Accurate Higher-Order Analytical Approximate Solutions to Large-Amplitude Oscillating Systems with a General Non-Rational Restoring Force

A new approximate analytical approach for accurate higher-order nonlinear solutions of oscillations with large amplitude is presented in this paper. The oscillatory system is subjected to a non-rational restoring force. This approach is built upon linearization of the governing dynamic equation associated with the method of harmonic balance. Unlike the classical harmonic balance method, simple linear algebraic equations instead of nonlinear algebraic equations are obtained upon linearization prior to harmonic balancing. This approach also explores large parameter regions beyond the classical perturbation methods which in principle are confined to problems with small parameters. It has significant contribution as there exist many nonlinear problems without small parameters. Through some examples in this paper, we establish the general approximate analytical formulas for the exact period and periodic solution which are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation.     

A New Method for Approximate Analytical Solutions to Nonlinear Oscillations of Nonnatural Systems

This paper deals with nonlinear oscillations of a conservative,nonnatural, single-degree-of-freedom system with odd nonlinearity. Bycombining the linearization of the governing equation with the method ofharmonic balance, we establish approximate analytical solutions for thenonlinear oscillations of the system. Unlike the classical harmonicbalance method, the linearization is performed prior to proceeding withharmonic balancing thus resulting in linear algebraic equations insteadof nonlinear algebraic equations. Hence, we are able to establish theapproximate analytical formulas for the exact period and periodicsolution. These approximate solutions are valid for small as well aslarge amplitudes of oscillation. Two examples are presented toillustrate that the proposed formulas can give excellent approximateresults.     

An analytical approximate technique for a class of strongly non-linear oscillators

An analytical approximate technique for large amplitude oscillations of a class of conservative single degree-of-freedom systems with odd non-linearity is proposed. The method incorporates salient features of both Newton's method and the harmonic balance method. Unlike the classical harmonic balance method, accurate analytical approximate solutions are possible because linearization of the governing differential equation by Newton's method is conducted prior to harmonic balancing. The approach yields simple linear algebraic equations instead of non-linear algebraic equations without analytical solution. With carefully constructed iterations, only a few iterations can provide very accurate analytical approximate solutions for the whole range of oscillation amplitude beyond the domain of possible solution by the conventional perturbation methods or harmonic balance method. Three examples including cubic-quintic Duffing oscillators are presented to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed technique.     

Nonlinear vibration of a two-mass system with nonlinear stiffnesses

An analytical approach is developed for nonlinear free vibration of a conservative, two-degree-of-freedom mass–spring system having linear and nonlinear stiffnesses. The main contribution of the proposed approach is twofold. First, it introduces the transformation of two nonlinear differential equations of a two-mass system using suitable intermediate variables into a single nonlinear differential equation and, more significantly, the treatment a nonlinear differential system by linearization coupled with Newton’s method and harmonic balance method. New and accurate higher-order analytical approximate solutions for the nonlinear system are established. After solving the nonlinear differential equation, the displacement of two-mass system can be obtained directly from the governing linear second-order differential equation. Unlike the common perturbation method, this higher-order Newton–harmonic balance (NHB) method is valid for weak as well as strong nonlinear oscillation systems. On the other hand, the new approach yields simple approximate analytical expressions valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation unlike the classical harmonic balance method which results in complicated algebraic equations requiring further numerical analysis. In short, this new approach yields extended scope of applicability, simplicity, flexibility in application, and avoidance of complicated numerical integration as compared to the previous approaches such as the perturbation and the classical harmonic balance methods. Two examples of nonlinear two-degree-of-freedom mass–spring system are analyzed and verified with published result, exact solutions and numerical integration data.     

On the harmonic balance with linearization for asymmetric single degree of freedom non-linear oscillators

This paper deals with analytical approximation of non-linear oscillations of conservative asymmetric single degree of freedom systems, using the method of harmonic balance with linearization. This technique which consists of linearizing the governing equations prior to harmonic balance permits us to avoid solving complicated non-linear algebraic equations. But it could be applied only to symmetric oscillations for which it proves to be very simple and effective. This restriction is due to the fact that the method requires an appropriate initial approximate solution as input. Such a solution could not be readily identified for nonsymmetric oscillations, contrary the symmetric case where the fundamental harmonic works well. For these nonsymmetric oscillations, we propose in this paper to consider an initial approximation which consists of a small bias plus the fundamental harmonic. By expanding the corresponding harmonic balance equations respectively to first and second order in the bias, we are able to easily determine the bias and thus the required initial approximate solution that yields consistent solution at higher order. We use three examples to illustrate the proposed approach and reveal its simplicity and its very good convergence.     

Construction of approximate analytical solutions to strongly nonlinear damped oscillators

An analytical approximate method for strongly nonlinear damped oscillators is proposed. By introducing phase and amplitude of oscillation as well as a bookkeeping parameter, we rewrite the governing equation into a partial differential equation with solution being a periodic function of the phase. Based on combination of the Newton’s method with the harmonic balance method, the partial differential equation is transformed into a set of linear ordinary differential equations in terms of harmonic coefficients, which can further be converted into systems of linear algebraic equations by using the bookkeeping parameter expansion. Only a few iterations can provide very accurate approximate analytical solutions even if the nonlinearity and damping are significant. The method can be applied to general oscillators with odd nonlinearities as well as even ones even without linear restoring force. Three examples are presented to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed method.     

Large amplitude non-linear oscillations of a general conservative system

This paper presents new, approximate analytical solutions to large-amplitude oscillations of a general, inclusive of odd and non-odd non-linearity, conservative single-degree-of-freedom system. Based on the original general non-linear oscillating system, two new systems with odd non-linearity are to be addressed. Building on the approximate analytical solutions of odd non-linear systems developed by the authors earlier, we construct the new approximate analytical solutions to the original general non-linear system by combinatory piecing of the approximate solutions corresponding to, respectively, the two new systems introduced. These approximate solutions are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation for which the perturbation method either provides inaccurate solutions or is inapplicable. Two examples with excellent approximate analytical solutions are presented to illustrate the great accuracy and simplicity of the new formulation.     

Euler杆大挠度屈曲的解析逼近

研究Euler杆大挠度屈曲问题，将控制方程的线性化与谐波平衡法组合起来，分别建立以杆端转角形式表示的屈曲荷载及最大挠度的解析逼近公式，这些公式既适用于小变形又适用于大变形。     

Application of a modified Lindstedt–Poincaré method in coupled TDOF systems with quadratic nonlinearity and a constant external excitation

An analytical approach is developed for the nonlinear oscillation of a conservative, two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) mass-spring system with serial combined linear–nonlinear stiffness excited by a constant external force. The main idea of the proposed approach lies in two categories, the first one is the transformation of two nonlinear differential equations of a two-mass system using suitable intermediate variables into a single nonlinear differential equation. Another is the treatment a quadratic nonlinear oscillator (QNO) by the modified Lindstedt–Poincaré (L-P) method presented recently by the authors. The first-order and second-order analytical approximations for the modified L-P method are established for the QNOs with satisfactory results. After solving the nonlinear differential equation, the displacements of two-mass system can be obtained directly from the governing linear second-order differential equation. Unlike the common perturbation method, the modified L-P method is valid for weak as well as strong nonlinear oscillation systems. On the other hand, the new approach yields simple approximate analytical expressions valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation. In short, this new approach yields extended scope of applicability, simplicity, flexibility in application, and avoidance of complicated numerical integration as compared to the previous approaches such as the perturbation and classical harmonic balance methods. Two examples of nonlinear TDOF mass-spring systems excited by a constant external force are selected and the approximate solutions are verified with the exact solutions derived from the Jacobi elliptic function and also the numerical fourth-order Runge–Kutta solutions.     

A Method for Obtaining Approximate Analytic Periods for a Class of Nonlinear Oscillators

This paper deals with nonlinear oscillations of conservative single-degree-of-freedom systems with odd nonlinearity. By combining the linearization of the governing equation with the method of harmonic balance, we establish two approximate analytic formulas for the period. These two formulas are valid for small as well as large amplitudes of oscillation. Three examples are used to illustrate that the proposed formulas can give very satisfactory approximate results. Sommario. Questo lavoro tratta il problema delle oscillazioni nonlineari di sistemi conservativi ad un grado di libertà con nonlinearità simmetriche. Combinando opportunamente la tecnica di linearizzazione dellequazione del moto con il metodo del bilancio armonico si perviene a due formule analitiche approssimate per il periodo. Le formule ottenute sono valide sia per piccole che per grandi ampiezze di oscillazione. Si utilizzano tre esempi classici di oscillatori nonlineari per illustrate lefficacia del metodo nel produrre risultati approssimati soddisfacenti.     

电动力学中衰减机械系统的非线性振荡方法

衰减机械系统的非线性振荡可用来研究长约瑟夫逊结的电动力学方程式，而这方程式等同于弱衰减机械系统的非线性振荡。本文应用的方法是将控制方程线性化及结合谐波平衡法（线性谐波平衡法）而产生色散关系，再把平均法应用在弱非线性的耗散系统中得到非常准确的瞬变反应。在此提出的方法不仅考虑能量耗散，而且利用简单的线性代数等式关系来代替冗长及复杂的分析近似解。     

Application of the Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky method to weakly damped strongly non-linear planar Hamiltonian systems

In this paper, an analytical approximation of damped oscillations of some strongly non-linear, planar Hamiltonian systems is considered. To apply the Krylov–Bogoliubov–Mitropolsky method in this strongly non-linear case, we mainly provide the formal and exact solutions of the homogeneous part of the variational equations with periodic coefficients resulting from the Hamiltonian systems. It is shown that these are simply expressed in terms of the partial derivatives of the solutions, written in action-angle variables, of the Hamiltonian systems. Two examples, including a non-linear harmonic oscillator and the Morse oscillator, are presented to illustrate this extension of the method. The approximate first order solution obtained in each case is observed to be quite satisfactory.     

Harmonic wavelets based response evolutionary power spectrum determination of linear and non-linear oscillators with fractional derivative elements

A harmonic wavelets based approximate analytical technique for determining the response evolutionary power spectrum of linear and non-linear (time-variant) oscillators endowed with fractional derivative elements is developed. Specifically, time- and frequency-dependent harmonic wavelets based frequency response functions are defined based on the localization properties of harmonic wavelets. This leads to a closed form harmonic wavelets based excitation-response relationship which can be viewed as a natural generalization of the celebrated Wiener–Khinchin spectral relationship of the linear stationary random vibration theory to account for fully non-stationary in time and frequency stochastic processes. Further, relying on the orthogonality properties of harmonic wavelets an extension via statistical linearization of the excitation-response relationship for the case of non-linear systems is developed. This involves the novel concept of determining optimal equivalent linear elements which are both time- and frequency-dependent. Several linear and non-linear oscillators with fractional derivative elements are studied as numerical examples. Comparisons with pertinent Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate the reliability of the technique.     

Roe‐type Riemann solver for gas–liquid flows using drift‐flux model with an approximate form of the Jacobian matrix

This work presents an approximate Riemann solver to the transient isothermal drift ‐ flux model. The set of equations constitutes a non‐linear hyperbolic system of conservation laws in one space dimension. The elements of the Jacobian matrix A are expressed through exact analytical expressions. It is also proposed a simplified form of A considering the square of the gas to liquid sound velocity ratio much lower than one. This approximation aims to express the eigenvalues through simpler algebraic expressions. A numerical method based on the Gudunov's fluxes is proposed employing an upwind and a high order scheme. The Roe linearization is applied to the simplified form of A . The proposed solver is validated against three benchmark solutions and two experimental pipe flow data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式

明确了分析力学初值问题的控制方程,按照广义力和广义位移之间的对应关系,将 各控制方程卷乘上相应的虚量,代数相加,进而在 原空间中建立了分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式,即建立了分析力学初值问题的卷积 型变分原理和卷积型广义变分原理. 推导了分析力学初值问题卷积型变分原理和卷积型广义 变分原理的驻值条件. 在建立分析力学初值问题的一种变分原理形式的同时, 将变积方法推广为卷变积方法.     

Averaging method for the solution of non-linear differential equations with periodic non-harmonic solutions

While Krylov and Bogolyubov used harmonic functions in their averaging method for the approximate solution of weakly non-linear differential equations with oscillatory solution, we apply a similar averaging technique using Jacobi elliptic functions. These functions are also periodic and are exact solutions of strongly non-linear differential equations. The method is used to solve non-linear differential equations with linear and non-linear small dissipative terms and/or with time dependent parameters. It is also shown that quite general dissipative terms can be transformed into time-dependent parameters. As a special example, the Langevin (collisional) equation of motion of electrons in a neutralizing ion background under the influence of a time and space-dependent electric field is presented. The method may also be used for non-linear control theory, dynamic and parametric stabilization of non-linear oscillations in plasma physics, etc.     

Global and bifurcation analysis of a structure with cyclic symmetry

This article combines the application of a global analysis approach and the more classical continuation, bifurcation and stability analysis approach of a cyclic symmetric system. A solid disc with four blades, linearly coupled, but with an intrinsic non-linear cubic stiffness is at stake. Dynamic equations are turned into a set of non-linear algebraic equations using the harmonic balance method. Then periodic solutions are sought using a recursive application of a global analysis method for various pulsation values. This exhibits disconnected branches in both the free undamped case (non-linear normal modes, NNMs) and in a forced case which shows the link between NNMs and forced response. For each case, a full bifurcation diagram is provided and commented using tools devoted to continuation, bifurcation and stability analysis.     

基于参数展开的同伦分析技术及其应用

提出了一种基于参数展开的新的同伦分析技术(PE-HAM)：结合参数展 开技术和同伦理论将一非线性动力系统(不要求系统内含有小参数)的求解问题转化为一组 线性微分方程的求解问题,并将之运用到强非线性振动领域. 用该方法研究了强非线性 Duffing系统的响应问题,得到了一阶近似解. 作为特例讨论了保守Duffing系统和受谐和 激励的耗散Duffing系统的稳态响应问题. 数值模拟的结果,说明了新方法的有效性.     

Accurate analytical perturbation approach for large amplitude vibration of functionally graded beams

The present work derives the accurate analytical solutions for large amplitude vibration of thin functionally graded beams. In accordance with the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the von Kármán type geometric non-linearity, the second-order ordinary differential equation having odd and even non-linearities can be formulated through Hamilton's principle and Galerkin's procedure. This ordinary differential equation governs the non-linear vibration of functionally graded beams with different boundary constraints. Building on the original non-linear equation, two new non-linear equations with odd non-linearity are to be constructed. Employing a generalised Senator–Bapat perturbation technique as an ingenious tool, two newly formulated non-linear equations can be solved analytically. By selecting the appropriate piecewise approximate solutions from such two new non-linear equations, the analytical approximate solutions of the original non-linear problem are established. The present solutions are directly compared to the exact solutions and the available results in the open literature. Besides, some examples are selected to confirm the accuracy and correctness of the current approach. The effects of boundary conditions and vibration amplitudes on the non-linear frequencies are also discussed.     

Accurate analytical approximate solutions to general strong nonlinear oscillators

A new approach is presented for establishing the analytical approximate solutions to general strong nonlinear conservative single-degree-of-freedom systems. Introducing two odd nonlinear oscillators from the original general nonlinear oscillator and utilizing the analytical approximate solutions to odd nonlinear oscillators proposed by the authors, we construct the analytical approximate solutions to the original general nonlinear oscillator. These analytical approximate solutions are valid for small as well as large oscillation amplitudes. Two examples are presented to illustrate the great accuracy and simplicity of the new approach.