随机介质中的相干背散射

相干背散射是由于随机介质中的多次散射而导致的一种自相干效应。通过多年的探索,人们在实验和理论研究方面取得了一系列激动人心的进展。本文介绍了相干背散射的基本原理和实验方法,总结了当前的研究进展。     

随机介质的相干背散射与局域化研究

研究了不同尺度参数和粒子浓度下的ZnO随机介质相干背散射强度的分布规律,采用时域有限差分法分析了不同浓度随机介质的光场能量空间分布,预测了随机激光器阈值的高低。结果表明:同一折射率的介质随着介质尺寸的增大,相干背散射的带宽变窄,局域化参量kl值相应增大,使得局域化程度呈较大幅度减弱趋势;并且随着介质浓度的增加,相干背散射的带宽变宽,局域化程度增强,阈值降低。相干背散射有着光子局域化的先期特征,现在已成为研究光子局域化出现与否的基本判断依据,对研究光子局域化以及随机激光器具有重要意义。     

大功率调制气流声源阵列的相干合成实验研究

完成了调制气流声源阵列的相干合成实验. 提出了利用主动相位控制方法实现调制气流声源阵列相干合成的思路, 介绍了基于随机并行梯度下降算法的声源阵列相干合成的原理. 对利用该算法实现声源阵列的相干合成进行了数值模拟, 完成了双调制气流声源阵列在远场的相干合成实验, 并给出算法参数的合理设置方案. 实验结果显示, 基频成分的相干合成效果明显, 算法收敛时测点处的声压级相比单源发射增加了4 dB, 接近于各单源功率谱中基频成分相干合成、其他频率成分非相干合成的结果; 结果表明实验中算法能够有效控制各调制气流声源辐射声波的相位, 取得了明显的相干合成效果. 关键词： 调制气流声源 相干合成 随机并行梯度下降 高阶谐波     

自适应光学中SPGD算法关键参数实时调节方法

介绍了随机并行梯度下降（SPGD）算法及其在相干合成中的应用,针对实验中算法关键参数难以调节的难点,提出采用软硬件结合的新方式,实现对实验数据的在线采集和分析以及对SPGD算法关键参数的自动实时调节。开展了4路光纤激光相干合成实验,对不同调节方法进行对比。实验中采用新方式有效调节了SPGD算法中增益系数和随机扰动幅度的取值,合成效果显著。     

基于随机并行梯度下降算法光纤激光相干合成的高精度相位控制系统

随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)算法是实现大功率主振荡功率放大器相干合成的有效手段之一.分析了SPGD算法用于相干合成的基本原理,设计了基于SPGD算法的相位控制系统,给出了基于该SPGD控制器的相干合成实验结果.理论分析表明,SPGD算法控制器的迭代速率为200kHz,对于两路相干合成的平均控制带宽大于12.5kHz,最优控制精度可达1/179个波长.实验表明,SPGD控制器能够实现高速的相位控制.在相位噪声幅度大于1/10个波长、频率为3kHz的情况下,有效地实现了两路激光的相位锁定,相位残差控制在1/25个波长内.     

32路光纤激光相干阵列的相位锁定

报道了32路光纤激光相干阵列的相位锁定实验研究。搭建了32路光纤激光相干阵列实验系统,基于现场可编程逻辑阵列(FPGA)设计制作了高速高精度相位控制器。当相位控制器执行随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)算法对各路激光的相位进行锁定时,相干阵列输出的激光功率与不进行相位锁定时相比提高了约26倍。     

奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝侧壁未熔合相控阵超声检测*

针对核电站主管道奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝侧壁未熔合超声检测困难的问题,该文开展基于电子背散射衍射技术的相控阵超声检测研究,并结合全聚焦方法和相位相干成像方法抑制结构噪声。利用电子背散射衍射技术建立壁厚69.5 mm,且同时包含母材和焊缝的奥氏体不锈钢窄间隙焊缝模型。沿焊缝熔合线设置深度26.5 mm、高度3.0 mm的侧壁未熔合,经过仿真优化确定了中心频率2.25 MHz、32阵元以及45°纵波楔块的相控阵超声检测参数。仿真和实验检测结果显示,侧壁未熔合检测信噪比相差不超过0.6 dB,验证了所建模型的有效性。在此基础上,利用全聚焦方法和相位相干成像方法削弱结构噪声,检测信噪比较相控阵扇扫描图像分别提升2.3 dB和4.7 dB,且侧壁未熔合深度与高度定量误差均不超过6.7%。     

随机并行梯度下降算法模拟两路光纤放大器相干合成与实验研究

对利用随机并行梯度下降(SPGD)算法对多路光纤放大器相干合成进行了数值模拟,并进行了两路瓦级光纤放大器相干合成的实验.实验结果表明,SPGD算法能够有效控制各路光纤激光的相位,系统闭环将目标圆孔内的能量提高了1.57倍;并使得目标圆孔内能量大于理想值80%的概率从27.7%提升到了70.3%.取得了较为明显的相干合成效果.对算法用于多路高功率光纤放大器相干合成的可行性进行了探讨.     

基于显微光谱的组织切片细胞纳米结构研究

细胞纳米结构的探测对癌症的早期诊断以及筛查具有非常重要的意义。空域低相干相位显微镜可以探测细胞的纳米结构获取系统参数,但是显微镜的系统参数和细胞纳米结构参数之间存在着复杂的非线性相关关系,需要研究方法加以定量分析。因此,基于一维高斯场模型加一维多层介质模型模拟空域低相干相位显微镜的背散射光谱,实验结果表明模型预测结果与实际测量结果基本一致。对已知纳米结构的组织切片光谱建模, 通过统计方法分析了系统参数与细胞纳米结构参数的相关关系,验证了系统参数确实能反映细胞纳米结构参数的变化,并量化了系统参数的反映水平。研究成果为基于空域低相干相位显微镜的癌症早期诊断提供了新的理论基础和方法依据。     

线阵光纤激光相干合成控制器的设计

针对线阵光纤激光相干合成系统中对合成光束的质量、控制速度、控制精度的需求，完成了线阵光纤激光相干合成控制器的设计。该控制器以DSP2812和CPLD为核心处理器，通过AD976A模/数转换器接收光电探测器的电压信号，AD8544数/模转换器输出模拟电压控制压电陶瓷相位控制器，进而控制激光的相位变化。为了实现控制器与目标图像检测板和上位机的通信，设计了两路串口通信接口，并编写了相关测试程序，最终在线阵光纤激光相干合成系统中完成了四路1 064 nm激光的相干合成、扫描、跟踪实验。实验结果表明，该控制器搭载随机并行梯度下降（SPGD）算法，在光电探测器的配合下能够实现光纤激光锁相，控制主瓣能量变化优于±5%，锁相后主瓣能够完成±λ的扫描，扫描频率约为25 Hz，同时结合目标图像检测板完成了目标跟踪实验，实现激光相干合成条纹的目标跟踪。     

Hartree-Fock and density functional complete basis-set (CBS) predicted nuclear shielding anisotropy and shielding tensor components

The nuclear shielding anisotropy and shielding tensor components calculated using the hybrid density functional B3PW91 are reported for a model set of compounds comprised of N2, NH3, CH4, C2H4, HCN and CH3CN. An estimation of density functional theory (DFT) and Hartree-Fock complete basis-set limit (CBS) parameters from a 2 (3) point exact fit vs. least-squares fit was obtained with the cc-pVxZ and aug-cc-pVxZ basis sets (x=D, T, Q, 5, 6). Both Hartree-Fock- and DFT-predicted CBS shielding anisotropies and shielding tensor components of the model molecules were in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. The utility of using a limited CBS approach for calculating accurate anisotropic shielding parameters of larger molecules as complementary methods to solid-state NMR is proposed.     

Study on the optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions and green tea solution by multi-pulse laser

The optical limiting properties of the mixed liquid of carbon black suspensions (CBS) and green tea solution were studied by using an 8 ns laser pulse at 532\,nm. The optical limiting effects of the CBS and mixed liquid have been compared between 5 and 10\,Hz repetition frequencies with nanosecond laser pulse. The experimental results indicate that the optical limiting threshold of the sample with the incidence laser at 10\,Hz repetition frequency is lower than at 5\,Hz repetition frequency. The possible reasons for the influence of the repetition frequency on the samples are discussed. And by observing the optical radiant distributions when the laser pulse passing through different samples, a possible mechanism for the observed effects is suggested. At the same time, the result shows that the optical limiting of CBS is the dominant factor to optical limiting of the mixed liquid.     

Coherent backscattering spectroscopy

Coherent backscattering (CBS) of light in random media has been previously investigated by use of coherent light sources. Here we report a novel method of CBS measurement that combines low spatial coherence, broadband illumination, and spectrally resolved detection. We show that low spatial coherence illumination leads to an anomalously broad CBS peak and a dramatic speckle reduction; the latter is further facilitated by low temporal coherence detection. Thus CBS can be observed in biological tissue and other media that previously were beyond the reach of conventional CBS measurements. We also demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, spectroscopic analysis of CBS. CBS spectroscopy may find important applications in probing random media such as biological tissue in which depth-selective measurements are crucial.     

同步荧光光谱技术研究胶原基表面活性剂溶液中分子的聚集行为

基于胶原基表面活性剂(collagen-based surfactant,CBS)中酪氨酸(Tyr)和苯丙氨酸(Phe)的荧光特性,应用恒波长差(Δλ)为15 nm的同步荧光光谱技术研究CBS浓度、溶液pH值、NaCl浓度和温度对其在水溶液中分子的聚集行为的影响,并以温度为外扰,利用二维同步荧光相关分析研究CBS分子中Tyr残基和Phe残基随温度变化的响应顺序。结果表明,CBS分子在261和282 nm处出现了分别归属于Phe和Tyr的特征吸收峰。随着CBS浓度的升高,CBS分子中Phe残基和Tyr残基数量逐渐增多使CBS分子聚集程度增加,并导致荧光强度增强;CBS溶液pH值(pH 5.0)在等电点附近时,由于CBS分子的疏水作用和氢键形成能力加强,导致CBS分子聚集程度增强;CBS溶液中NaCl浓度的升高,则使CBS分子间排斥力减弱,从而导致CBS分子的聚集;然而温度升高,CBS由聚集状态逐渐变为单分子状态,因猝灭、变性以及氢键形成能力降低,荧光强度逐渐降低。以温度为外扰的二维同步荧光相关光谱分析可知：低温下(10～40 ℃ ),CBS聚集体随温度升高逐渐松散,位于聚集体内部的Phe残基比Tyr残基优先响应;而在45～70 ℃时,CBS由单分子状态逐步水解为无规卷曲构造,Tyr残基的间距变大,氢键形成能力大大降低,Tyr残基比Phe残基优先响应。     

Effect of the photon's Brownian Doppler shift on the weak-localization coherent-backscattering cone

We report the first observation of the dependence of the coherent-backscattering (CBS) enhanced cone with the frequency of the backscattered photon. The experiment is performed on a diffusing liquid suspension and the Doppler broadening of light is induced by the Brownian motion of the scatterers. Heterodyne detection on a CCD camera is used to measure the complex field (i.e., the hologram) of the light that is backscattered at a given frequency. The analysis of the holograms yield the frequency and the propagation direction of the backscattered photons. We observe that the angular CBS cone becomes more narrow in the tail of the Brownian spectrum. The experimental results are in good agreement with a simple theoretical model.     

Anomalous coherent backscattering of light from opal photonic crystals

We studied coherent backscattering (CBS) of light from opal photonic crystals with incomplete band gaps. We observed a dramatic broadening of the CBS cone for incident angles close to the Bragg condition in the crystals. We modify the conventional CBS theory to incorporate Bragg attenuation resulting from the photonic band structure. By fitting the CBS data with the modified theory, we extract both the disorder-induced light mean-free path and the Bragg attenuation length of the inherent opal photonic crystal.     

Statistical simulation of multiple Compton backscattering process

A number of laboratories are currently developing monochromatic sources of X-rays and gamma quanta based on the Compton backscattering (CBS) of laser photons by relativistic electrons. Modern technologies are capable of providing a concentration of electrons and photons in the interaction point such that each primary electron can emit several hard photons. In contrast to the well-known nonlinear CBS process, in which an initial electron “absorbs” a few laser photons and emits a single hard one, the above-mentioned process can be called a multiple CBS process and is characterized by a mean number of emitted photons. The present paper is devoted to simulating the parameters of a beam of back scattered quanta based on the Monte Carlo technique. It is shown that, even in the case of strong collimation of a resulting photon beam, the radiation monochromaticity may deteriorate because of the contribution coming from the multiple photon emission, which is something that must be considered while designing new CBS sources.     

Low-coherence enhanced backscattering beyond diffusion

An analytical theory for coherent backscattering (CBS) of low-coherence light is presented. An expression linking the CBS profile to the radial distribution of the incoherent backscattered light is derived when the incident light is partially spatially coherent. The backscattered snake light, which has experienced exactly two large-angle scatterings, is taken into account together with the diffuse light in the analysis. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the model describes well the CBS profile as long as the spatial coherence length, L(c), of the incident beam is larger than the scattering mean free path of light in the medium. The intensity of the enhanced backscattered light in the exact backscattering direction and the width of the CBS cone are found to be proportional to L(c) and L(c)(-1), respectively, in the limit of small L(c).     

Influence of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Interference Effects upon Multiple Light Scattering in Cold Atomic Ensembles

The correlation functions of the electromagnetic radiation scattered by an ensemble of atoms cooled to sub-Doppler temperatures and placed in an external static electric or magnetic field have been calculated by the diagram technique. Based on the derived relations, we have studied in detail the effect of coherent backscattering (CBS) of light. We have calculated the enhancement factor for CBS and analyzed its polarization and spectral dependences. We show that external fields affect the nature of multiple light scattering in an atomic ensemble, in particular, the character of interference upon such scattering, by leading to its optical anisotropy and related birefringence and dichroism. This, in turn, affects all of the observed CBS characteristics.