新型Heusler合金RuMn2Sn的态密度、磁性对压力、四方变形的响应

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,对新型Heusler合金RuMn2 Sn的态密度对外加压力的响应以及其态密度、磁矩对四方变形的响应进行了系统的研究。研究结果表明：1）随着外加压力的增大,态密度向低能区移动,幅度略有增加,原子之间的杂化程度增强,其原因是随外加压力的增大, Ru、Mn以及Sn原子之间的距离减小;2）在由奥氏体态到马氏体态相变的过程中,同样由于合金中各原子之间的距离减小导致态密度向低能区发生移动,体系的能量降低,同时在相变过程中,发现能带变宽,成键作用增强,从而说明马氏体态的稳定性增大;3）在上述相变的过程中, RuMn2 Sn总磁矩的变化主要由Ru原子磁矩的变化决定。     

Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiGe合金的电子结构、磁性对压力、四方变形的响应

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了Hg2CuTi型 Mn2NiGe合金的电子结构对外加压力的响应以及Mn2NiGe的电子结构、磁性对四方变形的响应．结果表明：i）随着外加压力的增加,因Ni、Mn原子间距的减小而导致杂化程度的增强,使得态密度整体向低能区域移动,同时,态密度幅度整体略有减小;ii）在由奥氏体相到马氏体相的变形中,同样因Ni、Mn原子间距的减小而导致杂化程度的增强,占据态的态密度向低能区域移动,体系的能量降低,同时,成键态向低能方向移动,反键态向高能方向移动,能带变宽,成键作用加强,最终导致在马氏体相中的稳定性增大;iii）在四方变形过程中,Mn2NiGe总磁矩的变化主要由Ni原子磁矩的变化所产生．     

Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiB磁性形状记忆效应的理论预测

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理的投影扩充波函数（PAW）方法,分别计算了Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiB的四方变形、晶体结构、磁性、电子结构、压力响应、温度特性．计算结果显示：在由立方结构至四方结构的变形中,在c/a约为1.33处出现一个能量局域最小值,表明该处存在一个稳定的马氏体相;在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn2NiB的总磁矩均主要由Mn原子提供,但Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子磁矩呈反平行排列且值不等,因而Mn2NiB合金均表现为亚铁磁结构,总磁矩分别是1.736 （奥氏体态）和0.974 （马氏体态）;在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,在费米面附近的总态密度主要由Mn(A)-d、Mn(B)-d的投影态密度决定,但两者在费米面附近交叠都很少,说明Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子之间的d-d直接交换作用均很弱,Mn(A)与Mn(B)之间磁矩的亚铁磁耦合正是由这种弱的d-d直接交换作用来维持．基于以上的计算结果,我们预测Mn2NiB具有磁性形状记忆效应．     

Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiGe合金的电子结构、磁性对压力、四方变形的响应

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了Hg2CuTi型 Mn2NiGe合金的电子结构对外加压力的响应以及Mn2NiGe的电子结构、磁性对四方变形的响应．结果表明：i）随着外加压力的增加,因Ni、Mn原子间距的减小而导致杂化程度的增强,使得态密度整体向低能区域移动,同时,态密度幅度整体略有减小;ii）在由奥氏体相到马氏体相的变形中,同样因Ni、Mn原子间距的减小而导致杂化程度的增强,占据态的态密度向低能区域移动,体系的能量降低,同时,成键态向低能方向移动,反键态向高能方向移动,能带变宽,成键作用加强,最终导致在马氏体相中的稳定性增大;iii）在四方变形过程中,Mn2NiGe总磁矩的变化主要由Ni原子磁矩的变化所产生．     

Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiB磁性形状记忆效应的理论预测

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理的投影扩充波函数（PAW）方法,分别计算了Hg2CuTi型Mn2NiB的四方变形、晶体结构、磁性、电子结构、压力响应、温度特性．计算结果显示：在由立方结构至四方结构的变形中,在c/a约为1.33处出现一个能量局域最小值,表明该处存在一个稳定的马氏体相;在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn2NiB的总磁矩均主要由Mn原子提供,但Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子磁矩呈反平行排列且值不等,因而Mn2NiB合金均表现为亚铁磁结构,总磁矩分别是1.736 （奥氏体态）和0.974 （马氏体态）;在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,在费米面附近的总态密度主要由Mn(A)-d、Mn(B)-d的投影态密度决定,但两者在费米面附近交叠都很少,说明Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子之间的d-d直接交换作用均很弱,Mn(A)与Mn(B)之间磁矩的亚铁磁耦合正是由这种弱的d-d直接交换作用来维持．基于以上的计算结果,我们预测Mn2NiB具有磁性形状记忆效应．     

磁性形状记忆合金Mn_2NiGa性质的第一性原理研究

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,对Hg_2CuTi型Mn_2NiGa分别在奥氏体态和马氏体态下的晶体结构、磁性、电子结构以及Hg_2CuTi型Mn_2NiGa的压力响应、四方变形等进行了计算.计算结果表明:i)在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn原子均是Mn_2NiGa总磁矩的主要贡献者,但Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子磁矩的值不等且呈反平行耦合,因而Mn_2NiGa合金均表现为亚铁磁结构;ii)在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn(A)-d、Mn(B)-d的投影态密度在费米面附近交叠都很少,说明Mn(A)、Mn(B)原子之间的d-d直接交换作用均很弱,而此时Mn的原子内交换作用很强.这是Mn_2NiGa在奥氏体态和马氏体态下均呈现亚铁磁结构的成因;iii)理论计算出在四方变形中,在c/a约为1.27处出现一个稳定的马氏体相,这与实验结果相符.     

新型Heusler合金RuMn2Sn的磁性形状记忆的第一性原理研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,对新型Heusler合金RuMn₂ Sn的晶体结构、电子结构、磁性、四方变形等性质进行了系统的研究.研究结果表明:1)在奥氏体态下,磁性原子Mn对体系总磁矩的贡献最大,其中Mn（A）和Mn（B）原子磁矩的值不等并且呈反平行耦合,导致RuMn₂ Sn具有稳定的亚铁磁基态,该结果与实验一致;2)由XA型立方结构至四方结构的四方变形中,发现c/a约为1.23处存在一个能量更低的稳定的马氏体相,其呈现反铁磁的特性;3)在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn（A）和Mn（B）原子之间弱的d-d直接交换作用是维持它们之间亚铁磁和反铁磁耦合的主要原因.根据上述计算结果,预测RuMn₂ Sn具有良好的磁性形状记忆效应.     

Heusler合金Mn2NiGe磁性形状记忆效应的第一性原理预测

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,对Hg₂CuTi型Mn₂NiGe的四方变形、晶体结构、磁性、电子结构、压力响应等进行了计算.计算结果表明: 1)在由立方结构至四方结构的转变中,在c/a约为1.34处存在一个稳定的马氏体相;2)在奥氏体态和马氏体态下,Mn原子均是Mn₂NiGe总磁矩的主要贡献者,但Mn(A),Mn(B)原子磁矩的值不等且呈反平行耦合,因而Mn₂N 关键词： 第一性原理 磁性形状记忆 四方变形 马氏体相变     

Heusler合金Mn2 NiAl的电子结构和磁性对四方畸变的响应及其压力响应

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理的投影缀加波方法,对Hg₂CuTi型Mn₂NiAl在由立方结构至四方结构的畸变过程中电子结构和磁性的变化规律及其对压力响应的规律进行了研究.研究发现:在由奥氏体相到马氏体相的相变中,由于Ni-Mn(A)原子间距的减小而使得杂化程度增强,导致占据态的态密度向低能区域移动,体系的能量降低,致使在马氏体相中的稳定性增大;在从奥氏体相到马氏体相的相变中,能带变宽,成键作用加强,从而在马氏体相中的稳定性增大;在四方畸变过程中,总磁矩的变化主要来源于Ni原子磁矩的变化;计算得到Mn₂NiAl的零压体积弹性模量为125.69 GPa,其抗压缩性比其他常见的Heusler型合金弱. 关键词： 第一性原理 电子结构 磁性 四方畸变     

Heusler合金Ni2MnSi的电子结构、磁性、压力响应及四方变形的第一性原理研究

运用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理的投影扩充波函数（PAW）方法,计算了化学计量的Ni₂MnSi的晶体结构、磁性、电子结构、压力响应以及四方变形. 计算结果表明,在Ni₂MnSi的总磁矩中,Mn原子对总磁矩的贡献最大;Ni₂MnSi的总态密度的低能部分主要由Si-s投影态密度决定,高能部分主要由Ni-d,Mn-d和Si-p的投影态密度决定;Ni₂MnSi在四方变形中,在095<c/a<11 关键词： 第一性原理 电子结构 压力响应 四方变形     

Geometry and Elasticity of Strips and Flowers

We solve several problems that involve imposing metrics on surfaces. The problem of a strip with a linear metric gradient is formulated in terms of a Lagrangian similar to those used for spin systems. We are able to show that the low energy state of long strips is a twisted helical state like a telephone cord. We then extend the techniques used in this solution to two–dimensional sheets with more general metrics. We find evolution equations and show that when they are not singular, a surface is determined by knowledge of its metric, and the shape of the surface along one line. Finally, we provide numerical evidence by minimizing a suitable energy functional that once these evolution equations become singular, either the surface is not differentiable, or else the metric deviates from the target metric.     

单链核糖体失活蛋白的Raman和红外光谱

我们测定了两种单链核糖体失活蛋白(肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白)的FTIR和FTRaman光谱。利用FTIR光谱酰胺Ⅲ区域对蛋白质的二级结构进行定量分析,计算了各种二级结构的含量。从肥皂草素和天花粉蛋白的二级结构分析可见,二者在结构上具有某种相似性,为二者功能上的相似性提供了依据。     

Equation of state and thermal expansivity of LiF and NaF

The high-pressure and high-temperature behaviors of LiF and NaF have been studied up to 37 GPa and 1000 K. No phase transformations have been observed for LiF up to the maximum pressure reached. The B1 to B2 transition of NaF at room temperature was observed at ～28 GPa, this transition pressure decreases with temperature. Unit-cell volumes of LiF and NaF B1 phase measured at various pressures and temperatures were fitted using a P–V–T Birch–Murnaghan equation of state. For LiF, the determined parameters are: α₀ = 1.05 (3)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.025 (2) GPa/K, V ₀ = 65.7 (1) Å³, K ₀ = 73 (2) GPa, and K′ = 3.9 (2). For NaF, α₀ = 1.34 (4)×10^?4 K^?1, dK/dT = ?0.020 (1) GPa/K, V ₀ = 100.2 (2) Å³, K ₀ = 46 (1) GPa, and K′ = 4.5 (1).     

受控核聚变两大途径的对比与结合

目前人们探索受控核聚变主要是从两个方向着手：磁约束受控核聚变和惯性约束受控核聚变，但目前还无法判定到底哪一种途径更为可取，文章首先对这两种途径进行对比，指出各自的特点和困难，在此基础上提出了一种结构相对简单，成本相对较低的三轴六极磁镜系统设想，希望能将磁约束和惯性约束和惯性约束结合起来，以实现受控核聚变反应。     

酸碱染料离子的缔合及等色化

本文阐述了等色染料离子对形成的实验方法,等色染料离子对的缔全机理及其形式,用吸收光谱的能级图,从电子理论角度论述了等色染料离子对的缔合效应等色化,溶剂效应等以化机理。列表示出等色染料离子对的高灵敏度,从而证明了等色染料离子对的萃取光度,浮选光度及萃取荧光光度法是高灵敏度和超灵敏度的新体系,为金属痕量和超痕量分析开辟了更为宽广的前景。     

黑克、布劳、及伯曼-温采尔代数的诱导及分导系数和量子经典李代数的耦合与重新耦合系数

本文总结了计算黑克、布劳、及伯曼 温采尔代数在各种工数链下诱导及分导系数的线性方程方法(LEM)。特别强调了关于A,B,C,D型李代数及其量子情形与其中心代数之间的舒尔 魏尔 布劳双关性关系。这一关系使我们能够利用相应中心代数的诱导及分导系数计算出经典李代数及其量子情形的耦合与重新耦合系数。讨论了从该方法得到B,C,D型李代数不可约表示克罗内克积分解的应用。基于LEM还得到了处理对应于置换群CG系列问题的黑克代数张量积的方法。     

Geometry and scaling laws of excursion and iso-sets of enstrophy and dissipation in isotropic turbulence

Motivated by interest in the geometry of high intensity events of turbulent flows, we examine the spatial correlation functions of sets where turbulent events are particularly intense. These sets are defined using indicator functions on excursion and iso-value sets. Their geometric scaling properties are analysed by examining possible power-law decay of their radial correlation function. We apply the analysis to enstrophy, dissipation and velocity gradient invariants Q and R and their joint spatial distributions, using data from a direct numerical simulation of isotropic turbulence at Re_λ ≈ 430. While no fractal scaling is found in the inertial range using box-counting in the finite Reynolds number flow considered here, power-law scaling in the inertial range is found in the radial correlation functions. Thus, a geometric characterisation in terms of these sets’ correlation dimension is possible. Strong dependence on the enstrophy and dissipation threshold is found, consistent with multifractal behaviour. Nevertheless, the lack of scaling of the box-counting analysis precludes direct quantitative comparisons with earlier work based on multifractal formalism. Surprising trends, such as a lower correlation dimension for strong dissipation events compared to strong enstrophy events, are observed and interpreted in terms of spatial coherence of vortices in the flow.     

Polarity of the Medium and Quenching of Fluorescence of Caratenoids and Phthalimides

The relation for the dependence of the rate of radiationless energy conversion of the S ₁ state k _q on the polarity of the medium, obtained previously by the author, has been used to interpret the known literature data on the lifetime of the S ₁ state of solutions of some caratenoids and phthalimides. It has been shown that in alcohols and water (normal and deuterated ones) the fluorescence quenching of 4-amino-, 4-methylamino-, and 4-dimethylamino-N-methylphthalimides (4AMP, 4MAMP, and 4DMAMP) as well as of peridinine in alcohols is due to H-bond formation. It has been established that a twofold increase in the number of amine atoms of hydrogen on passing from 4MAMP to 4AMP, as well as deuteration of solvents in the case of 4DMAMP, is followed by a decrease in k _q by a factor of 1.6 and 1.75, respectively. The mechanism of quenching in complexes formed with solvent molecules by means of the H-bond is discussed. It has been concluded that the quenching of fluorescence of phthalimides in such complexes is mainly due to the intersystem crossing initiated by the oscillations of the protons or deuterons of the H-bonds.     

Infrared Spectra and Configuration of Anion Radical and Dianion of Benzil and Benzil-18o

Abstract

Infrared spectra of the products of one- and two -step reduction of both benzil and benzil-¹⁸0 have been investigated in dimethylsulfoxide-d₆ and tetrahydrofurane solutions. Anion-radicals have been obtained by electrochemical reduction of benzil and benzil-¹⁸0; dinegative ions have been prepared by reduction of the same ketones with potassium mirror in vacuo. The band assignment has been performed using the group vibrational concept and isotopic shift data. The previous assignment of the C[dbnd]O stretching band of benzil anion-radical-has been discussed and corrected. Two bands in the infrared spectra of benzil dianion have been found to be sensitive upon ¹⁸0 isotope labelling. This result certifies the presence of cis-configuration of benzil dianion in the investigated solutions. A decrease of ca. 290 cm-¹ has been found for vC[dbnd]O after the transformation of the neutral benzil into an anion-radical. Conversion of benzil anion-radical into dianion has been accompanied by an additional vC[dbnd]O downward shift of 105 cm^?1     

Kinetics and mechanism of the reaction of alkoxymethylidene malonate and malononitrile with hydrazines and anilines

The kinetics and mechanism of the nucleophilic vinylic substitution of dialkyl (alkoxymethylidene)malonates (alkyl: methyl, ethyl) and (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with substituted hydrazines and anilines R¹–NH₂ (R¹: (CH₃)₂N, CH₃NH, NH₂, C₆H₅NH, CH₃CONH, 4‐CH₃C₆H₄SO₂NH, 3‐ and 4‐X‐C₆H₄; X: H, 4‐Br, 4‐CH₃, 4‐CH₃O, 3‐Cl) were studied at 25 °C in methanol. It was found that the reactions with all hydrazines (the only exception was the reaction of (ethoxymethylidene)malononitrile with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) showed overall second‐order kinetics and k_obs were linearly dependent on the hydrazine concentration which is consistent with the rate‐limiting attack of the hydrazine on the double bond of the substrate. Corresponding Brønsted plots are linear (without deviating N‐methyl and N,N‐dimethylhydrazine), and their slopes (β_Nuc) gradually increase from 0.59 to 0.71 which reflects gradually increasing order of the C–N bond formed in the transition state. The deviation of both methylated hydrazines is probably caused by the different site of nucleophilicity/basicity in these compounds (tertiary/secondary vs. primary nitrogen). A somewhat different situation was observed with the anilines (and once with N,N‐dimethylhydrazine) where parabolic dependences of the kinetics gradually changing to linear dependences as the concentration of nucleophile/base increases. The second‐order term in the nucleophile indicates the presence of a steady‐state intermediate ‐ most probably T^±. Brønsted and Hammett plots gave β_Nuc = 1.08 and ρ = ?3.7 which is consistent with a late transition state whose structure resembles T^±. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.