钙钛矿太阳能电池中吸收层的研究进展

钙钛矿太阳能电池因具有成本低、制备容易和光电性能优异等突出特点受到了广泛关注.钙钛矿太阳能电池能量转化效率已从2009年的3.8%提升到2019年的25.2%.我们在文中重点总结了钙钛矿电池吸收层的制备工艺,掺杂和晶体组成、结构调控方面取得的重要进展,以及这些突破对电池效率提高的贡献,同时也提出了钙钛矿太阳能电池发展仍需要解决的问题.     

钙钛矿型太阳能电池制备工艺及稳定性研究进展

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿型太阳能电池因其简单的制备工艺,低廉的制造成本,优异的光电转换效率,成为光伏领域的研究热点。钙钛矿光吸收材料具有消光系数高、载流子迁移率高、载流子寿命长、带隙可调控等优点。短短几年内,钙钛矿型太阳能电池的效率从最初的3.8%提高到22.1%。目前,为了获得稳定高效的钙钛矿型太阳能电池,主要有以下几个研究思路:新型器件结构设计;结构功能层的材料形貌设计;结构各功能层间的界面修饰;空穴传输材料的选择;对电极的选择。本文通过文献综述,在回顾了国内外研究者对钙钛矿型太阳能电池的研究历程的基础上,介绍了钙钛矿型太阳能电池的结构和工作原理,重点总结了电子传输层和钙钛矿层的制备工艺及优化,并讨论了钙钛矿型太阳能电池的稳定性以及展望了其商业化的前景。     

钙钛矿型太阳能电池制备工艺及稳定性研究进展

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿型太阳能电池因其简单的制备工艺,低廉的制造成本,优异的光电转换效率,成为光伏领域的研究热点。钙钛矿光吸收材料具有消光系数高、载流子迁移率高、载流子寿命长、带隙可调控等优点。短短几年内,钙钛矿型太阳能电池的效率从最初的3.8%提高到22.1%。目前,为了获得稳定高效的钙钛矿型太阳能电池,主要有以下几个研究思路：新型器件结构设计;结构功能层的材料形貌设计;结构各功能层间的界面修饰;空穴传输材料的选择;对电极的选择。本文通过文献综述,在回顾了国内外研究者对钙钛矿型太阳能电池的研究历程的基础上,介绍了钙钛矿型太阳能电池的结构和工作原理,重点总结了电子传输层和钙钛矿层的制备工艺及优化,并讨论了钙钛矿型太阳能电池的稳定性以及展望了其商业化的前景。     

界面钝化策略:提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性

近年来,新兴起的有机无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池突飞猛进,在短短十年里其光电转化效率从3.8%迅速发展到目前25.2%的认证效率,被视为最具有应用潜力的新型高效率太阳能电池之一。虽然钙钛矿太阳能电池具有很高的光电转换效率已与多晶硅薄膜电池相媲美,但是电池的长期稳定性仍是阻碍其商业化的一大挑战。钙钛矿表面和晶界存在大量的缺陷,界面钝化来提高钙钛矿太阳能电池的稳定性是非常重要且有效的策略。二维钙钛矿材料是有机胺层与无机层交替的层状钙钛矿,具有体积较大的有机铵阳离子,与传统的三维钙钛矿材料相比对于环境的稳定性较好,并且结构灵活可调,在三维钙钛矿表面修饰二维钙钛矿层钝化缺陷,在提高钙钛矿太阳能电池效率的同时又保证了稳定性,另外,合适的钝化剂分子也能够非常有效地钝化缺陷。本文总结了钙钛矿太阳能电池的不稳定因素,归纳了钙钛矿太阳能电池界面钝化方面的研究进展,指出了二维钙钛矿材料发展的巨大潜力以及寻找合适钝化剂分子的原则,期望能够为获得高性能的钙钛矿太阳能电池进而实现商业化提供有益的指导。     

Advances in the structure and materials of perovskite solar cells

The possible exhaustion of fossil fuels in the near future and soaring global energy demand have driven the search for new types of sustainable and renewable alternatives. Perovskite (CH₃NH₃PbX₃, X = I, Br, Cl) solar cells are a type of solar cell based on a perovskite absorber, most commonly a tin halide-based or hybrid organic–inorganic lead material, as the visible-light sensitizer layer, which produces electricity from sunlight. Recently, perovskite solar cells have received substantial worldwide attention. Compared with traditional solar cells, the perovskite solar cells can obtain high efficiency with a simple architecture and via a cost-effective process. In the latest 5 years, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells to convert power has skyrocketed from 3.8 % to more than 19.3 %. It is the fastest advancing solar technology to date. The highest efficiency demonstrated by perovskite solar cells is higher than that of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A lager number of research groups have demonstrated that perovskite solar cells may ultimately boost efficiency as high as 25 %. The high efficiency and cheap production costs make it evident that perovskite solar cells have great potential to be commercialized soon. In this review, the history, materials, processing and architecture of solar cells are discussed to obtain a better understanding of high-performance perovskite solar cells.     

钙钛矿同质结太阳电池研究进展

钙钛矿太阳电池制备工艺简单,效率提升迅速,被认为是最具应用潜力的新一代光伏技术之一。近年来,大量研究表明,钙钛矿光电材料可以通过自掺杂或外源掺杂的方式实现薄膜导电类型(p型或n型)的定向调控;而具有双层薄膜结构的钙钛矿p-n同质结可以通过薄膜双沉积技术制备,这为钙钛矿同质结太阳电池的设计与制备提供了技术基础。新型钙钛矿同质结太阳电池摒弃传统的电子传输层和空穴传输层,可简化电池结构,不仅有利于提升电池工作稳定性,降低成本,更能进一步释放钙钛矿太阳电池在柔性和半透明应用中的潜力,推动钙钛矿电池的实用化进程。本文围绕钙钛矿同质结太阳电池,综述了钙钛矿光电材料p/n特性掺杂和钙钛矿同质结的研究进展,讨论了钙钛矿同质结太阳电池的基本结构和工作原理,并对其当前存在的技术问题和应用前景进行了总结与展望。     

Bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells incorporated with solution-processed TiOx nanoparticles as the electron acceptors

In the past ten years, perovskite solar cells were rapidly developed, but the intrinsic unbalanced charge carrier diffusion lengths within perovskite materials were not fully addressed by either a planar heterojunction or meso-superstructured perovskite solar cells. In this study, we report bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells, where perovskite materials CH₃NH₃PbI₃ is blended with solution-processed n-type TiO_x nanoparticles as the photoactive layer. Studies indicate that one-step solution-processed CH₃NH₃PbI₃:TiO_x bulk-heterojunction thin film possesses enhanced and balanced charge carrier mobilities, superior film morphology with enlarged crystal sizes, and suppressed trap-induced charge recombination. Thus, bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells by CH₃NH₃PbI₃ mixed with 5 wt% of TiO_x, which is processed by one-step method rather than typical two-step method, show a short-circuit current density of 20.93 mA/cm², an open-circuit voltage of 0.90 V, a fill factor of 80% and with a corresponding power conversion efficiency of 14.91%, which is more than 30% enhancement as compared with that of perovskite solar cells with a planar heterojunction device structure. Moreover, bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cells possess enhanced device stability. All these results demonstrate that perovskite solar cells with a bulk heterojunction device structure are one of apparent approaches to boost device performance.     

钙钛矿ABX3型材料的结构与性质调控

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池由于其效率高、制造成本低、工艺简单等特点受到广泛关注,成为目前太阳能电池领域的研究热点。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,无机-有机杂化ABX₃材料非常重要。它既作为光吸收材料,同时又作为载流子传输材料,因此它的光电性质直接影响到太阳能电池的效率。本文综述了调控钙钛矿型无机有机金属卤化物ABX₃结构和性质的几种途径。     

Interfacial Engineering for Efficient Low-Temperature Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells

Photovoltaic technology with low weight, high specific power in cold environments, and compatibility with flexible fabrication is highly desired for near-space vehicles and polar region applications. Herein, we demonstrate efficient low-temperature flexible perovskite solar cells by improving the interfacial contact between electron-transport layer (ETL) and perovskite layer. We find that the adsorbed oxygen active sites and oxygen vacancies of flexible tin oxide (SnO₂) ETL layer can be effectively decreased by incorporating a trace amount of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl₄). The effective defects elimination at the interfacial increases the electron mobility of flexible SnO₂ layer, regulates band alignment at the perovskite/SnO₂ interface, induces larger perovskite crystal growth, and improves charge collection efficiency in a complete solar cell. Correspondingly, the improved interfacial contact transforms into high-performance solar cells under one-sun illumination (AM 1.5G) with efficiencies up to 23.7 % at 218 K, which might open up a new era of application of this emerging flexible photovoltaic technology to low-temperature environments such as near-space and polar regions.     

Perylene Bisimides as efficient electron transport layers in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells

Two perylene bisimides based non-fullerene small molecules, H-DIPBI and B-DIPBI, are applied into inverted planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. The power conversion efficiency up to 11.6% has been achieved for device with B-DIPBI, indicating that non-fullerene acceptor can function as the electron transport layer to replace PCBM in perovskite solar cells.     

ABX3型钙钛矿光伏材料的结构与性质调控

近年来,钙钛矿太阳能电池由于其效率高、制造成本低、工艺简单等特点受到广泛关注,成为目前太阳能电池领域的研究热点。在钙钛矿太阳能电池中,无机-有机杂化ABX₃材料非常重要。它既作为光吸收材料,同时又作为载流子传输材料,因此它的光电性质直接影响到太阳能电池的效率。本文综述了调控无机有机金属卤化物ABX₃型钙钛矿光伏材料结构和性质的几种途径。     

钙钛矿太阳能电池电子传输层的制备及应用

目前,有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)的器件效率已经超过25％.电子传输层作为PSC中的重要组成部分在提取和传输光生电子,阻挡空穴,修饰界面,调节界面能级和减少电荷复合等方面起着关键作用.无机n型材料,例如TiO2、ZnO、SnO2和其他金属氧化物材料具有成本低和稳定性好的特点,经常在传统PSC中被用作电子传输...     

ZnO电极修饰层在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用

ZnO电极修饰层具有高电子迁移率、高透光率、可低温制备且环境友好等优点在钙钛矿太阳能电池上获得了广泛应用。本文针对传统电极修饰层需要高温退火、透光率较低、制备过程繁琐,不利于高性能柔性钙钛矿电池器件制备等问题,系统综述了以ZnO材料作为电极修饰层的制备方法,综合分析了ZnO构筑的电极修饰层形貌、厚度、掺杂及复合对钙钛矿太阳能电池性能（如开路电压、电流密度、填充因子、光电转换效率等）的影响,展望了ZnO电极修饰层材料的未来发展趋势与其在钙钛矿太阳能电池中的应用前景。     

Improved Photovoltaic Performance from High Quality Perovskite Thin Film Grown with the Assistance of PC71BM

The strategy of sequentially spin-coating a perovskite film from the perovskite precursor and an electron transporting layer of [6,6]-phenyl-C_(71)-butyric acid methyl ester(PC_(71)BM) is developed to simplify the fabrication procedure of perovskite solar cells. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy indicate that PC_(71)BM film on perovskite layer can retard the evaporation of dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO) efficiently, thus prolonging the transformation of intermediate phase to perovskite crystals, leading to a high quality perovskite thin film. The solar cells with the structure of indium tin oxides(ITO)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)/CH_3NH_3PbI_3/PC_(71)BM/bathocuproine(BCP)/Ag made from this simplified method exhibit a higher efficiency(12.68%) than those from the conventional one-step method(9.49%).     

Materials and structures for the electron transport layer of efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

The electron transport layer plays a vital function in extracting and transporting photogenerated electrons, modifying the interface, aligning the interfacial energy level and minimizing the charge recombination in perovskite solar cells. This review summarizes the recent research progress on electron transport materials of metal oxides, organic molecules and multilayers. The doped metal oxides as electron transport materials in regular perovskite solar cells show improved device performance relative to their non-doped counterpart due to enhanced electron mobility and energy level alignment. The non-fullerene organic electron transport materials with better electron mobility and tunable energy level alignment need to be further designed and developed despite their advantages of mechanical flexibility and wide range tunability. The multilayer electron transport materials are suggested to be an important direction of research for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells because of their favorable synergistic interaction.     

A mini review: Constructing perovskite p-n homojunction solar cells

Organic metal halide perovskite materials have excellent photoelectric properties, and the power conversion efficiency(PCE) of the perovskite solar cells(PSCs) has increased from 3.8% to more than 25%. In the development of PSCs, innovative architectures were being proposed constantly. However, the use of the electron transport layer(ETL) and hole transport layer(HTL) increases manufacturing costs and process complexity. Perovskite material has ambipolar charge transport characteristics, so it c...     

高效钙钛矿太阳能电池吸光层的设计与优化

本文设计了多元混合钙钛矿吸光层涂布液配方,并采用两步法组装了钙钛矿电池器件。由于两步法制备钙钛矿吸光层存在配方和工艺相对复杂的问题,导致电池器件性能难以提升,因此,本文采用正交实验的方法,筛选出影响电池器件性能的关键因素。针对关键因素设计了系列实验,通过观察钙钛矿层薄膜形貌,测试钙钛矿太阳能电池器件的光电性能,并采用多种表征手段研究了钙钛矿层薄膜性质,确定了关键因素的添加量,最后优选出钙钛矿电池吸光层的最佳配方,得到高质量的钙钛矿薄膜,电池的光电转换效率达到21.1%。     

锡钙钛矿太阳能电池的进展与展望

金属卤素钙钛矿是目前最有前景的高效低成本新型太阳能电池材料,但是目前还存在环境友好性和理论效率极限较低的问题。锡钙钛矿环境友好,而且其带隙更窄理论转换效率更高,吸引了广泛的关注。锡钙钛矿太阳能电池(TPSC)近年来发展迅速,是目前效率最高的无铅钙钛矿太阳能电池。本文先介绍了锡钙钛矿的晶体结构、能带结构和光电性质,然后总结了最近在锡钙钛矿领域有代表性的工作和提高光电转化效率的策略,最后讨论了锡钙钛矿发展面临的挑战和未来的发展方向。     

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的制备及稳定性

全无机钙钛矿太阳电池因其热稳定性好、载流子迁移率高,可用于制备叠层电池等优点备受关注.随着人们对全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的深入研究和制备工艺的持续优化,全无机钙钛矿太阳电池的光电转换效率已经突破19％.然而,全无机钙钛矿材料相稳定性较差,这使得实现全无机钙钛矿太阳电池在空气环境下制备和长期使用面临巨大挑战.众多科研工作者通...     

阴极界面修饰层改善平面p-i-n型钙钛矿太阳能电池的光伏性能

有机/无机杂化金属卤化物钙钛矿半导体材料结合了有机材料良好的溶液可加工性以及无机材料优越的光电特性,近几年受到了热捧,成为太阳能电池领域一颗耀眼的明星. 伴随着钙钛矿薄膜结晶过程和形貌的优化、器件结构的改进以及电极界面材料的开发,这类有机/无机杂化金属卤化物钙钛矿太阳能电池的光电转换效率从最初的3.8%迅速提高到目前最高的22.1%. 其中界面工程在提升器件性能上发挥着极其重要的作用. 本文总结了平面p-i-n型钙钛矿太阳能电池中阴极界面修饰层（CBL）的研究进展. CBL从材料上讲可分为无机金属氧化物、金属或金属盐以及有机材料,从构成上讲可分为单层CBL、双层CBLs以及共混型CBL. 本文对这些类型的CBL分别给予详细的介绍. 最后,我们归纳出CBL在改善器件效率和稳定性上所起的作用以及理想CBL所应满足的要求,希望能为以后阴极界面修饰材料的设计提供一定的借鉴.