锂金属电池研究中对称电池的短路现象

锂金属是具有高能量密度的负极材料,是下一代高能量密度电池研究的重点。在锂金属负极的改性研究中,锂对称电池是最常用的测试对象,但判断其短路的依据尚未统一,因此存在部分对短路数据的解析错误。本文利用原位电池对锂沉积过程中由于枝晶生长导致的短路现象进行了描述,对锂金属对称电池在充放电过程中的短路现象进行了分类和讨论。通过区分硬短路、软短路及电池活化过程,提出了判断锂对称电池中枝晶生长及电池短路的依据,为判定锂金属负极改性方法的有效性提供参考。     

隔膜对锂-铜电池短路时间的影响

隔膜在锂离子电池中起着防止正负极直接短路和提供离子传输通道的作用，决定着电池的安全性能.在本文中，我们利用锂-铜电池的短路时间建立了一种评价隔膜安全性能的方法 .通过对电池短路时间的研究发现，对于同一种类型的隔膜，短路时间与隔膜厚度和内阻的线性相关度较高，隔膜厚度和内阻的增加均能延长电池的短路时间.同一厚度不同类型的隔膜，其电池的短路时间与隔膜自身的微孔结构相关.电池的短路时间与隔膜的穿刺强度之间的线性相关程度较低，结合电池短路后隔膜表面枝晶形貌的观察，我们推测枝晶是沿隔膜的孔道持续生长最终穿透隔膜，而非刺穿隔膜导致的电池短路.利用不同厚度的隔膜组装锂硫电池，发现循环寿命与隔膜厚度具有显著线性相关性，验证了测试方法在实际电池使用中的有效性.同时，研究也证实，利用功能隔膜调控锂的沉积行为、抑制锂的枝晶沉积能极大延长电池的短路时间，提升电池的安全性能，这为新型高安全性复合隔膜及电池的研究和设计提供了新的思路和理论依据.     

气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析火场残留物中的汽油成分

近年来,我国纵火案件呈上升趋势[1].纵火是一种严重危害公共安全的刑事犯罪.在纵火案中,火灾现场的纵火剂种类的确定是消防部门分析和认定火灾原因和火灾性质的重要依据之一,也是刑侦部门及时侦破纵火案件有力的证据之一.     

锂离子电池内部短路失效的反应机理研究

应用电池挤压试验机研究了锂离子电池内部短路失效过程,并由DSC、GC/MS和XRD分析了电池内部的正极、负极和电解液之间在不同温度下的反应机理.实验表明,正极Li0.5CoO2与电解液的反应是导致电池内部短路失效的根本原因.电池因内部短路发热,一旦温度达到正极Li0.5CoO2的分解温度时,正极瞬时分解,并释放出O2.后者与电解液瞬间发生剧烈反应,同时放出大量CO2气体,冲破电池壳体,造成电池发生爆炸.其中SEI膜自身的分解反应以及负极与电解液在初期的反应都为正极与电解液反应起了积累热量的作用.     

火灾中铜导线及其熔珠显微结构的SEM分析

用SEM观察分析了在各种模拟实验条件下铜导线及其熔珠熔痕的几种显微组织结构特征,结果表明：单股粗铜导线的火烧、二次短路熔珠熔痕与一次短路、过负荷、接触不良造成的熔珠熔痕其显微结构有明显不同,可为火灾原因的鉴定提供参考依据．而多股细铜导线火烧和二次短路及过负荷产生的熔珠熔痕,其显微结构中均出现等轴晶和柱状晶及较小再结晶颗粒,与一次短路结构较难以区别,因此无法为火灾原因的鉴定提供依据．     

具有高短路电流特性的D-A共聚物给体材料的理论研究北大核心CSCD

针对目前本体异质结有机太阳能电池活性层使用的给-受体(D-A)共聚物,研究对D-A给体材料的选取是设计高效有机太阳能电池的关键问题。本文分别选取了10种D单元和A单元,采用第一性原理密度泛函方法,研究了D、A单元及其相应共聚物结构和能隙的变化。结果表明:噻吩环稠合时噻吩环的个数、噻吩环与苯环稠合时苯环的个数都可以有效地调制能隙的大小;同时结构中噻吩环上S原子的位置对带隙也有一定影响。在此基础上,选取噻吩并[3,4-b]噻吩D2、双噻吩锗D6和吡咯并吡咯二酮A4为单体的三种带隙值较小的聚合物,研究了三种高短路电流给体材料P_1(PDTG-PT)、P_2(PNTz4T)、P_3(DPPTT-T)的电子结构特性。通过分析其分子链构象、Bader电荷转移和形成能,表明它们是高短路电流有机太阳能电池D-A型给体材料的理想选择。本研究为设计高短路电流有机太阳能电池D-A型给体材料提供了有价值的指导。     

纸张物证的分析检验方法

纸张是犯罪现场经常出现的物证。对纸张物证的分析检验在案件侦破中有着重要作用,因此,法庭科学工作者一直对纸张物证的检验方法进行深入研究。随着法庭科学实验室的发展,纸张的检验技术得到了长足的进步,由传统的单一仪器分析方法发展到现在多种分析技术的联合应用,从而建立了快速、有效、灵敏的检验方法,为涉及纸张物证的案件侦破做出了显著的贡献。本文对纸张物证的分析检验方法进行了介绍和讨论。     

基于近红外光谱技术的毒品现场快速溯源研究

毒品的日益泛滥和快速更新对缉毒部门进行现场识别和快速检测带来了巨大挑战,寻求快速、准确、低成本的现场检测方法对毒品的有效管控和案件侦破具有重要意义。该文通过使用手持式近红外光谱仪,结合粒子群优化－极限学习机（PSO－ELM）算法建立了冰毒和海洛因的现场案件快速溯源模型,并与传统的线性判别分析（LDA）算法和支持向量机（SVM）算法进行比较。结果表明：相对于传统的分类模型,该文所建立的PSO－ELM案件溯源模型能获得更好的分类结果和更高的计算效率。该方法能够实现毒品的现场快速溯源,为禁毒实战中的案件侦破提供制毒、贩毒线索。     

裂解气相色谱法分析火场燃烧残留物的研究

采用裂解气相色谱法对四种不同木材原样及分别浸渍汽油和柴油的木材燃烧残留物进行了分析研究，结果表明，无论是不同种类的木材还是含有不同助燃剂的同种木材，其燃烧残留物的裂解色谱图都存在明显的差异，通过对火灾现场燃烧残留物裂解色谱分析，可以确定载体木材的种类及木材中是否浸渍过助燃剂汽油或柴油，从而为火灾原因调查中纵火案件的侦破和诉讼提供科学的依据和证据。     

美国研发新质谱技术精确分析指纹残留化学物

一般的指纹分析可以查明一个人的身份,而借助一种新技术,美国研究人员能做到精确分析出指纹上残留的微量化学物质成分,这在身份识别、案件侦破甚至医学诊断方面都将大有用途。     

Short circuit diffusion in CuSn6/Ni/Au planar tricouples

To investigate processes of short circuit and uphill diffusion, low-temperature diffusion experiments were carried out with sandwich samples of CuSn6/Ni/Au in the kinetic regimeB after Harrison. Two kinds of base material CuSn6 with different grain sizes were chosen. The first material was cold rolled CuSn6 with a mean grain size of 3–4 m. The second was annealed CuSn6 with a mean grain size of 40 m. The Ni and Au layers with thicknesses in the m range were deposited by galvanization. The sheets were prepared by ion beam slope cutting, characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. After annealing at 576 K up to 120 d, the samples were investigated with glow discharge spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Concentration penetration plots made with glow discharge spectroscopy showed a different diffusion behaviour dependent on the CuSn6 material. The diffusion processes in the samples of cold rolled CuSn6 are more extensive than in the annealed CuSn6 samples. To find out causes of this phenomenon, a model of short circuit diffusion was developed and concentration penetration curves were calculated numerically with the finite difference method. Images of an ion beam slope cut sample show grain growth in the Au layer.Dedicated to Professor Dr. rer. nat. Dr. h.c. Hubertus Nickel on the occasion of his 65th birthday     

In Situ Acquisition of Equivalent Circuit Parameters of Crystal Resonance during Copper Deposition and Dissolution in Acidic Solution by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Impedance System

Thequartzcrystalimpedancetechniqueisapowerfulmethodtocharacterizecrystalresonancesincemultipleinformationaboutcrystalresonanceincludingtheresonantfrequencyandchangesinsomephysicaland/orchemicalpropertiesofthetestsystemcanFigure1.Equivalentelectricalc...     

高密度互连印制电路板孔金属化研究和进展

孔金属化互连是印制电路板(PCB)高密度集成的核心制程之一,化学镀铜和电子电镀铜是实现孔金属化的关键技术.本文介绍HDI-PCB的概念和制作流程;综述化学镀铜和电子电镀铜孔金属化互连的研究和进展,包括溶液组成和操作条件的影响,添加剂及其相互作用机理,以及盲孔填充和通孔孔壁加厚机制;展望高密度互连印制电路板电子电镀基础研...     

Enantioselectivity Investigation of Short Polar Peptides with Different Positions in the Michael Reaction

This work reports the effectiveness of short polar peptides as asymmetric catalysts in Michael reactions to attain good yields of enantio- and diastereoselective isomers. In a comparison, glutamic acid and histidine produced greater ee and yields when they were applied as the second amino acid in short trimeric peptides. These short polar peptides were found to be efficient organocatalysts for the asymmetric Michael addition reaction in water.

Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthetic Communications® to view the free supplemental file.     

Cu2+/TiO2对甲基橙的光催化降解机理

以自制的掺铜离子的混晶型二氧化钛为光催化剂,考察了甲基橙光催化降解过程中pH值和光源的影响,提出了两种不同的光催化降解机理:在高压汞灯照射下,TiO2的价带电子被激发到导带,光生电子和空穴主要通过Cu2+ 的短路循环而复合,光催化剂的活性降低;在太阳光照射下,甲基橙发生自身光敏化氧化反应,受激电子从单线态或三线态的甲基橙分子跃迁到TiO2的导带,Cu2+起到电荷传递中继站的作用,加速了注入电子向H2O2的转移,从而促进了甲基橙的光催化降解。     

废弃线路板化学分析采样、制样及检测方法

介绍废弃线路板中有回收价值元素和有害物质分析的采样、制样及检测技术。样品经过分类采样、剪切破碎和高温灰化制样,采用样品全分析或副批混合样分析。通过提高称样量、多次测定求平均值的办法,火试金富集-重量法测定贵金属金、银。湿法王水溶解样品,碘量法测定主体元素铜。电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定其它杂质元素,被测元素质量浓度在0~10μg/mL范围内与光谱强度呈良好线性关系,相关系数均大于0.9998。测定结果的相对标准偏差小于10%(n=5),加标回收率为97.0%~102.5%。该方法简单、快速,有效地解决了线路板样品不均匀而难采样,以及硬度、韧性强制样难,金属易包裹难分解的技术瓶颈,测定结果准确,具有代表性。该方法适用于废弃线路板化学成分分析,其它废弃电子产品检测可参考此方法。     

Circuit simulation for the dielectric responses of the composites of copper phthalocyanine oligomers and sulfonated polyurethanes by separating the structural elements

The copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) oligomer with high dielectric constant was synthesized by the solution method. The FT‐IR and X‐ray diffraction results revealed its chemical structure. The high dielectric constant of CuPc was proved to result from the free movement of charge carriers along the conjugated orbitals. The composites of CuPc and sulfonated polyurethane (PUI) were prepared and the contents of CuPc in the composites were varied from 10 to 50 wt %. The dielectric performance was greatly enhanced for the composite compared with that of average polymers. Different from the behaviors appeared in a common composite with conductive fillers, there is no percolation phenomenon observed in the CuPc/PUI composite, and the dielectric constants of CuPc/PUI composites decreased with the increase in the CuPc content, which is assumed to due to the strong electrostatic interactions between CuPc and PUI. Considering the many‐body interactions within the bulk sample and the contact effect between the bulk sample and the metallic electrode, an equivalent circuit was established to simulate the dielectric behaviors of the composites and computational curve fitting was done. The results were in good agreement, indicating that the dielectric responses of the composites come from both the extrinsic and the intrinsic contributions. The extrinsic was associated with the Maxwell‐Wagner relaxation at the interface between the electrode and the bulk sample, and the intrinsic was associated with the huge dipoles provided by the mobile charges within the CuPc grains and the interaction among them in the bulk composites. A circuit model concerning the universal dielectric response was proposed in describing the intrinsic contribution, which quantitatively verified the strong interaction among the dipoles with the relaxation time, representing the aggregated structure of CuPc when its content was high in the composites. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1146–1155, 2009     

铜电化学沉积在微孔金属化中的应用

以分布有微孔的印刷线路板(PCB)作为模板,按照PCB孔金属化工艺路线,研究乙醛酸化学镀铜和柠檬酸盐体系铜电沉积工艺在PCB微孔金属化中的应用.结果表明,乙醛酸化学镀铜和柠檬酸盐体系电沉积铜可以成功地应用于PCB微孔金属化加工工艺中.微孔化学镀铜金属化导电处理后,铜附着于微孔内壁,颗粒细小,但排列疏松且局部区域发生漏镀现象.微孔一经电镀铜加厚,镀层电阻显著下降;孔壁内外的铜沉积速率达到0.8:1.0;铜颗粒具有一定的侧向生长能力,能够完全覆盖化学镀铜时产生的微小漏镀区域;微孔内壁铜镀层连续、结构致密并紧密附着于内壁,大大增强了PCB上下层互连的导电性能.