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1.
An effective Heck-type cross-coupling reaction between halo-exo-glycals and endo-glycals to achieve C-glycosidic disaccharides has been developed. Using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst, dppp as ligand and K2CO3 as base, the reactions gave C-glycosidic products in good to excellent yields with exclusive stereochemistry. 相似文献
2.
《Tetrahedron: Asymmetry》2005,16(2):297-301
exo-Glycosyl carbonates were shown to be efficient glycosyl donors in microwave-assisted glycosylation. In these reactions α-glycosyl additions occurred with excellent stereoselectivity and were complete in 4–8 min with 75–92% yield. Interestingly exo-glycals were found to have higher activity than endo-glycals and common glycosides, the reactions of which can be improved by the addition of Lewis acid to result in a higher yield and enhanced stereoselectivity. 相似文献
3.
Arnaud Tatibouët Patrick Rollin Olivier R. Martin 《Journal of carbohydrate chemistry》2013,32(4-5):641-645
Within the frame of an ongoing project on glycosidase inhibitors, we have been interested in the synthesis of “heteroglycals”, namely, glycal analogues with sulfur or nitrogen in the ring. Glycals2 are well known for their applications in sugar chemistry in particular for glycosyl transfer.3 They are also known as glycosidase inhibitors through a slow chemical reaction with the enzyme. Recently exo-glycals emerged as a new class of glycals4 which showed interesting features as glycosidase inhibitors but also as precursors of glycomimetics such as C-glycosides.5 We have undertaken investigations on related heteroglycals: such compounds are of interest because they combine a planar geometry at the anomeric center and a possible charge site - both elements known to be important to mimic the transition state of the enzymatic glycoside hydrolysis process.6 相似文献
4.
Acid-mediated glycosylations of endo- and exo-glycals have been carried out in good to excellent yields, in which a mixture of two products is often obtained resulting from Ferrier rearrangement and protonation. The former reaction exclusively takes place with the t-butyl carbonate or hydroxyl substituent at the C3 position of endo-glycals, while the latter mainly occurs in the glycosylation of exo-glycals with allyl benzyl ether or acetate. In addition to the substituent effect, protecting groups are critical to determine the activity and favored reaction pathway. Furthermore, the method is applicable to O-, C-, and N-nucleophiles. 相似文献
5.
Dr. Rachel Hevey 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2021,27(7):2240-2253
Glycans are well established to play important roles at various stages of infection and disease, and ways to modulate these interactions have been sought as novel therapies. The use of native glycan structures has met with limited success, which can be attributed to their characteristic high polarity (e.g., low binding affinities) and inherently poor pharmacokinetic properties (e.g., short drug–target residence times, rapid renal excretion), leading to the development of ′glycomimetics′. Fluorinated drugs have become increasingly common over recent decades, with fluorinated glycomimetics offering some unique advantages. Deoxyfluorination maintains certain electrostatic interactions, while concomitantly reducing net polarity through ′polar hydrophobicity′, improving residence times and binding affinities. Fluorination destabilizes the oxocarbenium transition state associated with metabolic degradation, and can restore exo- and endo-anomeric effects in C-glycosides and carbasugars. Lastly, it has shown great utility in radiotracer development and enhancement of antigenicity in glycan-based vaccines. Owing to synthetic challenges, fluorinated glycomimetics have been somewhat underutilized to date, but methodological improvements will advance their use in glycomimetic drugs. 相似文献
6.
exo-Glycals are both valuable synthetic tools and biologically relevant structures. This article reviews the novel synthetic approaches that have been reported to synthesize sugar based tri- or tetrasubstituted exocyclic enol ethers. Among those, the Julia modified olefinations as well as the transition metal catalyzed cross-couplings have been extensively developed. The synthesis of unprecedented fluorinated and sulfonylated phosphono-exo-glycals are also described. An overview of the biological applications in which exo-glycals acts as inhibitors or inactivator of relevant enzymes is finally presented. 相似文献
7.
Feng-Xing Li Shu-Jian Ren Pei-Fang Li Peng Yang Prof. Jin Qu 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(42):18631-18636
The rapid synthesis of marine ladder polyethers from polyepoxide precursors (in analogy with the biosynthetic pathway hypothesized by Nakanishi) is hampered by the fact that the exo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization cascade that gives THF-type polyethers is preferred over the endo-selective cascade that gives the desired products. We found that perfluoro-tert-butanol (PFTB) cooperating with 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM]BF4) can promote endo-selective epoxide-opening cyclization reactions of trisubstituted epoxy alcohols. Starting from readily accessible homochiral polyepoxy alcohols with a methyl group at all the endo-cyclization sites, we were able to construct polyethers up to five consecutive fused 6-, 7-, and/or 8-membered rings in one step. Notably, molecules with the 7/7/6/6 and 7/7/6/7/6 polyether frameworks of hemibrevetoxin B and brevenal, respectively, could be synthesized in 40 % and 17 % chemical yields. 相似文献
8.
When heated with sodium ethoxide in ethanol 7-methylidenebicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-endo-ol (endo- 1 ) is converted into 1-methyl-2-oxa-adamantane ( 3 ). This reaction involves nucleophilic addition of a hydroxy group to an unactivated olefinic bond. Formation of the cyclic ether 3 also takes place when endo- 1 is heated in aqueous ethanol. This electrophilic addition is strongly catalysed by weak acids and suppressed by weak bases. These unusual reactions proceed more slowly with 7-methylbicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-en-3-endo-ol (endo- 2 ) and can be ascribed to a proximity effect. This follows from the IR . and NMR . spectra of endo- 1 and endo- 2 which show strong intramolecular hydrogen (OH-π) bonding. The unsaturated endo- and exo-alcohols 1 and 2 , respectively, undergo only exo-complexation with silver ion. 相似文献
9.
Mahmoud Benltifa Miklos De Kiss Maria Isabel Garcia-Moreno Carmen Ortiz Mellet David Gueyrard Anne Wadouachi 《Tetrahedron: Asymmetry》2009,20(15):1817-1823
We report the synthesis of spiro-sulfamidate glycosides from exo-glycals. This route is regioselective and furnishes an original class of spiro-hydantoin glycoside analogues. A biological evaluation of this family on a range of glycosidases shows that these compounds are weak but very selective inhibitors of α-glucosidase and amyloglucosidase. 相似文献
10.
α-2-Deoxyglycosides were synthesized in good to excellent yields by microwave-assisted reaction of endo-glycals with various O-nucleophiles in the presence of catalytic amount of AlCl3. These glycosyl additions occurred with high α-stereoselectivity and were complete in 5-35 min in 65-93% yield. 相似文献
11.
Prof. Duncan W. Bruce Prof. Yanan Gao Prof. José Nuno Canongia Lopes Dr. Karina Shimizu Dr. John M. Slattery 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,22(45):16113-16123
Liquid‐crystalline ionic liquids (LCILs) are ordered materials that have untapped potential to be used as reaction media for synthetic chemistry. This paper investigates the potential for the ordered structures of LCILs to influence the stereochemical outcome of the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methyl acrylate. The ratio of endo‐ to exo‐product from this reaction was monitored for a range of ionic liquids (ILs) and LCILs. Comparison of the endo:exo ratios in these reactions as a function of cation, anion and liquid crystallinity of the reaction media, allowed for the effects of liquid crystallinity to be distinguished from anion effects or cation alkyl chain length effects. These data strongly suggest that the proportion of exo‐product increases as the reaction media is changed from an isotropic IL to a LCIL. A detailed molecular dynamics (MD) study suggests that this effect is related to different hydrogen bonding interactions between the reaction media and the exo‐ and endo‐transition states in solvents with layered, smectic ordering compared to those that are isotropic. 相似文献
12.
Ana M. Sanjuán Dr. Muhammad A. Rashid Dr. Patricia García‐García Dr. Alberto Martínez‐Cuezva Dr. Manuel A. Fernández‐Rodríguez Dr. Félix Rodríguez Prof. Dr. Roberto Sanz 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(7):3042-3052
Indenes and related polycyclic structures have been efficiently synthesized by gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of appropriate ortho‐(alkynyl)styrenes. Disubstitution at the terminal position of the olefin was demonstrated to be essential to obtain products originating from a formal 5‐endo‐dig cyclization. Interestingly, a complete switch in the selectivity of the cyclization of o‐(alkynyl)‐α‐methylstyrenes from 6‐endo to 5‐endo was observed by adding an alcohol to the reaction media. This allowed the synthesis of interesting indenes bearing an all‐carbon quaternary center at C1. Moreover, dihydrobenzo[a]fluorenes can be obtained from substrates bearing a secondary alkyl group at the β‐position of the styrene moiety by a tandem cycloisomerization/1,2‐hydride migration process. In addition, diverse polycyclic compounds were obtained by an intramolecular gold‐catalyzed alkoxycyclization of o‐(alkynyl)styrenes bearing a nucleophile in their structure. Finally, the use of a chiral gold complex allowed access to elusive chiral 1H‐indenes in good enantioselectivities. 相似文献
13.
Subhajit Pal Mahshid Alizadeh Phally Kong Andreas F. M. Kilbinger 《Chemical science》2021,12(19):6705
Higher ring-opening metathesis propagation rates of exo-norbornene derivatives over endo derivatives are well established in the literature. Here, we report for the first time that endo-isomers of oxanorbornene derivatives show higher reactivity towards ring-opening metathesis with Grubbs'' 3rd generation catalyst (G3) than the corresponding exo-isomers. A very high selectivity for the reaction of G3 with endo over the exo-isomers could be shown. Furthermore, single molecular addition of the endo-isomers with G3 was observed. On the other hand, pure exo-monomers could successfully be homopolymerized. Mixtures of exo- and endo- monomers, however, prevented the homopolymerization of the exo-monomer. Such mixtures could successfully be copolymerized with cycloalkenes, resulting in alternating copolymers. An oxanorbornadiene derivative could be shown to undergo single addition reactions, exploited in the preparation of mono-end functional ROMP polymers. These could be selectively derivatized via endgroup selective thiol-ene click reactions. A thiol and alcohol end functional ROMP polymer was synthesized, and the efficient end functionalization was confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-ToF spectrometry.Bridgehead revisited: endo-7-oxa norborneneimide derivatives (green) initiate faster but propagate more slowly than the analogous exo-derivatives (red) in ring-opening metathesis allowing the synthesis of alternating and end functional polymers. 相似文献
14.
The First Modular Route to Core‐Chiral Bispidine Ligands and Their Application in Enantioselective Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Henry Reactions
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Dagmar Scharnagel Andreas Müller Felix Prause Martin Eck Jessica Goller Dr. Wolfgang Milius Prof. Dr. Matthias Breuning 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2015,21(35):12488-12500
The first modular and flexible synthesis of core‐chiral bispidines was achieved by using an “inside‐out” strategy. The key intermediate, a NBoc‐activated bispidine lactam, was constructed in enantiomerically pure form from a chirally modified β‐amino acid and 2‐(acetoxymethyl)acrylonitrile in just five steps and good 48 % yield. A simple addition–reduction protocol permitted a highly endo‐selective introduction of substituents and, thus, a fast and variable access to 2‐endo‐substituted and 2‐endo,N‐fused bi‐ and tricyclic bispidines. The new diamines were evaluated as the chiral ligands in asymmetric Henry reactions. Excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee and good diastereomeric ratios of up to 86:14 were reached with a copper(II) complex modified by a 2‐endo,N‐(3,3‐dimethylpyrrolidine)‐annelated bispidine. Its performance is superior to that of the well‐known bispidines (?)‐sparteine and the (+)‐sparteine surrogate. 相似文献
15.
Endo-selective Diels-Alder reaction of methacrylonitrile: application to the synthesis of Georgywood
Andras Borosy 《Tetrahedron》2009,65(50):10495-10505
Diels-Alder reactions of alkyl-substituted dienes with acrylonitriles give good yields and endo-selectivities if catalyzed by (organo)aluminum, (organo)boron or gallium halides. The activity of these group IIIa Lewis acids in this reaction correlates with the coordination strength of their nitrile complexes, which deactivate Lewis acids sufficiently, so that the subsequently added diene partner undergoes the Diels-Alder reaction without serious side-reactions. Boron trichloride is the most effective catalyst for this purpose. This method gives the best endo/exo-ratios reported so far for these components and was applied in the selective synthesis of the olfactory vector of Georgywood®. 相似文献
16.
The stereoselective rearrangement of tetrahydrofuran or tetrahydropyran rings having a phenylsulfanyl group in an exo position, via the intermediate thiiranium ions, is reported. The 5‐ or 6‐exo‐tet cyclization of hydroxy sulfides gave the kinetic products while the 6‐endo‐tet or 5‐endo‐tet gave the thermodynamic products. The rearrangement of the 5‐exo product to the 6‐endo‐ one is an interesting way for the stereoselective synthesis of substituted tetrahydropyrans. 相似文献
17.
Dr. Xin Yang Dr. Jun Zou Yifei Wang Prof. Dr. Ying Xue Prof. Shengyong Yang 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,25(35):8289-8303
Asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of azomethine ylides with activated olefins are among the most important and versatile methods for the synthesis of enantioenriched pyrroline and pyrrolidine derivatives. Despite both theoretical and practical importance, the role of water molecules in the reactivity and endo/exo selectivity remains unclear. To explore how water accelerates the reactions and improves the endo/exo selectivity of the cycloadditions of 1,3-dipole phthalazinium-2-dicyanomethanide ( 1 ) and two dipolarophiles, an ab initio-quality neural network potential that overcomes the computational bottleneck of explicitly considering water molecules was used. It is demonstrated that not only the nature of both the dipolarophile and the 1,3-dipole, but also the solvent medium, can perturb or even alter the reaction mechanism. An extreme case was found for the reaction of 1,3-dipole 1 with methyl vinyl ketone, in which the reaction mechanism changes from a concerted to a stepwise mode on going from MeCN to H2O as solvent, with formation of a zwitterionic intermediate that is a very shallow minimum on the energy surface. Thus, high stereocontrol can still be expected despite the stepwise nature of the mechanism. The results indicate that water can induce global polarization along the reaction coordinate and highlight the role of microsolvation effects and bulk-phase effects in reproducing the experimentally observed aqueous acceleration and enhanced endo/exo selectivity. 相似文献
18.
Tong‐De Tan Xin‐Qi Zhu Hao‐Zhen Bu Guocheng Deng Yang‐Bo Chen Rai‐Shung Liu Long‐Wu Ye 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2019,131(28):9734-9741
Catalytic cycloisomerization‐initiated cascade cyclizations of terminal alkynes have received tremendous interest, and been widely used in the facile synthesis of a diverse array of valuable complex heterocycles. However, these tandem reactions have been mostly limited to noble‐metal catalysis, and are initiated by an exo‐cyclization pathway. Reported herein is an unprecedented copper‐catalyzed endo‐cyclization‐initiated tandem reaction of indolyl homopropargyl amides, where copper catalyzes both the hydroamination and Friedel–Crafts alkylation process. This method allows the practical and atom‐economical synthesis of valuable bridged aza‐[n.2.1] skeletons (n=3–6) with wide substrate scope, and excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity by a chirality‐transfer strategy. Moreover, the mechanistic rationale for this novel cascade cyclization is also strongly supported by control experiments, and is distinctively different from the related gold catalysis. 相似文献
19.
Reductive elimination at 1,2exo-diiodonorbornane ( 6 ) was induced by Collman's reagent. Surprisingly, 1,2endo-diiodonorbornane ( 9 ) and 1-iodo-2endo-trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy-norbornane ( 10b ) lead only to reactions of the substituent in 2-position. Mechanistic aspects are related to the reactions of monosubstituted iodonorbornanes with Collman's reagent. 相似文献
20.
Serkan Yavuz Yılmaz Yıldırır 《Phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon and the related elements》2013,188(11):1303-1311
Abstract We have synthesized a series of novel 2-(6,14-endo-ethenotetrahydrothebaine-7α-yl)-5-N-arylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (5a–n) as potential narcotic analgesics, which are analogs of morphine. The synthesized compounds exhibit rigid morphine structures, including a 6,14-endo-entheno bridge and a 5-N-arylamino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl group at C-7 position that adopted S-configuration. The structures and stereochemistry of the compounds were completely assigned using one- and two-dimensional NMR experiments (1H NMR, APT, COSY, NOESY, HMQC, and HMBC), FTIR, and high-resolution mass spectral (HRMS) data. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements to view the free supplemental file. 相似文献