Chiral magnetic effect without chirality source in asymmetric Weyl semimetals

We describe a new type of the chiral magnetic effect (CME) that should occur in Weyl semimetals (WSMs) with an asymmetry in the dispersion relations of the left- and right-handed (LH and RH) chiral Weyl fermions. In such materials, time-dependent pumping of electrons from a non-chiral external source can generate a non-vanishing chiral chemical potential. This is due to the different capacities of the LH and RH chiral Weyl cones arising from the difference in the density of states in the LH and RH cones. The chiral chemical potential then generates, via the chiral anomaly, a current along the direction of an applied magnetic field even in the absence of an external electric field. The source of chirality imbalance in this new setup is thus due to the band structure of the system and the presence of (non-chiral) electron source, and not due to the parallel electric and magnetic fields. We illustrate the effect by an argument based on the effective field theory, and by the chiral kinetic theory calculation for a rotationally invariant WSM with different Fermi velocities in the left and right chiral Weyl cones; we also consider the case of a WSM with Weyl nodes at different energies. We argue that this effect is generically present in WSMs with different dispersion relations for LH and RH chiral Weyl cones, such as SrSi₂ recently predicted as a WSM with broken inversion and mirror symmetries, as long as the chiral relaxation time is much longer than the transport scattering time.     

Relationship between the symmetry energy and the single-nucleon potential in isospin-asymmetric nucleonic matter

When skyrmions representing nucleons are put on crystal lattice and compressed to simulate high density, there is a transition above the normal nuclear matter density (n₀) from a matter consisting of skyrmions with integer baryon charge to a state of half-skyrmions with half-integer baryon charge. We exploit this observation in an effective field theory framework to access dense baryonic system. We find that the topology change involved in the transition implies changeover from a Fermi liquid structure to a non-Fermi liquid with the chiral condensate in the “melted-off” nucleon. The ～ 80% of the nucleon mass that remains “unmelted”, invariant under chiral transformation, points to the possible origin of the (bulk of) proton mass that is not encoded in the standard mechanism of spontaneously broken chiral symmetry. The topology change engenders a drastic modification of the nuclear tensor forces, thereby non-trivially affecting the EoS, in particular, the symmetry energy, for compact star matter. It brings in stiffening of the EoS needed to accommodate a neutron star of ～ 2 solar mass. The strong effect on the EoS in general and in the tensor force structure in particular will also have impact on processes that could be measured at RIB-type accelerators.     

Simple microscopic model for the scalar-isoscalar component of the Landau-Migdal amplitude

A simple microscopic model is proposed that describes the coordinate dependence of the zeroth harmonic f ₀(r) of the scalar-isoscalar component of the Landau-Migdal amplitude. In the theory of finite Fermi systems due to Migdal, such a dependence was introduced phenomenologically. The model presented in this study is based on a previous analysis of the Brueckner G matrix for a planar slab of nuclear matter; it expresses the function f ₀(r) in terms of the off-mass-shell T matrix for free nucleon-nucleon scattering. The result involves the T matrix taken at the negative energy value equal to the doubled chemical potential μ of the nucleus being considered. The amplitude f ₀(r) found in this way is substituted into the condition that, in the theory of finite Fermi systems, ensures consistency of the self-energy operator, effective quasiparticle interaction, and the density distribution. The calculated isoscalar component of the mean nuclear field V(r) agrees fairly well with a phenomenological nuclear potential. Owing to a strong E dependence of the T matrix at low energies, the potential-well depth V(0) depends sharply on μ, increasing as |μ| is reduced. This effect must additionally stabilize nuclei near the nucleon drip line, where μ vanishes.     

Energy dependence of effective nucleon-nucleon interaction and position of the nucleon drip line

A semimicroscopic version of the self-consistent theory of finite Fermi systems is proposed. In this approach, the standard theory of finite Fermi systems is supplemented with relations that involve the external values of the invariant components of the Landau-Migdal amplitude and which follow from microscopic theory. The Landau-Migdal amplitude at the nuclear surface is expressed in terms of the off-shell T matrix for free nucleon-nucleon scattering at the energy E equal to the doubled chemical potential of the nucleus being considered. The strong energy dependence of the free T matrix at low E changes the properties of nuclei in the vicinity of the nucleon drip line. It is shown that, upon taking into account the energy dependence of the effective interaction, the neutron drip line is shifted considerably toward greater neutron-excess values. This effect is illustrated by considering the example of the tin-isotope chain.     

Nucleon propagation through nuclear matter in chiral effective field theory

We treat the propagation of a nucleon in nuclear matter by evaluating the ensemble average of the two-point function of the nucleon currents in the framework of chiral effective field theory. We first derive the effective parameters of the nucleon to one loop. The resulting formula for the effective mass has been known since before and gives an absurd value at normal nuclear density. We then modify it following Weinberg’s method for the two-nucleon system in the effective theory. Our results for the effective mass and the width of the nucleon are compared with those in the literature. PACS 11.30.Rd; 12.38.Lg; 12.39.Fe; 24.85.+p     

核物质中内介质等效手征Lagrange量和π介子质量

在核物质中从手征等效Lagrange量得到的π介子有效质量是单值的,并且与π介子场的离壳扩展无关,例如PCAC选择.同位旋对称核物质中的有效π介子质量随增加的核密度有些上升,因此有效类时π介子衰变常数和密度相关的夸克凝聚渐渐下降.另外研究了内介质Gell–Mann–Oakes–Renner关系和其它内介质同一性.最后讨论了同位旋对称、各向同性和均匀的核物质中关于介子传播的等效Lagrange量的几个限制.     

Isomeric yield ratios of 87m,gY from different nuclear reactions

We investigate the parity-violating nucleon-nucleon potential as obtained in chiral effective field theory. By using resonance saturation we compare the chiral potential to the more traditional one-meson-exchange potential. In particular, we show how parameters appearing in the different approaches can be compared with each other and demonstrate that analyses of parity violation in proton-proton scattering within the different approaches are in good agreement. In the second part of this work, we extend the parity-violating potential to next-to-next-to-leading order. We show that generally it includes both one-pion- and two-pion-exchange corrections, but the former play no significant role. The two-pion-exchange corrections depend on five new low-energy constants which only become important if the leading-order weak pion-nucleon constant h _π turns out to be very small.     

Ground-state energy of dilute neutron matter at next-to-leading order in lattice chiral effective field theory

We present lattice calculations for the ground-state energy of dilute neutron matter at next-to-leading order in chiral effective field theory. This study follows a series of recent papers on low-energy nuclear physics using chiral effective field theory on the lattice. In this work we introduce an improved spin- and isospin-projected leading-order action which allows for a perturbative treatment of corrections at next-to-leading order and smaller estimated errors. Using auxiliary fields and Euclidean-time projection Monte Carlo, we compute the ground state of 8, 12, and 16 neutrons in a periodic cube, covering a density range from 2% to 10% of normal nuclear density.     

Electromagnetic interactions in a chiral effective lagrangian for nuclei

Electromagnetic (EM) interactions are incorporated in a recently proposed effective field theory of the nuclear many-body problem. Earlier work with this effective theory exhibited EM couplings that are correct only to lowest order in both the pion fields and the electric charge. The Lorentz-invariant effective field theory contains nucleons, pions, isoscalar scalar (σ) and vector (ω) fields, and isovector vector (ρ) fields. The theory exhibits a nonlinear realization of SU(2)_L × SU(2)_R chiral symmetry and has three desirable features: it uses the same degrees of freedom to describe the currents and the strong-interaction dynamics, it satisfies the symmetries of the underlying QCD, and its parameters can be calibrated using strong-interaction phenomena, like hadron scattering or the empirical properties of finite nuclei. It has been verified that for normal nuclear systems, the effective lagrangian can be expanded systematically in powers of the meson fields (and their derivatives) and can be truncated reliably after the first few orders. The complete EM lagrangian arising from minimal substitution is derived and shown to possess the residual chiral symmetry of massless, two-flavor QCD with EM interactions. The uniqueness of the minimal EM current is proved, and the properties of the isovector vector and axial-vector currents are discussed, generalizing earlier work. The residual chiral symmetry is maintained in additional (non-minimal) EM couplings expressed as a derivative expansion and in implementing vector meson dominance. The role of chiral anomalies in the EM lagrangian is briefly discussed.     

Quark condensation, induced symmetry breaking and color superconductivity at high density

The phase structure of hadronic matter at high density relevant to the physics of compact stars and relativistic heavy-ion collisions is studied in a low-energy effective quark theory. The relevant phases that figure are (1) chiral condensation, (2) diquark color condensation (color superconductivity) and (3) induced Lorentz-symmetry breaking (“ISB”). For a reasonable strength for the effective four-Fermi current–current interaction implied by the low-energy effective quark theory for systems with a Fermi surface we find that the “ISB” phase sets in together with chiral symmetry restoration (with the vanishing quark condensate) at a moderate density while color superconductivity associated with scalar diquark condensation is pushed up to an asymptotic density. Consequently, color superconductivity seems rather unlikely in heavy-ion collisions although it may play a role in compact stars. Lack of confinement in the model makes the result of this analysis only qualitative but the hierarchy of the transitions we find seems to be quite robust.     

Interplay between chiral magnetic and Kondo effects in Weyl metal phase

We investigate the Kondo effect in a Weyl metal state, which occurs from a spin-orbit coupled Dirac metal phase under magnetic fields. We start from an effective field theory in terms of low-energy fermions on a pair of chiral Fermi surfaces, which takes into account both the Berry curvature and chiral anomaly. Resorting to the U(1) slave-boson mean-field theory, we find that the effective Kondo temperature increases monotonically as a function of the external magnetic field due to enhancement of the density of states. The enhancement is originated from the chiral magnetic effect which is novel feature of Weyl metals. This leads to the prediction of the magnetic-field dependence in the logarithmic temperature dependence of the longitudinal magnetoconductivity.     

Low energy electromagnetic processes based on the chiral effective field theory approach

Chiral effective field theory describes the interaction of nucleons and pions in the low-energy regime of QCD.This theory offers a consistent picture of nuclear forces and nuclear current operators.We study the electromagnetic processes based on ChEFT dynamical picture and compare our predictions to results obtained in the conventional framework.In particular,we consider low energy photo-disintegration of the deuteron at different orders of the chiral expansion.We investigate a role of different ingredients in the two-nucleon current operator.For the first time calculations involve consistent contributions from long-range two-pion exchange currents which appear at next-to-leading order of the chiral expansion.We present novel results for cross sections and various polarization observables.     

Recent developments in quark nuclear physics

We provide an overview of recent work exploring the quark-mass dependence of hadronic observables and the associated role of chiral non-analytic behavior due to the meson-cloud of hadrons. In particular, we address an issue of great current interest, namely the degree of model independence of results obtained through a controlled extrapolation of lattice QCD simulation results. Physical insights gained from this research are highlighted. We emphasize how chiral effective field theory formulated with a finite-range regulator provides a reliable and model-independent extrapolation to the physical world.Received: 30 September 2002, Published online: 22 October 2003PACS: 12.38.Gc Lattice QCD calculations - 11.30.Rd Chiral symmetries - 24.85. + p Quarks, gluons, and QCD in nuclei and nuclear processes     

Correlations in hypernuclear matter

We investigate short-range correlations in nuclear and hypernuclear matter. Self-energies due to short-range correlations and their influence on the nucleon and Λ -hyperon spectral functions are described in an approach accounting for a realistic treatment of mean-field dynamics and a self-consistently derived quasi-particle interaction. Landau-Migdal theory is used to derived the short-range interaction from a phenomenological Skyrme energy density functional, subtracting the long-range pionic contributions to the nucleonic spectral functions. We discuss our results for different hyperon-baryon ratios to show the influence of strangeness on the correlations in hypernuclear matter.     

核物质中△(1 232)粒子的介质效应

利用手征有效场论, 通过对核物质中核子传播子的修正, 研究了核物质中的△(1 232)粒子的有效质量和衰变宽度。 发现△(1 232)粒子的有效质量随核物质密度的增加而减小, 而衰变宽度随核物质密度的增加而增加; △(1 232)粒子衰变宽度的变化主要取决于核子有效质量以及△(1 232)粒子有效质量的变化。 Based on the chiral effective field theory (CHEFT), we study the effective mass and decay width of △(1 232) in the nuclear matter with the modified nucleon propagator. We find that the effective mass of △(1 232) decreases, while the decay width of △(1 232) increases with increasing the density of nuclear matter. And the decay width of △(1 232) mainly depends on the effective masses of nucleon and △(1 232)     

Nuclear Forces from Effective Field Theory

Chiral effective field theory allows for a systematic and model-independent derivation of the forces between nucleons in harmony with the symmetries of the quantum chromodynamics. After a brief review on the current status in the development of the chiral nuclear forces I will focus on the role of the ??-resonance contributions in the nuclear dynamics. We find improvement in the convergence of the chiral expansion of the nuclear forces if we explicitly take into account the ??-resonance degrees of freedom. The overall results for two-nucleon forces with and without explicit ??-resonance degrees of freedom are remarkably similar.     

Dilute neutron matter on the lattice at next-to-leading order in chiral effective field theory

We discuss lattice simulations of the ground state of dilute neutron matter at next-to-leading order in chiral effective field theory. In a previous paper the coefficients of the next-to-leading-order lattice action were determined by matching nucleon-nucleon scattering data for momenta up to the pion mass. Here the same lattice action is used to simulate the ground state of up to 12 neutrons in a periodic cube using Monte Carlo simulations. We explore the density range from 2% to 8% of normal nuclear density and analyze the ground-state energy as an expansion about the unitarity limit with corrections due to finite scattering length, effective range, and P -wave interactions.     

Quenching of spin matrix elements in nuclei

Matrix elements of spin operators evaluated in a nuclear medium are systematically quenched compared to their values in free space. There are a number of contributing reasons for this. Foremost is the traditional nuclear structure difficulty of the inadequacy of the lowest-order shell-model wavefunctions. We use the Rayleigh-Schrödinger perturbation theory to correct for this, arguing that calculations must be carried through at least t o second order. This is a question of the appropriate effective interaction. We review the Landau-Migdal approach in which only RPA graphs are retained and discuss the strength of this interaction in the spin-isospin channel expressed in terms of the parameter g'. We also consider one-boson-exchange models and compare the two. The advantage of the OBEP models is that the two-nucleon meson-exchange current operators can be constructed to be consistent with the potential as required by the continuity equation for vector currents and the partial conservation (PCAC) equation for axial currents. We give a complete derivation of the MEC operators of heavy-meson range starting with the chiral Lagrangians used by Ivanov and Truhlik. Nonlocal terms are retained in the computations. We single out one class of MEC processes involving isobar excitation and demonstrate that in lowest order there is an equivalence between treating the isobar as an MEC correction and treating it as a nuclear constituent through the transition spin formalism. Differences occur in higher orders. There are a number of uncertainties in the isobar calculation involving the neglect of the isobar's natural width, the relativistic propagator being off the mass shell and the coupling constants not being known with any precision. We present a comprehensive calculation of core-polarisation, meson-exchange current and isobar-current corrections to low-energy M1 and Gamow-Teller transitions in closed-shell-plus-one nuclei (at LS and jj closed shells) expressing the results in terms of equivalent effective one-body operators. We compare with the empirically-determined operators in the sd-shell of Brown and Wildenthal. While overall agreement is good, a closer inspection reveals two discrepancies which suggest two benchmark tests for newer and alternative models.     

Chiral symmetry and many-body forces in nuclei

It is demonstrated that when quantum correlations are added, chiral Lagrangians need not generate strong many-body forces as they do in tree approximation. We suggest that a physically reasonable procedure is to adjust the σ-model parameters so as not to conflict with the current status of nuclear theory. As a consequence, the equilibrium density of abnormal states could be pushed up further, and the binding energy be considerably reduced.