基于生物质谱技术的磷酰化修饰策略在多肽测序中的应用

该文建立了一种利用磷酰化修饰结合电喷雾质谱(ESI-Q-TOF)测定多肽氨基酸序列的有效方法。利用Atherton-Todd反应,以二丙基亚磷酰酯(DPP)为磷酰化试剂,应用生物质谱技术,对磷酰化修饰后的5种模型肽的磷酰化反应情况进行了系统研究,考察了磷酰化肽的二级质谱特征,并与未经磷酰化反应的肽的二级质谱特征对比。结果表明,经过磷酰化修饰后,肽的二级质谱中的a1离子信号强度明显增加,可以准确鉴定其N端氨基酸;b系列离子信息完整,信号强度增强,使得多肽C ID测序的谱图简单、清晰,有利于肽的氨基酸序列的测定;赖氨酸(K,128.10 u)和谷氨酰胺(Q,128.13 u)两种氨基酸质荷比相近,由于二者磷酰化修饰后的差异性,使其得到准确区分。经过5种已知氨基酸序列的模型肽的磷酰化后结合质谱技术进行氨基酸序列测定验证,结果表明该方法简单、快速、准确,提高了利用质谱技术进行多肽测序的准确度和灵敏度,可为蛋白质组学研究提供有效的技术手段。     

无机磷试剂辅助均环肽库的建立及其电喷雾质谱研究

在无机磷试剂辅助下建立了氨基酸自组装成均环肽的方法, 得到了相应的均环肽库. 均环肽库的建立增加了肽库的多样性, 为药物筛选提供了新的选择性. 采用电喷雾多级质谱技术, 对系列均环多肽 [M＋H]＋离子和[M＋Na]＋离子的质谱裂解规律进行了系统研究, 两种系列的离子具有不同的质谱裂解特征, 分别提出了其可能的质谱裂解机制. 该研究丰富了环多肽化合物的电喷雾多级质谱研究, 结果表明环肽化合物的加钠离子较加氢离子的质谱图可以更容易地用于环多肽的序列测定. 本研究为其它类似环肽化合物结构的分析鉴定及利用电喷雾质谱推测环肽序列提供了有效的质谱方法.     

CZE-ESI-MS联用测定小肽混合物的研究

研究肽的分离行为、测定方法及测定条件对蛋白质组学研究具有重要意义 .毛细管电泳 ( CE)作为一种高效、快速的分离方法 ,样品用量少 ,已被广泛应用于生物领域中 ,尤其是小肽和蛋白质的分离分析 .质谱 ( MS)能够进行微量鉴定 ,并提供精确的分子量和结构信息 ,使其成为小肽和蛋白质检测和序列测定的强有力的支撑技术之一 [1～ 3] .其中 ,电喷雾 ( ESI)质谱作为一种软电离技术 ,易与常规的高分辨率分离方法如高效液相色谱、毛细管电泳等实现在线联用 ,具有分离效率高、检测灵敏度高和样品定性方便等特点 ,因而在小肽和蛋白质的测定中得到广…     

N-磷酰化肽酯及小肽与溶菌酶相互作用的ESI-MS研究

用ESI-MS研究了一系列结构具有可比性的N-磷酰化肽酯及小肽和溶菌酶的非共价相互作用, 比较了磷酰化肽酯及小肽分子中的不同基团对相互作用的影响. 结果表明—OH对其与溶菌酶的相互作用有较大贡献; 芳香环由于位阻原因, 对相互作用有促进和阻碍双重效应; 当—OH与芳香环相连时会发生协同效应, 可使相互作用显著增强. 磷酰化肽酯及小肽的体积大小、空间位阻对相互作用亦有显著影响. 磷酰化二肽中氨基酸残基的构型、顺序、碳链长短的变化(增加1～2个C)对其与蛋白溶菌酶之间的相互作用在质谱中没有表现出影响. 分子结构较为伸展、分子柔顺性好、空间位阻较小的磷酰化小肽更容易使蛋白在溶液中的构象趋于收缩, 而构象较为收缩的蛋白分子更易结合空间位阻较小的磷酰化小肽分子.     

磷酰缬氨酸自组装成肽的ESI质谱研究

在生命起源与分子进化研究中,质谱正发挥着越来越重要的作用[1,2].电喷雾质谱(ESI-MS)在多肽测序、反应跟踪、机理研究等方面尤其表现出了特殊的优越性[3,4].本文用ESI-MS-MS研究了PCl5与Val的直接磷酰化反应,发现Val自组装生成了多肽.如图1所示.     

产物可用电喷雾质谱检测的氨基酸/肽季铵化新方法

氨基酸和肽中氨基的化学修饰反应,如乙酰化反应和烷基化反应已被广泛用于蛋白组学研究中蛋白质的定量分析．氨基酸和肽的季铵化产物具有独特的优点,在电喷雾质谱中具有很好的离子化效率,可大大提高检测的灵敏度．文献[6～8]报道的氨基酸和肽的季铵化方法均使用高浓度的盐(如KHCO3),严重影响了质谱的检测结果,难以直接用于蛋白质组学研究．     

鲨鱼软骨血管抑制因子的高效液相色谱与电喷雾质谱研究

电喷雾质谱 ( ESIMS)具有快速、灵敏等特点 ,近年来已成为鉴定和分析多肽、蛋白质和核酸的有力工具 .将 ESIMS与高效液相色谱 ( HPLC)联用 ,在蛋白质分子量、结构及活性位点等方面的研究已取得较大的进展 [1 ] .鲨鱼软骨血管抑制因子 ( SCAIF- I)是作者之一从鲨鱼软骨中提取的一种未知蛋白质[2 ] ,研究表明 ,SCAIF- I对肿瘤、癌症的抑制及治疗具有明显的疗效[3] .因此 ,对其结构的研究具有重要的意义 .本文报道了用 HPL C与 ESIMS对未知蛋白质 SCAIF- I的分子量及肽段部分序列的测定结果 .1　实验部分1 .1　样品制备　 SC…     

反相高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱法分析食源血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽

利用反相高效液相色谱/电喷雾离子阱质谱法,直接分析从牦牛乳酪蛋白中酶水解得到的血管紧张素转换酶抑制肽粗产物。RP-HPLC显示具有活性的多肽粗产物含有3个主要成分,质谱同步测定各组分的分子量(m/z)分别为815.2,1680.1,962.2,然后选择[M H] 离子通过串联质谱(MS/MS)得到碎片离子,利用b离子和y离子互补的方法鉴定了多肽序列。三条肽分别为Leu-Pro-Tyr-Tyr,Pro-Leu-Pro-Leu-Leu-Gln,Phe-Leu-Pro-Pro-Tyr-Tyr。结果显示,所获得的多肽序列与牛乳酪蛋白一级结构中相应肽段的序列一致。     

ESI质谱法对黄酮-7-磷酰化氨基酸酯与溶菌酶相互作用的研究

采用电喷雾(ESI)质谱技术,研究了4种黄酮-7-磷酰化氨基酸酯与溶菌酶的弱相互作用,实验结果表明4种化合物均能与溶菌酶形成非共价复合物,在相同条件下,未检测到黄酮与溶菌酶形成的非共价复合物,说明在黄酮分子中引入N-磷酰化氨基酸,能改变黄酮的分子极性,从而使其与生物大分子之间的相互作用情况发生变化;通过改变锥孔电压,分别对4种黄酮-7-磷酰化氨基酸酯-溶菌酶复合物的耐压能力进行检测.结果显示,黄酮-7-磷酰化氨基酸酯b与溶菌酶形成的复合物最稳定,它们之间存在最强的弱相互作用.     

应用Atherton-Todd反应进行酪氨酸O-磷酰化

蛋白质磷酸化是细胞内调节酶功能的一种重要的翻译后修饰 .蛋白质内酪氨酸磷酰化是目前所知道的在细胞应答外界刺激时最主要的信号传导方式 [1] .文献 [2 ]报道的酪氨酸 O-磷酰化的方法是基于亚磷酰胺化学 ,包含亚磷酸化和氧化两步 .我们在 O-磷酰化多肽的合成研究中发现 ,应用 Atherton-Todd反应可以有效地进行酪氨酸 O-磷酰化 .Atherton- Todd反应是指二烷基亚磷酸酯在四氯化碳和有机碱 (如三乙胺 )存在下转变成二烷基磷酰氯 ,从而进行胺、亚胺及肟的磷酰化 .该法曾被有效地用于在弱碱性水溶液中合成 N - (二烷基磷酰 )氨基酸和小肽 […     

Formation and reactions of clusters in the gas phase: small peptides and carboxylic acids

The cluster formation of seventeen small dipeptides with different primary structures and vanillic acid was investigated by means of a neutral laser desorption and supersonic beam expansion followed by multi photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The structures of these clusters have been characterized by mass spectrometric methods as well as by DFT calculations. It is shown that the structure of the cluster from a dipeptide and vanillic acid is described by a hydrogen bond between the phenolic group of the vanillic acid and the N-terminal amino function of the dipeptide. The intensity of the cluster ion and the main fragmentation product, the protonated peptide ion, can be linked to the proton affinity of the peptide. Furthermore the fragmentation reactions of the protonated peptide are accompanied by extensive hydrogen rearrangements yielding both a and y fragments. The intensities of these fragments follow the proton affinity of the dipeptide.     

Improving peptide fragmentation by N-terminal derivatization with high proton affinity

An improved method of de novo peptide sequencing based on mass spectrometry using novel N-terminal derivatization reagents with high proton affinity has been developed. The introduction of a positively charged group into the N-terminal amino group of a peptide is known to enhance the relative intensity of b-ions in product ion spectra, allowing the easy interpretation of the spectra. However, the physicochemical properties of charge derivatization reagents required for efficient fragmentation remain unclear. In this study, we prepared several derivatization reagents with high proton affinity, which are thought to be appropriate for peptide fragmentation under low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions, and examined their usefulness in de novo peptide sequencing. Comparison of the effects on fragmentation among three derivatization reagents having a guanidino or an amidino moiety, which differ in proton affinity, clearly indicated that there was an optimal proton affinity for efficient fragmentation of peptides. Among reagents tested in this study, derivatization with 4-amidinobenzoic acid brought about the most effective fragmentation. This derivatization approach will offer a novel de novo peptide sequencing method under low-energy CID conditions.     

Theoretical Study of the Sensitivity-Improvement Effect of Phosphoryl Group in Mass Spectrometry of Small Peptides

Mass spectrometry plays an important role in peptide sequencing since the invention of soft ionization techniques, such as fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI). In our previous work, it was found that phosphorylation on the N-terminal of small peptides could enormously improve their sensitivity in FAB-MS1.To understand the sensitivity-improvement effect of phosphoryl group, the energies for the protonation of glycylglycin…     

Effect of solvent and electrospray mass spectrometer parameters on the charge state distribution of peptides--a case study using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method development for beta-endorphin assay

Beta-endorphin was used as a model peptide to study the effect of solvent and electrospray mass spectrometer parameters in the optimisation of an assay method for multiply charged compounds using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Unlike with singly charged compounds, the charge state distribution has a significant impact in the method development of multiply charged compounds such as peptides. Using a 50% acetonitrile/water solvent mixture, we found that the ion spray voltage had no influence on the charge state distribution. However, increasing declustering potential led to deprotonation of the higher charge states of the peptide thus causing a shift to lower charge states. The mechanism leading to the deprotonation was examined. It was concluded that the deprotonation is due to endoergic proton transfer from the peptide to solvent molecules clustered to the peptide that occurs in the declustering region. The extent of deprotonation increases with increasing proton affinity of the molecules of the non-aqueous solvent component used. Thus, if desired, deprotonation can be avoided by selecting a low proton affinity solvent such as methanol. The focusing potential was also found to have a great influence on the charge state distribution observed. The results of this study enabled us to select the optimum ion to be used in single ion/reaction monitoring mode. They also provided the most favourable parameter values to be used in the method to obtain the best sensitivity for the ion of choice. The results demonstrate the importance of considering the charge state distribution in the optimisation of electrospray LC/MS methods for multiply charged compounds.     

Kinetic and thermodynamic considerations of the bracketing method: Entropy-driven proton-transfer reactions in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer

Several reports of experimentally derived proton affinity values and gas-phase basicity values for amino acids and peptides have recently appeared in the literature. Here, we show that the thermodynamic quantity that is measured by the Fourier transform mass spectrometry proton transfer bracketing of amino acids and peptides is gas-phase basicity and not proton affinity. Both experimental and theoretical evidence supports this conclusion. The difference between the values determined by proton transfer bracketing measurements for lysine versus leucine is consistent with a difference in gas-phase basicity rather than proton affinity. The rate of proton transfer from protonated lysine to a series of reference compounds have been measured. Entropy-driven, endothermic proton transfer is found to occur at the collision rate. Recent ab initio and semi-empirical calculations of the proton affinity of lysine are found to agree with the value that is derived from bracketing studies when one assumes that gas-phase basicity is measured. While entropy-driven reactions have been observed previously in high-pressure mass spectrometers, this is the first evidence for such reactions at low pressure in a Fourier transform mass spectrometer.     

Simultaneous Analysis of Phosphorylated Peptides by MALDI-TOF-MS

Six peptides with various phosphorylation sensitivities for protein kinase A (PKA) were used for the simultaneous analysis of phosphorylated peptides using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. The mixture of six peptides was reacted with PKA and was analyzed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The intensity of all peaks except one phosphorylated peptide peak was very low (<20%). Moreover, we examined whether the addition of diammonium citrate to CHCA matrix at concentrations of 1–20 mg mL^?1 can increase the peak intensity of peptides and phosphorylated peptides. The addition of diammonium citrate increased the peak intensity of peptides and phosphorylated peptides, but an increase in the intensity was unsatisfactory. Our study strongly suggests that MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is not suitable for the simultaneous analysis of phosphorylated peptides.     

Methylating peptides to prevent adduct ion formation also directs cleavage in collision-induced dissociation mass spectrometry

We investigated the effect of N-terminal amino group and carboxyl group methylation on peptide analysis by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). Permethylation of the N-terminal amino group and the carboxyl groups can reduce metal ion adducts but does not enhance sensitivity in electrospray as previously observed for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. N-terminal trimethylated peptides exhibit collision-induced dissociation (CID) tandem mass spectra that differ from their unmodified analogs; the results support the mobile proton hypothesis of peptide fragmentation. A permanent positive charge at the N-terminus leads to competition between permanent-charge directed processes and loss of the N-terminal trimethyl amino group. Carboxyl methylation has no effect on fragmentation behavior other than to shift the mass of fragments containing methylated carboxyl groups. Comparison of regular and tandem mass spectra of different methylated peptides allowed probing the location of incomplete methylation, the proton displaced by alkali metal ions and the purity of a mass-selected methylated peptide ion.     

Arginine-mimic labeling with guanidinoethanethiol to increase mass sensitivity of lysine-terminated phosphopeptides by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) generally shows better mass sensitivity for arginine-terminated peptides than for lysine-terminated peptides, presumed to arise from the higher proton affinity of the guanidine group in arginine. Here, we report a new method for analyzing phosphopeptides in which phosphopeptides are labeled with a novel chemical tag, guanidinoethanethiol (GET), by a beta-elimination/Michael addition before MS analysis. GET labeling converts phosphoserine into guanidinoethylcysteine (Gec) containing a guanidine moiety, along with an increase in mass of 21.1 Da. GET-labeled peptides are detected by MALDI MS with greatly increased peak intensities compared to those of intact phosphopeptides. In particular, GET labeling of lysine-terminated phosphopeptides dramatically increased peak intensity. GET labeling of lysine-terminated phosphopeptides improved sensitivity up to 22 times compared to that of the corresponding aminoethanethiol (AET) labeling, in which AET was used as a labeling tag containing an amino group instead of the guanidine group. These results show the guanidine group plays a very important role in increasing the observed sensitivity of MALDI MS for labeled peptide, derivatized from serine-phosphorylated peptides.     

The relative influence of phosphorylation and methylation on responsiveness of peptides to MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of post‐translational protein modifications by mass spectrometry is often hampered by changes in the ionization/detection efficiencies caused by amino acid modifications. This paper reports a comprehensive study of the influence of phosphorylation and methylation on the responsiveness of peptides to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Using well‐characterized synthetic peptide mixtures consisting of modified peptides and their unmodified analogs, relative ionization/detection efficiencies of phosphorylated, monomethylated, and dimethylated peptides were determined. Our results clearly confirm that the ion yields are generally lower and the signal intensities are reduced with phosphopeptides than with their nonphosphorylated analogs and that this has to be taken into account in MALDI and ESI mass spectrometry. However, the average reduction of ion yield caused by phosphorylation is more pronounced with MALDI than with ESI. The unpredictable impact of phosphorylation does not depend on the hydrophobicity and net charge of the peptide, indicating that reliable quantification of phosphorylation by mass spectrometry requires the use of internal standards. In contrast to phosphorylation, mono‐ and dimethylated peptides frequently exhibit increased signal intensities in MALDI mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS). Despite minor matrix‐dependent variability, MALDI methods are well suited for the sensitive detection of dimethylated arginine and lysine peptides. Mono‐ and dimethylation of the arginine guanidino group did not significantly influence the ionization efficiency of peptides in ESI‐MS. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of spacer chain length on ion binding to bidentate alpha,omega-diamines: contrasting ordering for H+ and Li+ ion affinities

Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry studies and quantum chemical calculations indicate that bidentate ligation of Li+ ion to the diamines leads to symmetric bridging and exhibits contrasting relative affinity orderings compared to that of proton for alpha,omega-diamines.