气相色谱-质谱法测定食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量的不确定度评定

对气相色谱-质谱联用法测定食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量过程中可能引入的不确定度进行了分析和评定.通过实验数据计算得出食品接触材料中五氯苯酚含量的不确定度,当置信水平为95%,包含因子k=2时,其相对扩展不确定度为4.04%.通过对不确定度的分析.指出在检测过程中质量控制的关键在于标准物质的浓度和气相色谱分析过程,并提出了...     

气相色谱法测定中、长链脂肪乳注射液中大豆油和中链甘油三酸酯含量的不确定度评定

建立气相色谱法测定中、长链脂肪乳注射液中大豆油和中链甘油三酸酯含量的不确定度评定方法。建立数学模型，分析气相色谱法测定中、长链脂肪乳注射液中大豆油和中链甘油三酸酯含量的不确定度来源及影响因素，对各不确定度分量进行评价，计算合成标准不确定度及扩展不确定度。当大豆油质量分数为9.63%时，其扩展不确定度为0.10%(k=2)。当中链甘油三酸酯质量分数为10.00%时，其扩展不确定度为0.11%(k=2)。气相色谱法测定中、长链脂肪乳注射液中大豆油和中链甘油三酸酯含量的不确定度主要来源于对照品和样品溶液制备过程。该不确定度评定为实验过程的控制和测定结果的评估提供了参考，有利于保证该类药品的质量控制水平和检验结果的准确性。     

分光光度法测定空气中甲醛不确定度评定

采用分光光度法测定空气中甲醛,对测定结果的不确定度进行评定。采用酚试剂分光光度法测定空气中甲醛,分析测定过程中的各项不确定度来源,包括样品采集、标准工作溶液配制、标准工作曲线拟合、测定仪器以及重复测定等引入的不确定度,计算合成不确定度,最后获得相对扩展不确定度。当空气中甲醛质量浓度为0.0244~0.2218 mg/m^3时,测定结果在95%置信区间时的相对扩展不确定度为0.1172(k=2)。不确定度主要来源于A类不确定度和系列标准工作溶液制备、标准工作曲线拟合、水中甲醛溶液标准物质的稀释引入的不确定度。     

紫外可见分光光度计测定POM塑料中甲醛含量的不确定度评价

建立了分光光度法测定POM塑料中甲醛含量的不确定度评定数学模型。根据JJF 1059.1-2012标准要求与VDA 275-1994方法进行测定,从试样质量称量、重复性试验、试样水溶液的甲醛浓度、吸收液体积以及含水率测试五个方面分析测定过程中不确定度来源,并分别对其进行量化和和合成。结果表明,POM塑料中甲醛含量为5.015 mg/kg,扩展不确定度为0.254 mg/kg(k=2)。测定结果的不确定度主要来源于试样水溶液的甲醛浓度测试引入的不确定度,占比90.82%,其中线性拟合分量引入的不确定度贡献最大,占75.58%,其次是标液配制和仪器引入的不确定度分量,分别占13.41%和7.62%。因此在实际测量过程中,应重视仪器和量具的检定与核查,增加标准工作曲线的更新频次,以及规范试验操作步骤以提高测试结果的准确性;另一方面,称量、标液、含水率测试所引入的不确定度非常小,可忽略不计。     

气相色谱法测定汽油中苯含量不确定度的评定

通过分析气相色谱法测定汽油中苯含量的操作流程对汽油中的苯含量测量结果的不确定度进行了评定,不确定度主要来源于相对定量校正因子、样品中添加内标物丁酮的体积、样品的体积、样品中苯与内标物丁酮面积的平均值之比、标准物质苯的纯度等参数引入的不确定度。其中相对校正因子引入的不确定度最大。当汽油样品中苯的体积分数为0.57%时,苯含量的扩展不确定度为0.02%(k=2)。     

气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定茶叶中氟虫腈的不确定度评定

对气相色谱-质谱联用法测定茶叶中氟虫腈含量过程中可能引入的不确定度进行了分析和评定.当置信度水平为95％,包含因子k为2时,通过实验数据计算得到茶叶中氟虫腈含量的相对扩展不确定度为5.75％.对各分量在构成合成不确定度时的贡献率分析,得出质量控制的关键在于控制好样品的均匀性、代表性和测试方法的精密度.     

气相色谱法测定果汁饮料中甜蜜素含量的不确定度评定

采用气相色谱法测定果汁饮料中甜蜜素的含量,对测定结果的不确定度进行了分析,对各不确定度分量进行了评定和量化,计算了合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。不确定度主要来自量器校准和标准曲线引入的不确定度。果汁饮料中甜蜜素的含量结果表示为（0．350±0．023）g／kg,k=2。     

固相萃取–气相色谱法测定海水中异狄氏剂含量的不确定度评定

采用末取代聚苯乙烯/二乙烯基苯(Cleanert PS)固相萃取–气相色谱法测定海水中异狄氏剂浓度,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定。分析了测量程序中不确定度的各项来源,包括样品采集、标准溶液制备、校准曲线回归、前处理方法、样品回收率等引入的不确定度及其计算方法,最后合成得标准不确定度。当海水中异狄氏剂含量为2.9ng/L时,扩展不确定度为0.17 ng/L(k=2)。实验结果表明,标准校准曲线引入的不确定度对测量结果的影响最大。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅精矿中铊含量的不确定度评定

评定电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铅精矿中铊含量的不确定度。建立了铊含量计算的数学模型,对测量过程进行分析,确定了不确定度的来源,主要包括分析过程中所用的电子天平、玻璃器皿、校准曲线、标准溶液、样品溶液定容体积及测量重复性等引入的不确定度分量。分别计算各个不确定度分量,得到测定结果的合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。当铅精矿样品中铊的质量分数测定值为0.000 26%时,扩展不确定度为0.000 006 9%(k=2)。     

微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定大米中镉的不确定度评定

评定微波消解电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定大米中镉含量的不确定度。该法测量不确定度主要来源于标准曲线拟合、标准工作溶液配制和测量重复性。结果表明，微波消解ICP-MS法测定大米中镉质量分数为0.174 mg/kg时，在95%置信水平下，其扩展不确定度为0.021 mg/kg，包含因子k=2。通过对各不确定度分量的计算和评定结果量值比对，得出测量过程中不确定度的主要来源是标准曲线拟合，其次为系列标准工作溶液的配制和测量重复性，贡献值分别为70.9%、11.2%和11.8%，样品称量和定容过程中量器以及实验室温度变化引入的不确定度较小。     

室内空气中总挥发性有机物（TVOC）检验方法的探索

使用TVOC混合标准溶液对气相色谱法检测室内空气样品中总挥发有机物的方法进行了探索。改进后的色谱分析时间为26.1min,比GB/T 18883-2002方法（52min）缩短了25.9min,TVOC各物质峰分离度高于99%,检测精密度相对标准偏差在1.05%至2.89%之间,回收率在95%到102%之间,检出限为0.020μg。     

室内空气测量不确定度评定进展

介绍了测量不确定度的研究进展及《民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范》(GB 50325-2001)中规定的室内5种空气污染物氡、甲醛、氨、苯、TVOC检测不确定度的评定概况,室内空气污染物测量不确定度的评定还处于较低水平,有待系统研究。     

Uncertainties of gas chromatographic measurement of troublesome pesticide residues in apples employing conventional and mass spectrometric detectors

In recent years the declaration of estimated uncertainty of measurement has become an integral part of analytical results. This study presents the assessment of results generated within the analysis of selected pesticides represented by carbamates, pyrethroides and azoles, residues of which may be found in treated apples. Multiresidue method used for analysis of spiked samples (residues at levels 0.040–0.163 mg/kg) consisted of (i) ethyl acetate extraction, (ii) GPC clean-up and (iii) identification/quantification of residues by GC. Procedures utilizing either conventional (electron-capture, nitrogen–phosphorus) or mass-selective detectors (quadrupole and ion trap analyzer) were evaluated. The results generated through alternative strategies of uncertainty estimation (“bottom-up”, “top-down”) were compared.

Using the “bottom-up” approach uncertainty of extraction which comprises two components—(i) repeatability of extraction and (ii) uncertainty of extraction recovery was shown to represent the main source of combined standard uncertainty (values of uncertainty of extraction for tested pesticides ranged from 4.6% to 21.6%). On the other hand, uncertainties associated with the GC calibration (uncertainties of weighing and diluting standards, uncertainties of purity of standards) were not so important (most of them did not exceed 2%). Combined standard uncertainties associated with the described analytical method ranged for individual compounds from 9.3% to 24.3%. Similar values of combined standard uncertainties were obtained using the alternative “top-down” approach.     

Evaluation of contributions to the uncertainty of cholesterol determination in human serum by means of gas chromatography/(quadrupole-) mass spectrometry

 The uncertainty budget of the determination of cholesterol in a reference material (freeze-dried human serum) by isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was evaluated. Measurements were run on a GC/quadrupole MS. A nested experimental design combined with a corresponding model for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the components making up the total uncertainty of the determinations. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the sole GC/MS-step was 0.47%, while that of the sample preparation including hydrolyzation, extraction and derivatization was 0.84%. This made the in-laboratory (overall) CV 0.96%. In addition, there was a vial-to-vial effect of 1.00% probably due to both inhomogeneity of the pooled material and lack of reproducibility of the filling procedure (including freeze drying) of the supplier as well as the reconstitution prior to use in the laboratory. These contributions sum up to an overall CV of a single determination of about 1.4%. Received: 17 October 1996/Revised: 14 November 1996/Accepted: 18 November 1996     

装修对室内空气质量的影响及室内空气污染的防治

对南宁市装修后的30户居室及5处办公场所室内空气中甲醛、苯、总挥发性有机物、氨、氡的浓度进行检测,结果表明总挥发性有机物的超标率最高.总挥发性有机物家庭居室点超标率和户超标率分别为67.2％,80.0％;办公场所点超标率为15.2％;不同功能居室房间超标率分别为:客厅58.6％,主卧室60.7％,书房80.8％,厨房55.6％.装修导致室内污染严重,是引起室内空气质量下降的主要原因,针对性提出了室内空气污染的防治对策.     

Estimation of measurement uncertainty for the determination of nonylphenol in water using solid-phase extraction and solid-phase microextraction procedures

We describe an estimation of measurement uncertainty calculated by the “bottom-up” approach for the determination of the oestrogenic compound nonylphenol in treated water samples by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedures and GC/MS detection. The results were compared and the different contributions to the uncertainty were evaluated. A study of the linear range was established and validation was performed for both methods using statistical analysis of several indicative parameters. In terms of validation data, precision (R.S.D. values <20%) and trueness (relative error <11%) were obtained for both methods under day-to-day conditions. The results of the estimation of measurement uncertainty obtained for both methods for concentrations higher than 1 μg/l have demonstrated that the time-consuming SPE method has a lower relative uncertainty (32%) than the SPME method (42.8%). The chromatographic uncertainty value was the main factor in the SPME method whereas the recovery factor (used to calculate the concentration) was the main contribution to uncertainty in the SPE method.     

土壤和沉积物中持久性有机污染物分析的不确定度评估

土壤和沉积物中POPs分析过程中的不确定度来源于样品制备、运输和保存、前处理和分析4个环节.土壤经四分法采样、均质化制样、快速溶剂萃取、多层符合硅胶柱净化、GC/MS分析.以p,p'-DDT为例,评定了各环节不确定度的大小,结果表明:样品前处理的不确定度分量对合成不确定度的贡献最大,约占90.6%;样品制备、保存和分析...     

气相色谱–质谱法测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸的测量不确定度评定

采用气相色谱–质谱法(GC–MS)测定食用植物油中短链脂肪酸含量,对测量结果的不确定度进行评定,探讨提高测量准确度的方法。依据方法建立数学模型,分析得出不确定度主要来源于样品制备过程、计量器具的使用、标准溶液配制、测量设备、人员读数误差、方法回收率,计算各不确定度分量,得到相对标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。结果表明,当食用植物油中短链脂肪酸测定结果为13.1 mg/kg时,其扩展不确定度为1.8 mg/kg(k=2)。测量设备、标准溶液配制过程引入的不确定度较大,应在实验过程中予以控制和关注。     

Chemometric analysis of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography data using cryogenic modulation

The two-dimensional (2D) data structure generated under a high resolution GC×GC system with a small number of samplings taken across the first dimension is evaluated for the purpose of the application of chemometric deconvolution methods. Chemometric techniques such as generalized rank annihilation method (GRAM) place high demands on the reproducibility of chromatographic experiments. For GRAM to be employed for GC×GC data interpretation, it is critical that the separation method provides data with a bilinear structure; the peak-shape and retention times on both columns must be reproducible. With a limited number of samplings across a ¹D (first dimension) peak (e.g. four to six samplings) repeatability of the pattern of the modulated peaks (controlled by the modulation phase) becomes important in producing a bilinear data structure. Reproducibility of modulation phase can be affected by both reliability of the modulation period and reproducibility of the retention time of the peak on the first column (which arises from oven temperature and carrier flow rate stability). Evaluation of within-run and run-to-run retention time reproducibility (retention time uncertainty) on both columns, and modulation phase reproducibility using a modulated cryogenic system for a pair of overlapping components (fatty acid methyl esters) was undertaken. An investigation of the quality of data to permit quantification of each component by using GRAM deconvolution, was also conducted. Less than 4% run-to-run retention time uncertainty was obtained on column 1 and less than 9% run-to-run and within-run retention time uncertainty was obtained on column 2, where these R.S.D. measures are reported normalised to peak widths on each respective dimension. The R.S.D. of duplicate quantification results by GRAM ranged from 2 to 26% although the average quantification error using GRAM was less than 5%.