双光子荧光探针

双光子吸收是指在强光激发下,介质分子同时吸收两个光子,从基态跃迁到两倍光子能量的激发态的过程。荧光显微成像是研究活体生物的重要工具,而最通常的细胞成像方法则是使用单光子激发荧光团的单光子显微成像。近红外光源激发的双光子荧光探针克服了单光子荧光探针的光漂白与光致毒而更适于生物检测与成像,为生命科学研究提供了更为锐利的工具。双光子荧光探针的作用机理包括分子内电荷迁移(ICT)、荧光共振能量迁移(FRET)、光诱导电子迁移(PET)与基团转换(GC) 4种方式。该文综述了双光子阳离子探针(Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Pb²⁺, Hg²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺, Zn²⁺, Na⁺, Cr³⁺)、双光子阴离子探针(F^-)、pH探针、双光子葡萄糖示踪器、双光子脂筏探针、双光子巯基探针、双光子半胱氨酸探针和双光子生物标记探针,以及双光子荧光探针在生物成像方面的应用,展望了双光子荧光探针的发展趋势与应用前景。     

1,3,4-噁二唑衍生物的双光子吸收和双光子泵浦荧光

依据“推电子基-共轭中心-拉电子基-共轭中心-推电子基”的模型将电荷传输型1,3,4-噁二唑环嵌入芳香共轭体中, 通过Wittig-Horner反应合成了2种对称型强双光子吸收和双光子诱导荧光分子2,5-二[4-(2-芳基乙烯基)苯基]-1,3,4-噁二唑. 它们的氯仿溶液在锁模Nd: YAG激光器800 nm激光照射下, 发射出很强的双光子上转换荧光, 其最强荧光分别在波长507和475 nm. 采用非线性透过率法测得其双光子吸收截面分别为1.07×10^－46和6.6×10^－47 cm⁴•s•photon^－1. 这2个对称型D-π-A-π-D生色分子从激发端基到π共轭桥的有效能量传输, 对双光子吸收和双光子荧光发射能力贡献较大.     

The Effect of Branching on the One- and Two-Photon Absorption,Cell Viability,and Localization of Cationic Triarylborane Chromophores with Dipolar versus Octupolar Charge Distributions for Cellular Imaging

Two different chromophores, namely a dipolar and an octupolar system, were prepared and their linear and nonlinear optical properties as well as their bioimaging capabilities were compared. Both contain triphenylamine as the donor and a triarylborane as the acceptor, the latter modified with cationic trimethylammonio groups to provide solubility in aqueous media. The octupolar system exhibits a much higher two-photon brightness, and also better cell viability and enhanced selectivity for lysosomes compared with the dipolar chromophore. Furthermore, both dyes were applied in two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) live-cell imaging.     

细胞内铜离子的双光子荧光成像

基于无荧光的螺环结构与具有荧光的开环酰胺的平衡反应,本文合成了一个能在水基的缓冲溶液中选择性地识别Cu²⁺的罗丹明衍生物FD2.当在HEPES缓冲溶液中加入10当量的Cu²⁺时,FD2的单光子激发荧光和双光子激发荧光的强度均表现出明显的增强;更为重要的是,运用双光子荧光显微技术可以选择性地对活细胞内Cu²⁺进行成像.     

New Thiophene Derivatives with Two-photon Excited Fluorescence

Organic molecules that can simultaneously absorb two or more photons in reaching theirexcited states have recently been the subject in various photon-electronic fields. Tomeet the criteria for various nonlinear optical applications, such as three-dimensionaloptical storage1 and up-converted lasing2, molecules with large two-photon absorption(TPA) cross-section σ are required and have been synthesized. These dyes generallybelong to the structural modes of D-π-D, A-π-A3 or D-π-A, where D…     

Two-Photon Absorption and Cell Imaging of Fluorene-Functionalized Epicocconone Analogues

Epicocconone 1 is a natural chromophore isolated from the fungus Epicoccum nigrum that has shown applications in proteomics and fluorescent microscopy thanks to its unique pro-fluorescence properties. The modification of the skeleton of the natural product by replacing the triene side chain by a fluorenyl scaffold can noticeably increase the fluorophore's absorption coefficient. The synthesis of the analogues of the natural product has been made possible by the use of a palladium-catalyzed carbonylation reaction, allowing the construction of the β-keto-dioxinone key intermediate. Two-photon absorption cross-section measurements of the fluorenyl epicocconone analogues show a structure dependency with values ranging from 60 to 280 GM and live cell imaging show intense staining of intracellular vesicle-like structures around the nucleus.     

二噻吩衍生物的合成及其线性、非线性光谱性质

合成了一系列二噻吩衍生物类有机合物：5，5'-二（对－N，N－二甲胺基苯乙 烯基）－2，2'－二噻吩（BMSBT）与5，5'－二（对－N，N－二乙胺基苯乙烯基）- 2,2'-二噻吩（BESBT），5,5'-二（对N－环丁胺基苯乙烯基）－2,2'－二噻吩（ BBSBT），5,5－二（对－N－咔唑基苯乙烯基）2-2'－二噻吩（BCSBT），并测定了 其吸收光谱、单光子荧光光谱和双光子荧光光谱。BMSBT，BESBT和BBSBT的单光子 荧光参数存在的很强的、规则的溶剂效应，表明其激发态的分子可能有较大的极性 。在800nm fs激光下测得BMSBT与BESBT在560nm附近（与单光子荧光发射峰波长接 近的位置）有较强的上转换荧光发射，上转换荧光强度与激发能量之间较好的平方 关系表明了双光子激发的机理，这种上转换荧光被称为双光子荧光。用以光子荧光 法测得BMSBT和BESBT的双光子吸收截面分别为54*10~(-50)(cm~4·s)/photon和 102*10~(-50)(cm~4·s)/photon。     

Two—photon Excited Fluorescence of Bithiophene Derivatives

Two new bithiophene derivatives named as 5,5‘‘-bis(p-N,N-dimethylaminostyryl)-2,2‘-bithiophene (BMSBT),and 5,5‘-bis(p-N,N-diethylaminostyryl)-2,2‘-bithiophene (BESBT) have been synthesized.Both compounds can emit strong single-photon excited fluorescence (SPEF) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) with the emission peaks around-560nm and with the lifetime of-1ns.     

双光子荧光探针在生物传感中的应用

荧光探针由于其灵敏度高、选择性好等优势已经成为研究复杂生物系统的有力工具。和单光子荧光探针相比,双光子荧光探针由于其激发光源较大的穿透深度、低的组织自发荧光干扰以及较好的空间选择性在生物传感中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。在本篇综述中,我们从双光子荧光探针的设计原理出发,系统全面地介绍了双光子荧光探针在金属离子、细胞微环境、活性物质(包含活性氧、活性氮、活性硫)、酶和亚细胞器(线粒体、溶酶体)等检测中的应用研究。在此之后,展望了有机双光子荧光探针在开发和应用方面尚待科学界解决的关键机遇和挑战。     

以N为耦合中心多枝分子的双光子上转换荧光

采用非线性透过率法研究了以N为耦合中心的多枝化合物N-[4-{2-(3,5-二-[5-(4-叔丁基苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-]苯基}-1-乙烯基}苯基}-N,N-二苯胺(BPODPA), N,N-双[4-{2-(3,5-二-[5-(4-叔丁基苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2-]苯基}-1-乙烯基}苯基}-N-苯胺(BBPOPA)和N,N,N-三[4-{2-(3,5-二-[5-(4-叔丁基苯基)-1,3,4-噁二唑-2]苯基}-1-乙烯基}苯基}胺(TBPOA)的双光子吸收性质, 测定了化合物的单光子荧光光谱和双光子上转换荧光光谱, 研究了多枝化对三苯胺分子双光子吸收和双光子激发荧光性质的影响.在800 nm波长的激光激发下,化合物BPODPA、BBPOPA和TBPOA在二氯甲烷溶液中发出很强的蓝绿色双光子上转换荧光, 荧光峰分别位于502、515 和518 nm. 这些多枝结构化合物的双光子吸收截面较大, 双光子吸收增强来源于多枝分子中扩展的π共轭体系和重复单元的协同效应.     

星型二苯乙烯衍生物的三光子吸收及多光子荧光发射

用飞秒Ti:sapphire激光测定了星型二苯乙烯衍生物2,5-二{4-{2-N,N-二[4-(2-N,N-二苯基氨基苯乙烯基)苯基]氨基苯乙烯基}苯基}-1,3,4-噁二唑(DPASPO)和1,2,4,5-四(4-N,N-二苯氨基苯乙烯基)苯(PASB)的三光子吸收谱和多光子上转换荧光光谱. 研究了星形八极矩分子DPASPO和PASB的线性吸收、单光子荧光及荧光寿命. 在800 nm波长的飞秒激光激发下, DPASPO和PASB在二氯甲烷溶液中发出很强的黄绿色双光子上转换荧光, 荧光峰分别位于583 nm和547 nm. 在1260 nm波长的飞秒激光激发下, DPASPO和PASB的三光子上转换荧光峰分别位于612 nm和572 nm. 采用非线性透过率法测得DPASPO和PASB最大三光子吸收截面分别为16.69×10^－79 cm⁶•s²和6.81×10^－79 cm⁶•s². 这些二苯乙烯衍生物的三光子吸收截面较大. 在这些星型分子中, 三光子吸收增强来源于二苯乙烯分支的增加, 共轭体系的扩展以及分子内跨越空间电荷离域.     

Color-Tunable Light-up Bioorthogonal Probes for In Vivo Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging

Light-up bioorthogonal probes have attracted increasing attention recently due to their capability to directly image diverse biomolecules in living cells without washing steps. The development of bioorthogonal probes with excellent fluorescent properties suitable for in vivo imaging, such as long excitation/emission wavelength, high fluorescence turn-on ratio, and deep penetration, has been rarely reported. Herein, a series of azide-based light-up bioorthogonal probes with tunable colors based on a weak fluorescent 8-aminoquinoline ( AQ ) scaffold were designed and synthesized. The azido quinoline derivatives are able to induce large fluorescence enhancement (up to 1352-fold) after click reaction with alkynes. In addition, the probes could be engineered to exhibit excellent two-photon properties (δ=542 GM at 780 nm) after further introducing different styryl groups into the AQ scaffold. Subsequent detailed bioimaging experiments demonstrated that these versatile probes can be successfully used for live cell/zebrafish imaging without washing steps. Further in vivo two-photon imaging experiments demonstrated that these light-up biorthogonal probe outperformed conventional fluorophores, for example, high signal-to-noise ratio and deep tissue penetration. The design strategy reported in this study is a useful approach to realize diverse high-performance biorthogonal light-up probes for in vivo studying.     

双光子荧光探针研究及其应用

双光子荧光显微成像兼具诸如近红外激发、暗场成像、避免荧光漂白和光致毒、定靶激发、高横向分辨率与纵向分辨率、降低生物组织吸光系数及降低组织自发荧光干扰等特点而显著地优于单光子荧光显微成像,为生命科学研究提供了更为锐利的工具。而用于像离子的含量及其对生理的影响、离子参与的生理活动机制、离子与分子的作用、特定分子的分布及其相互作用等方面研究的双光子荧光探针,是实现成像的关键。双光子荧光探针的研究旨在促进双光子荧光显微镜应用的发展,促进生命科学、医学科学的快速发展,同时也带动双光子荧光探针所隶属的化学这一学科的发展。因此对双光子荧光探针的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。该文综述了双光子荧光显微成像的优点、双光子荧光探针设计的原理及双光子荧光探针在离子分析方面的应用,并展望了这类荧光探针的发展趋势与应用前景。     

Novel Lipophilic Fluorophores with Highly Acidity-Dependent Two-Photon Response

Lipophilic fluorophores are widely implemented in nonlinear microscopy; however, few existing membrane-specific probes combine the high brightness of two-photon excited fluorescence (2PEF) with pH sensitivity. Herein we describe four novel two-photon excited fluorophores, based on a coumarin 151 core structure, where lipophilicity is induced by a covalently attached phosphazene moiety. Changing the environmental acidity using trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid leads to profound changes in the linear fluorescence and 2PEF characteristics, due to chromophores’ switching between neutral- and protonated forms. We characterize this dependence by measuring the two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra over the region λ_2PA=550–1000 nm, observing 2PA cross sections of σ_2PA=10–20 GM, with an associated 2PEF brightness of 10–13 GM, in neutral solutions of both acetonitrile and n-octanol. Although quantum chemical modelling and NMR measurements show that, at high chromophore concentrations, protonation may be accompanied by a dimerization process, these dimers likely do not form at the lower concentrations used in optical spectroscopy.     

特异性识别半胱氨酸荧光探针的合成及细胞成像研究

基于光诱导电子转移(PET)机制,利用Cys亲核性较强,能够与探针分子发生亲核取代反应,使丙烯酰基离去,使探针分子体系内PET过程失效,合成了一种特异性识别半胱氨酸的荧光探针。当向探针溶液分别加入多种测试物时,除与Cys结构类似的Hcy和GSH会引起探针溶液微弱的荧光变化外,其他氨基酸均不会引起探针溶液荧光强度的变化,该探针对Cys具有良好的选择性和灵敏度,可在生理条件下检测Cys,并且区分Hcy和GSH。同时,该探针成功实现了细胞内Cys的荧光成像,为在生物学及医学中的实际应用建立了一种特异性识别Cys的分析方法。     

卟啉多枝分子合成与分子内能量转移、双光子吸收性能研究

以三苯胺或硝基苯为端基, 合成了三个卟啉多枝分子: 5-(4-硝基苯甲酰氧基)苯基-10,15,20-三-(4-溴苯基)卟啉(TPP-NO₂)、5-(4-硝基苯甲酰氧基)苯基-10,15,20-三-(4-二苯胺基-1-苯乙烯基)苯基卟啉(TPP-X₃)和5,10,15,20-四-(4-二苯胺基-1-苯乙烯基)苯基卟啉(TPP-X₄), 进行了红外光谱、核磁共振光谱和质谱表征. 比较研究了分子“枝”、“核”不同键合方式与不同对称结构对分子的线性光谱、非线性光谱以及分子内能量转移行为的影响. 在钛宝石激光器(800 nm)和Nd∶YAG倍频光(532 nm)泵浦下, 样品溶液均发出卟啉环特有的红色荧光——前者系双光子吸收机制“上转换”荧光, 后者则为双光子吸收与分子内能量转移机制“下转换”荧光. 飞秒Z-scan技术测得样品双光子吸收截面最大可达130 GM, 与四苯基卟啉(TPP)同等测试条件下的双光子吸收截面相比增大了两个数量级.     

Synthesis and Two-photon Absorption Properties of s-Triazine Derivatives

Two new s-triazine derivatives, which belong to linear dipolar type and triangle octupolar type respectively, have been synthesized. The structure of the dipolar compound has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The two-photon absorption cross-section σ, and the two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) intensities are increased significantly from dipolar compound to octupolar compound.     

From Light to Structure: Photo Initiators for Radical Two-Photon Polymerization

Two-photon polymerization (2PP) represents a powerful technique for the fabrication of precise three-dimensional structures on a micro- and nanometer scale for various applications. While many review articles are focusing on the used polymeric materials and their application in 2PP, in this review the class of two-photon photo initiators (2PI) used for radical polymerization is discussed in detail. Because the demand for highly efficient 2PI has increased in the last decades, different approaches in designing new efficient 2PIs occurred. This review summarizes the 2PIs known in literature and discusses their absorption behavior under one- and two-photon absorption (2PA) conditions, their two-photon cross sections (σ_TPA) as well as their efficiency under 2PP conditions. Here, the photo initiators are grouped depending on their chromophore system (D-π-A-π-D, D-π-D, etc.). Their polymerization efficiencies are evaluated by fabrication windows (FW) depending on different laser intensities and writing speeds.     

两个具有强双光子荧光的有机硼化合物

以二米基硼为电子受体, 苯乙烯基噻吩为共轭桥, 合成了两个新的稳定的有机硼化合物: 反式,反式-2-二米基 硼-5-{2-[4-(2-噻吩乙烯基)苯基]乙烯基}噻吩(1)和反式,反式-1,4-二-[2-(5-二米基硼噻吩)乙烯基]苯(2). 前者为不对称结构的偶极分子, 后者为对称的A-π-A型四极分子. 对称性不同的化合物表现出不同的双光子吸收性质. 对于偶极分子1, 单双光子吸收达到的激发态能级接近, 而对于四极分子2, 双光子吸收达到的激发态则比单光子吸收所达到的激发态高出0.35 eV. 在波长为710到 900 nm范围的飞秒脉冲激光激发下, 化合物1和2在THF溶液中都可以发出很强的绿色上转换荧光 (1, λ_max＝505 nm; 2, λ_max＝513 nm). 用双光子荧光法测得A-π-A型化合物2在775 nm处的双光子吸收截面达1340 GM.     

含螺吡喃端基PNIPAM的制备及其在活细胞成像中的应用

利用ATRP活性聚合制备了不同分子量的含有螺吡喃(SP)端基的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(SP-PNIPAM).考察了SP-PNIPAM的光致变色性能、荧光性能和临界转变温度,并研究了它们在活细胞成像方面的应用.螺吡喃以及SP-PNIPAM经激发后发射红色荧光.螺吡喃可以通过扩散穿过细胞膜进入细胞,因而对固定、成活细胞均能染色.而SP-PNIPAM用于细胞染色时,其染色特性与分子量有关,主要通过活细胞内吞作用进入活细胞内,因此可以选择性地用于活细胞荧光成像.