasonable agreement with measured values and is found to increase with increasing temperature due largely to the thermal accessibility of delocalized librational modes. The influence of structure and density on the thermal conductivity of amorphous ices is investigated. The calculations reveal that density alone is unable to explain the measured thermal conductivity of amorphous ices, particularly low-density amorphous ices, for which the thermal conductivity decreases with increasing temperature near 100 K. To investigate the influence of structure on thermal transport in amorphous ices we have computed the thermal transport coefficients for low-density amorphous ices prepared in two different ways, one formed by quenching the liquid at 0.93 g cm(-3) and the other by distortion of cubic ice at the same density. The computed thermal conductivity of the latter is higher, but the structures of both forms are too disordered for the thermal conductivity to exhibit the unusual variation observed experimentally.     

程序升温分解对PEEK热分解动力学及其机理的研究

本文以程序升温分解法为主要手段,讨论了PEEK的热分解动力学特征,计算了热分解动力学参数;并辅以红外光谱法,探讨了PEEK样品的热分解交联机理。结果发现：PEEK的热分解并不是简单过程,而是分三个阶段进行;相应阶段的活化能分别为296.0kJ/mol,123.7kJ/mol,153.4kJ/mol,反应级数均为一级;第一阶段与第二阶段具有连串反应的动力学特征,而第二阶段与第三阶段具有平行反应的动力学特征。PEEK的热分解由芳醚键的断裂开始,形成自由基,尔后同时发生分解和交联过程,形成小分子化合物及交联结构。     

Thermal explosion model and calculation of sphere fireworks and crackers

In order to analyze thermal safety of fireworks and crackers, thermal explosion models of three kinds of sphere fireworks and crackers with different structures are achieved on the basis of thermal explosion theory, and thermal resistance of shell and effective Biot number are deduced as for boundary conditions. Two models are calculated with target-shooting method in Matlab program, and the rationality is proved through comparison of numerical solution and classical solution. Meanwhile, calculation steps are shown about a type of firework. The study has a great significance to thermal safety analysis of fireworks and crackers.     

Thermal stability and combustibility of rubbers and sealing plates

The present paper describes the test results concerning the thermal properties and flammability of the selected sealing plates and rubbers that may become components of plates. The thermal analysis methods (DTA, DSC, TG, and DTG) and flammability methods (OI, rate of burning in air, and ignition temperature) were used in this study. The thermal analysis of plates was also performed under isothermal conditions. It was stated that investigated sealing plates belong to the group of flame-retardant materials and type of rubber included in plate influences its thermal stability and combustibility.     

导热塑料的研究与应用

随着科学的进步导热塑料应用领域不断扩大,尤其近些年来蓬勃发展的信息产业,为导热塑料提供了新的发展空间.本文对比了高分子材料、金属材料及金属氧化物导热性能,介绍了聚合物的导热机理,并对不同填充含量可适用的导热模型进行了介绍.讨论了提高塑料导热性能的途径和近年来提高导热性能新的研究方法,对非绝缘导热塑料、绝缘导热塑料的应用研究和最新进展作了综述,提出了导热塑料目前存在的问题,展望了导热塑料的应用前景.     

Thermal stability of some polyferrocenyleniminoimides and polyferrocenylenazomethines

The thermal stability of new ferrocene polymers from the class of polyferrocenyleniminoimides and polyferrocenylenazomethines was studied by means of differential thermal analysis as well as thermogravimetry. It was established that polyferrocenylenazomethines show good thermal stability up to 200° and are more stable than polyferrocenyleniminoimides. The presence of ethereal, sulphidic and disulphidic bridges in the diaminic component of the polymers decreases their thermal stability.     

Thermal properties and photostability of zinc(II) complexes with alkyl- and aryl-substituted dipyrrins and azadipyrrin

The results of studies and comparative analysis of thermal properties and photostability of zinc(II) complexes with tetramethyl- and tetraphenyl-substituted dipyrrins and tetraphenyl-meso-azadipyrrin are reported. The thermal decomposition of complexes starts in the temperature range between 293 and 481°C depending on the molecular structure. Tetraphenyl-substituted zinc(II) dipyrrinate shows the highest photoand thermal stability. The substitution of phenyl moieties in the ligand structure with methyl groups and replacement of the methine spacer with a nitrogen atom reduces thermal stability and photostability of the complexes.     

先锋褐煤热溶及热溶物红外光谱表征

利用高温热溶装置研究了不同溶剂中先锋褐煤热溶性能,并对热溶物和热溶残煤分别进行了红外光谱表征。结果表明,先锋褐煤以化学交联大分子结构为主,非共价键缔合低分子化合物含量较低;虽然高温热溶可以显著提高热溶效率,300℃甲苯和四氢萘溶剂中热溶率达到20.7%和21.3%,但是以热断裂煤结构中的非共价键作用,促进低分子化合物溶解为主;300℃热溶过程中不存在明显热解反应,供氢溶剂及氢键型溶剂作用不明显;先锋褐煤热溶物中含有丰富的脂肪结构和羧酸酯,羟基和芳香结构含量较低;热溶溶剂明显影响热溶物结构与组成。
     

Thermal degradation study of gadolinium and lutetium methanesulfonates

The synthesis, characterization and thermal degradation study of gadolinium and lutetium methanesulfonates is reported. The prepared salts were characterized by elemental analysis and infrared spectroscopy. The thermal degradation study was performed by using thermogravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). By using thermogravimetric data, a kinetic study of the dehydration of Gd and Lu methanesulfonates is performed employing the Coats-Redfern and Zsakó methods. It is verified that under heating, the gadolinium and lutetium methanesulfonates suffer three main processes: dehydration, thermal degradation and oxide formation. The thermal degradation products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and X-diffractometry. Furthermore, depending on the atmosphere nature, i.e. inert or oxidant, the thermal degradation process could be endothermic (N₂) or exothermic (air).     

Thermal expansion of epoxy and polyester polymer mortars—plain mortars and fibre-reinforced mortars

The study was conducted in order to determine the coefficient of thermal expansion of two specific binder formulations of epoxy and unsaturated polyester polymer mortars. The variation of this parameter with temperature was also analysed. Polymer concrete and mortars have been observed to have lower coefficients of thermal expansion at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. Plots of strains vs. temperature are often bilinear, indicating a sharp change in the coefficient of thermal expansion (International Congress on Polymers in Concrete, July 1995). To determine how this discontinuity varies for these two materials, specimens of both formulations were tested for several temperature ranges between −20 and 60 °C. In addition, to determine the influence of fibre reinforcements on thermal expansion of polymer mortars, epoxy polymer mortars reinforced with both carbon and glass chopped fibres were also tested for thermal expansion.

It was concluded that, for both formulations, the variation of thermal expansion with temperature follows a parabolic law rather than a bilinear law. The reinforcement of chopped glass fibres (1%) has no significant effect on thermal expansion of epoxy polymer mortar, while the inclusion of carbon fibres (2%) on the same mortar formulation has a reducing effect on thermal expansion of this composite material for temperatures above room temperature.     

Improvement of Structural and Thermal Stabilities of PVC and Wood/PVC Composite by Zn and Pb Stearates,and Zeolite

Three different chemical stabilizers were introduced into neat PVC and a wood/PVC composite (containing 50 phr wood flour) to improve their thermal and structural stabilities. The changes in CIE yellowness index, polyene index, %wt loss, and decomposition temperature (T_d) were monitored. The effects of type and content of thermal stabilizers, thermal ageing time, and the presence of wood flour were our main interests. The experimental results suggested that the additions of Zn and Pb stearates into PVC and wood/PVC composite could improve the thermal stability of the PVC. At the test temperature of 177°C, the additions of Zn and Pb stearates could improve the thermal stabilities of PVC by retarding the upzipped reaction and by reducing the conjugated double bonds in PVC, Pb stearate being the most suitable for thermally stabilizing the PVC. Around the T_d range (～264°C), the addition of Zn stearate reduced the T_d value of PVC whereas that of Pb stearate had no effect on the change in T_d value. Zeolite loading could shift the T_d value of the PVC from 264 to 280°C. The addition of wood particles increased the polyene content and decreased the decomposition temperature of the PVC. The effect of wood flour on the thermal and structural changes of PVC overruled that of thermal stabilizer loading.     

The thermal stability of fully charged and discharged LiCoO2 cathode and graphite anode in nitrogen and air atmospheres

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) compounds and mixtures have many properties that make them suitable for thermal applications in buildings, such as having high heat of fusion, phase change repeatability, chemical stability, non-corrosive behavior, and low-cost. In this study, we developed a number of PU rigid foams incorporated with three types of PEGs, as new insulation materials provided with an enhanced thermal capacity, and sought their suitability for various applications such as layer of floor and ceiling coverings in constructions, insulations in controlled temperature transportation packaging, inner coverings of automobile seats, etc. In order to investigate the thermal properties of PEG-containing PU foams, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) tests were conducted first. Then, a two-layer concrete–PU foam system was designed in the laboratory conditions to examine the insulation performances via using a computer-aided thermal measurement setup which was sensitive to the simulated environmental temperature changes. The PU-PEG composites produced here can be helpful for the design of thermal insulators. PUI, including 44% PEG 600, exhibited fairly efficient thermal regulation under moderate ambient temperature conditions, whereas PUII (49% PEG 1000) is suitable for temperature control in both mild and hot surroundings. PUIII, containing 53% PEG 1500, showed suitable heat storage and thermal stability characteristics. PUIV, containing 38% PEG 600/PEG 1000/PEG 1500, also confirmed good thermal and durability characteristics. The blend of three PEGs is suitable for preventing discontinuous thermal regulation when the external temperature increases or decreases. PU foams containing PEGs can be assumed to be leak-resistant, which is promising for their industrial applications.     

Synthesis,characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of yttrium and lanthanide benzoates

Solid-state Ln(Bz)₃·H₂O compounds where Ln stands for trivalent yttrium or lanthanides and Bz is benzoate have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.     

A mesoscale study of thermal expansion behaviors of epoxy resin and carbon fiber/epoxy unidirectional composites based on periodic temperature and displacement boundary conditions

The thermal expansion behaviors of neat epoxy resin and carbon fiber/epoxy unidirectional (UD) composites were experimentally and numerically studied in this paper. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal conductivity measurement were used to measure the thermo-mechanical properties of epoxy resin at different temperatures. The dilatometer was used to measure the thermal strains and linear CTEs of neat epoxy resin and UD composites. In addition, a mesoscale finite element model based on the periodic temperature and displacement boundary conditions was presented to analyze the thermal expansion behaviors of UD composites. The resin-voids representative volume element (RVE) was used to calculate the thermo-mechanical properties of several kinds of resin-voids mixed matrix. From the results it can be found that the glass transition temperature of epoxy resin, porosity and fiber orientation angle have significant effects on the thermal expansion behaviors of UD composites. The mesoscale finite element analyses (FEA) have obvious advantages than various existing analysis models by comparing their predictive results. The distributions of thermal displacement, thermal stress and thermal strain were extracted between the carbon fiber, resin-voids mixed matrix and their interface, and also between the front and back surfaces of the loading direction, to further investigate thermal expansion structure effects of UD composites. This paper revealed that the mesoscale FEA based on periodic temperature and displacement boundary conditions can be also used for thermal expansion researches of other complex structure composites.     

Building materials thermal conductivity measurement and correlation with heat flow meter, laser flash analysis and TCi

The most important factor in the worldwide problem of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. The 23% of carbon dioxide emissions generated by building construction must be reduced. Reduction in thermal conductivity, especially via improved insulation, is the most basic factor for decreasing energy consumption. Therefore, accurate and continuous thermal conductivity measurements are important in saving energy. This study presents methods for investigating thermal conductivity measurement and compares three methods: the heat flow meter, laser flash analysis, and thermal conductivity analyzer.     

Thermal design and simulation of space-borne membrane antenna

Thermal deformation of space-borne radar antenna caused by dramatic changes in orbit thermal environment has a serious effect on image qualities. In this paper, the NX TMG module was used to simulate the orbit thermal environment of the antenna, and a thermal control design was proposed. The thermal control structure consists of three layers; the top is a radiator with high emissivity surface, the middle is a multi-layer insulation, and the bottom is a highly reflective layer. The simulation results show that the thermal design could reduce the temperature gradient from 238.1 to 31.4 °C effectively.

     

Cyclohexane and phosphorus based benzoxazine-bismaleimide hybrid polymer matrices: thermal and morphological properties

Benzoxazine monomers namely 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane benzoxazine (CB_DDM) and bis(4-maleimidophenyl) triphenylphosphine oxide benzoxazine (BMPB_BAPPPO) were synthesized and blended with bismaleimide (BMPM) to improve thermal properties of polybenzoxazine. The benzoxazine- bismaleimide (Bz-BMI) hybrid polymer matrices were prepared via in-situ polymerization and their thermal and morphological properties were studied. The chemical reaction of benzoxazines with the bismaleimide was carried out thermally and the resulting product was analyzed by FT-IR spectra. The glass transition temperature, curing behavior, thermal stability, char yield and flame resistance of the hybrid polymer matrices were analyzed using DSC and TGA. The homogeneous structure of the hybrid polymer matrices was determined by SEM and visual observations. Data obtained from thermal studies infer that these hybrid materials possess high thermal stability which can be used as adhesives, sealants, coating and matrices for high performance automobile and microelectronic applications.     

Spectroscopic study and thermal behavior of trivalent lanthanides and yttrium(III) chelates of EDTA using TG-DSC, FTIR, and TG-DSC coupled to FTIR

Solid-state compounds of yttrium and lanthanide chelates of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), theoretical and experimental infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, complexometry and TG-DSC coupled to FTIR were used to characterize and to study the thermal decomposition of these compounds. The results provided information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability, thermal decomposition and identification of gaseous products evolved during the thermal decomposition of these compounds. The theoretical and experimental spectroscopic data suggest the possible modes of coordination of the ligand with the lanthanum and terbium metal ions.