Release of a diamond-like film on a nickel surface irradiated simultaneously with carbon ions and electrons

Nickel samples at temperatures of 300–1000°C have been irradiated simultaneously with 10-to 30-keV C⁺ ions and 1-to 5-keV electrons. The release of implanted carbon atoms on the surface of a sample with the formation of a transparent carbon film with the prevailing sp ³ hybridization has been observed. The thickness of the film is several tens of nanometers. The formation of films is attributed to the acceleration of the formation of carbon structures in samples irradiated by accelerated electrons.     

自持铝薄膜的工艺和特性研究

铝薄膜在像管中起重要作用。为了提高像管的性能 ,需要对自持铝薄膜的特性加以研究。利用静电贴膜技术制备了自持铝薄膜 ,测量了 5 0nm厚自持铝薄膜入射面的背散射系数和二次发射系数以及出射面的一次电子透射系数和二次发射系数。对于高能一次入射电子 ,自持铝薄膜的背散射系数很小 ,透射系数很大 ,二次发射系数较小。自持铝薄膜在本质上不影响像管的MTF ,由其出射面发射的二次电子对像管亮度有增强作用     

纳米金刚石薄膜的二次电子发射特性

 简要介绍了微波等离子体化学气相沉积（MPCVD）方法在硅基底上制备纳米金刚石薄膜的过程,并对制备的薄膜进行了表面分析。在此基础上设计出了用来测定反射型二次电子发射系数的实验装置,得出了几种薄膜在不同入射能量下的发射系数,取得了二次发射系数为15的满意结果,表明纳米金刚石薄膜作为二次电子发射材料具有很好的应用前景。     

Nonlinear collisional monte carlo simulations for high-temperature SOL plasma

A nonlinear Monte Carlo collisional model is applied to to investigate scrape-off layer (SOL) plasmas with high temperatures. In the proposed SOL modeling, A steady state SOL plasma, which satisfies the particle and energy balances and neutrality constraint, is determined in terms of total particle and heat fluxes across the separatrix, the edge plasma temperature, the secondary electron emission coefficient, and the SOL size. A conductive heat flux into the SOL is effectively modeled via random exchange of source particles and the SOL plasma particles. It is found that the potential drop and the electron transmission factor in the collisional SOL plasma are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction. The cooling effect of secondary electrons in the high temperature divertor operation is investigated. In such a collisionless plasma, the present nonlinear collision model is useful because the electron distribution function deviates far from a Maxwellian distribution. In the presence of strong secondary electron emission, the electron sheath energy transmission factor in the collisionless regime is found to be significantly smaller than that in the collisional regime. This fact suggests that a high-temperature divertor operation can be possible.     

混合场介质表面单边次级电子倍增效应统计

综合考虑发射电子的发射能量、发射角度及微波场的相位分布等因素,运用统计方法,研究了介质表面单边次级电子倍增过程中次级电子数目、瞬时直流场、渡越时间、微波场的沉积功率等次级电子倍增特征物理量随碰撞次数的变化过程,仿真分析了不同夹角、不同反射系数对次级电子倍增的影响。研究结果表明:当倾斜直流场一定时,微波场的反射系数越小,雪崩击穿的延迟时间越长,饱和状态下的次级电子数目越大;微波场一定时,当直流电场平行于介质板表面时,直流电场幅值越大,雪崩击穿的延迟时间越长,饱和状态下的次级电子数目越大,但当电场强度超过一定值时,次级电子倍增现象不再发生,当直流场垂直介质板表面,直流电场幅值越大,雪崩击穿的延迟时间越长,饱和状态下的次级电子数目越小,幅值超过一定值时,次级电子倍增现象同样不会发生。     

Plasmons and polaritons in a semi-infinite plasma and a plasma slab

Plasmon and polariton modes are derived for an ideal semi-infinite (half-space) plasma and an ideal plasma slab by using a general, unifying procedure, based on equations of motion, Maxwell's equations and suitable boundary conditions. Known results are re-obtained in much a more direct manner and new ones are derived. The approach consists of representing the charge disturbances by a displacement field in the positions of the moving particles (electrons). The dielectric response and the electron energy loss are computed. The surface contribution to the energy loss exhibits an oscillatory behaviour in the transient regime near the surfaces. The propagation of an electromagnetic wave in these plasmas is treated by using the retarded electromagnetic potentials. The resulting integral equations are solved and the reflected and refracted waves are computed, as well as the reflection coefficient. For the slab we compute also the transmitted wave and the transmission coefficient. Generalized Fresnel's relations are thereby obtained for any incidence angle and polarization. Bulk and surface plasmon-polariton modes are identified. As it is well known, the field inside the plasma is either damped (evanescent) or propagating (transparency regime), and the reflection coefficient for a semi-infinite plasma exhibits an abrupt enhancement on passing from the propagating regime to the damped one (total reflection). Similarly, apart from characteristic oscillations, the reflection and transmission coefficients for a plasma slab exhibit an appreciable enhancement in the damped regime.     

Dust in Plasma II. Effects of Secondary Electrons: Ionization and Surface Emission

In this second paper, the effect of secondary electrons on the charge and potential of a dust particle immersed in plasma has been studied. The processes of electron‐induced ionization and those of photo‐electron and secondary electron emission from the particle surface as a function of primary electron temperature have been taken into account. Starting from temperatures as low as 6 eV in an Ar plasma, ionization produces an extra ion flux to the dust surface comparable to that of the ion charge exchange effect. For what concerns the surface emission, results show that a transition from negative to positive dust charge/potential takes place, and that the transition regime is characterized by a non‐monotonic behavior of the electric potential around the particle. In the case of photoelectric emission, the dust charge and potential are monotonic decreasing functions of the electron temperature, while in the case of emission induced by primary electrons a minimum charge/potential is reached before they grow towards positive values. In no case multiple dust charge states have been observed due to the presence of the potential well attached to the particle surface. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

三维PIC数值模拟中二次发射的实现

探讨了电子撞击金属表面产生二次电子的理论,介绍了二次电子发射系数、非弹性背散射电子能量分布等重要物理参数的计算式。根据相关的理论及公式,编写了三维PIC数值模拟程序的二次发射模块, 建立相应的数值模型进行模拟。模拟所得的二次电子发射系数及非弹性背散射电子的能量分布等主要参数与理论值一致,验证了模拟过程的正确性。     

Experimental set-up for irradiation of solid H2 and D2 with charged particles of keV energies

An experimental facility was built where films of solid deuterium (and hydrogen) may be made with known thickness and irradiated with pulsed beams of electrons (up to 3 keV) and light ions (up to 10 keV). Films are made on a target plate held at 2.5–3 K. Film growth rate is calibrated with a quartz crystal film thickness monitor. The target plate, which can be heated so that films are removable by evaporation, may be used both as a calorimeter and as a beam current collector. Methods for measurement of secondary electron emission coefficients were developed, and preliminary measurements were made with electrons and hydrogen ions. For electron bombardment, the secondary electron emission coefficient of solid deuterium was much smaller than one. It was shown possible to use the set-up to study beam desorption of very thin films. Furthermore the set-up could be used for measuring the energy-reflection coefficient γ (i.e. the fraction of beam energy reflected from the target) for protons impinging on a heavy target material by using the target as a calorimeter.     

The effect of contamination of dielectric target surfaces under electron irradiation

The influence of the contamination film formed under the electron bombardment of the sample surface on the conditions of experimental studies using analytical electron-probe apparatus (scanning electron microscopes, X-ray microanalyzers) is considered. The accompanying artifacts, namely the decreased effective value of the secondary electron emission coefficient and the shifted value of the second crossover energy of primary electrons are calculated.     

Effect of Cu doping on the secondary electron yield of carbon films on Ag-plated aluminum alloy

Reducing the secondary electron yield (SEY) of Ag-plated aluminum alloy is important for high-power microwave components. In this work, Cu doped carbon films are prepared and the secondary electron emission characteristics are studied systematically. The secondary electron coefficient δ_max of carbon films increases with the Cu contents increasing at first, and then decreases to 1.53 at a high doping ratio of 0.645. From the viewpoint of surface structure, the higher the content of Cu is, the rougher the surface is, since more cluster particles appear on the surface due to the small solid solubility of Cu in the amorphous carbon network. However, from viewpoint of the electronic structure, the reduction of the sp² hybrid bonds will increase the SEY effect as the content of Cu increases, due to the decreasing probability of collision with free electrons. Thus, the two mechanisms would compete and coexist to affect the SEY characteristics in Cu doped carbon films.     

Cherenkov effect as a probe of photonic nanostructures

Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is shown to be an excellent source of information both on photonic crystal bands and on radiation modes of complex nanostructures. Good agreement is reported between measurements and parameter-free calculations of EELS in porous alumina films, where Cherenkov radiation is scattered by the pores to yield a strong 8.3-eV (7-eV) feature for 120-keV (200-keV) electrons. The latter is related to the bands of two-dimensional photonic crystals formed by air cylinders in an alumina matrix with similar near-range ordering. Finally, the band structure is proved to be directly mapped by angle-resolved EELS.     

金刚石薄膜对电子束流强放大特性的数值模拟

为充分了解用于金刚石放大光阴极电子枪中的金刚石薄膜对初级电子束流强的放大特性及与其他因素的关系,利用VSIM软件的PIC模块对金刚石放大电子束流强的物理特性进行了数值模拟,结果给出了电子束流强的最大放大倍数与初级电子束能量、金刚石薄膜内部场强及金刚石薄膜厚度等因素的定量关系。模拟结果显示,选择合适的初级电子束能量和金刚石薄膜内部场强,电子束流强的最大放大倍数可以达到两个数量级。     

Electron beam emission from a diamond-amplifier cathode

The diamond amplifier (DA) is a new device for generating high-current, high-brightness electron beams. Our transmission-mode tests show that, with single-crystal, high-purity diamonds, the peak current density is greater than 400 mA/mm2, while its average density can be more than 100 mA/mm2. The gain of the primary electrons easily exceeds 200, and is independent of their density within the practical range of DA applications. We observed the electron emission. The maximum emission gain measured was 40, and the bunch charge was 50 pC/0.5 mm2. There was a 35% probability of the emission of an electron from the hydrogenated surface in our tests. We identified a mechanism of slow charging of the diamond due to thermal ionization of surface states that cancels the applied field within it. We also demonstrated that a hydrogenated diamond is extremely robust.     

金刚石镶嵌非晶碳膜表面形貌对场致电子发射的影响

用微波等离子体化学气相沉积设备，在经过不同研磨预处理的金属钼衬底上沉积出了表面形貌有较大差异的金刚石镶嵌非晶碳膜，分别用扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）、金相显微镜和Ｘ射线衍射谱（ＸＲＤ）以及Ｒａｍａｎ光谱对样品进行了分析测试．研究了各样品的场致电子发射特性，结果发现薄膜表面由大量镶嵌有金刚石小晶粒的非晶碳球组成，在我们的实验范围内，薄膜表面非晶碳球尺寸越小，场致电子发射效果越好     

电介质/半导体结构样品电子束感生电流瞬态特性

电子束照射下电介质/半导体样品的电子束感生电流(electron beam induced current,EBIC)是其电子显微检测的重要手段.结合数值模拟和实验测量,研究了高能电子束辐照下SiO2/Si薄膜的瞬态EBIC特性.基于Rutherford模型和快二次电子模型研究电子的散射过程,基于电流连续性方程计算电荷的输运、俘获和复合过程,获得了电荷分布、EBIC和透射电流瞬态特性以及束能和束流对它们的影响.结果表明,由于电子散射效应,自由电子密度沿入射方向逐渐减小.由于二次电子出射,净电荷密度呈现近表面为正、内部为负的特性,空间电场在表面附近为正而在样品内部为负,导致一些电子输运到基底以及一些出射二次电子返回表面.SiO2与Si界面处俘获电子导致界面附近负电荷密度高于周围区域.随电子束照射样品内部净电荷密度逐渐降低,带电强度减弱.同时,负电荷逐渐向基底输运,EBIC和样品电流逐渐增大,电场强度逐渐减小.由于样品带电强度较弱,表面出射电流和透射电流随照射基本保持恒定.EBIC、透射电流及表面出射电流均随束流呈现近似正比例关系.对于本文SiO2/Si薄膜,透射电流随束能的升高逐渐增大并接近于束流值,EBIC在束能约15 keV时呈现极大值.     

多晶体二次电子的角度分布

 根据二次电子发射的主要物理过程,推导了内二次电子到达多晶表面并逸出的几率的角度分布、斜射入多晶的高能原电子产生的二次电子的角度分布和由背散射电子产生的二次电子的角度分布。同时,推导了高能原电子轰击多晶产生的二次电子的角度分布公式,该公式表明多晶的二次电子遵循余弦分布,且与原电子的入射角无关。分析结果表明: 在内二次电子最大逸出深度范围内,如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子数是常数, 则多晶的二次电子的角度分布遵循余弦分布;如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子数越来越少,则多晶的二次电子发射角度分布随出射角减少得比出射角的余弦值更慢;如果由射入多晶的原电子和背散射电子产生的内二次电子越来越多,则多晶的二次电子发射角度分布随出射角减少得比出射角的余弦值更快。     

Method of porous diamond deposition on porous silicon

In this paper, we discuss the experimental results of the fabrication of porous diamond/porous silicon and porous diamond structures by chemical vapor deposition of diamond over a skeleton of porous silicon, replicating the porous surface geometry around the Si pores and also creating new porous diamond structures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the diamond nuclei are deposited on the top of the porous silicon skeleton, forming isolated grains in the first nucleation stages, and then growing like the usual structure of most ceramic materials, making a self-sustained porous diamond structure. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the diamond films are of good quality, close to that of diamond films grown on crystalline silicon.     

Secondary electron emission from thin self-supporting films of silver

The paper deals with the measurement of secondary electron emission and the scattering of primary electrons on thin self-supporting films of Ag. The measured values of the practical range agree with the older results obtained by Kanter. New results are those concerning the maximum depth from which the primaries are scattered back to the front surface and the maximum range of secondaries, which has been found to be about 300 å.     

North west cape-induced electron precipitation and theoretical simulation

Enhancement of the electron fluxes in the inner radiation belt,which is induced by the powerful North West Cape(NWC) very-low-frequency(VLF) transmitter,have been observed and analyzed by several research groups.However,all of the previous publications have focused on NWC-induced 100-keV electrons only,based on observations from the Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions(DEMETER) and the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite(GOES) satellites.Here,we present flux enhancements with 30-100-keV electrons related to NWC transmitter for the first time,which were observed by the GOES satellite at night.Similar to the 100-300-keV precipitated-electron behavior,the low energy 30-100-keV electron precipitation is primarily located east of the transmitter.However,the latter does not drift eastward to the same extent as the former,possibly because of the lower electron velocity.The 30-100-keV electrons are distributed in the L = 1.8-2.1 L-shell range,in contrast to the100-300-keV electrons which are at L= 1.67-1.9.This is consistent with the perspective that the energy of the VLF-waveinduced electron flux enhancement decreases with higher L-shell values.We expand upon the rationality of the simultaneous enhancement of the 30-100- and 100-300-keV electron fluxes through comparison with the cyclotron resonance theory for the quasi-linear wave-particle interaction.In addition,we interpret the asymmetry characteristics of NWC electric power distribution in north and south hemisphere by ray tracing model.Finally,we present considerable discussion and show that good agreement exists between the observation of satellites and theory.