时间、空间与运动——狭义相对论及其伟大科学意义

介绍狭义相对论诞生的历史背景,爱因斯坦创立狭义相对论的新思维和创造性,发现自然界两条基本原理及其建立新的相对性时空结构理论及新的运动学定律的思路历程.由此揭示和证明时空相对性结构是一切自然界定律对相对运动保持其不变性和对称性的基础,也是自然界因果关系成立的基础,最后介绍从狭义相对论得出的自然界的一系列新奇结论和定律.     

Metrical geometry of Galilean inertial structure. III

An axiomatic treatment of Galilean space-time is carried out in the spirit of metrical geometry. According to it only material concepts enter the postulates. The central notion thereby is that of the Galilean inertial relation introduced in a previous paper [1]. In the course of the investigations a bit of theory for strictly convex metric spaces is developed.     

Noether's Theorem and the Conservation Laws of the KORTEWEG-DE VRIES Equation

A method developed recently by the author to derive a continuum of conservation laws by Noether's theorem from the so-called extended Bäcklund transformations is applied to the KORTEWEG -DE VRIES equation that describes various nonlinear dispersive wave phenomena in hydrodynamics, plasma physics and solid state physics. Further applications of Noether's theorem concerning this equation are given. It is shown that the Galilean transformation in the present case has an analogous function as Lie's transformation has with respect to the sine-Gordon equation.     

Dirac Oscillator in a Galilean Covariant Non-commutative Space

We study the Galilean Dirac oscillator in a non-commutative situation, with space-space and momentum-momentum non-commutativity. The wave equation is obtained via a ‘Galilean covariant’ approach, which consists in projecting the covariant equations from a (4,1)-dimensional manifold with light-cone coordinates, to a (3,1)-dimensional Galilean space-time. We obtain the exact wave functions and their energy levels for the plane and discuss the effects of non-commutativity.     

Logics generated by causality structures. covariant representations of the Galilean logic

We consider the causal structure of space-time in the logic approach. The general form of covariant representations of the Galilean logic, which correspond to a localizable Galilean system, is found.     

On the Meaning of Lorentz Covariance

In classical mechanics, Galilean covariance and the principle of relativity are completely equivalent and hold for all possible dynamical processes. In contrast, in relativistic physics the situation is much more complex. It will be shown that Lorentz covariance and the principle of relativity are not completely equivalent. The reason is that the principle of relativity actually only holds for the equilibrium quantities that characterize the equilibrium state of dissipative systems. In the light of this fact it will be argued that Lorentz covariance should not be regarded as a fundamental symmetry of the laws of physics.     

Electromagnetic and Force Field Equations

In classical physics the electromagnetic equations are described by Maxwell's equations. Maxwell's equations proved to be invariant under gauge, or Lorentz transformations. Also, Einstein's equations of the special theory of relativity are invariant under Lorentz transformations. On the other hand classical mechanics and quantum mechanics laws are invariant under Galilean transformations. This means that, there are two different dynamical structures describing our universe. Einstein's unified field theory failled in putting our universe in one dynamical structure. New electromagnetic and force field equations are going to be derived. They have the same shape like Maxwell's equations, but with different dynamical structure. Those equations are invariant under Galilean transformations and in the density matrix formalism of quantum mechanics.     

物理学中的第二片大沙漠——电介质物理学

从物理学史角度评论了电介质物理的发展和现状；指出其基础研究涉及物理学中许多概念和原理的更新和重建，对未来科学技术的影响至关重大     

Revised Robertson's test theory of special relativity: Space-time structure and dynamics

The experimental testing of the Lorentz transformations is based on a family of sets of coordinate transformations that do not comply in general with the principle of equivalence of the inertial frames. The Lorentz and Galilean sets of transformations are the only member sets of the family that satisfy this principle. In the neighborhood of regular points of space-time, all members in the family are assumed to comply with local homogeneity of space-time and isotropy of space in at least one free-falling elevator, to be denoted as Robertson'sab initio rest frame [H. P. Robertson,Rev. Mod. Phys. 21, 378 (1949)].Without any further assumptions, it is shown that Robertson's rest frame becomes a preferred frame for all member sets of the Robertson family except for, again, Galilean and Einstein's relativities. If one now assumes the validity of Maxwell-Lorentz electrodynamics in the preferred frame, a different electrodynamics spontaneously emerges for each set of transformations. The flat space-time of relativity retains its relevance, which permits an obvious generalization, in a Robertson context, of Dirac's theory of the electron and Einstein's gravitation. The family of theories thus obtained constitutes a covering theory of relativistic physics.A technique is developed to move back and forth between Einstein's relativity and the different members of the family of theories. It permits great simplifications in the analysis of relativistic experiments with relevant Robertson's subfamilies. It is shown how to adapt the Clifford algebra version of standard physics for use with the covering theory and, in particular, with the covering Dirac theory.Part of this work was done at the Department of Physics, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322.     

Galilean invariance and magnetic monopoles

The existence of Dirac monopoles is shown to be incompatible with Galilean invariance. A discussion follows on the interpretation of monopoles physics in a Galilean approximation.     

Gauge functions and Galilean invariance of Lagrangians

A novel method to make Lagrangians Galilean invariant is developed. The method, based on null Lagrangians and their gauge functions, is used to demonstrate the Galilean invariance of the Lagrangian for Newton's law of inertia. It is suggested that this new solution of an old physics problem may have implications and potential applications to all gauge-based theories of physics.     

On the choice of evolutional parameter within a framework of four-dimensional symmetry

Within the context of the variational principle, there is the freedom to choose specific evolutional parameters. Different parameters can be associated with physical time, while allowing the physical laws to preserve the property of four-dimensional symmetry. In this sense, the concept of time has flexibility. Besides proper time and relativistic time, another natural choice emerges, which is called the generalized Galilean time. We study the impact of this choice here. This approach provides a deeper understanding of the theory of special relativity, and it also provides a new basis to study other space-time theories.On leave from Shanghai University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.     

General Dynamical Equations for Free Particles and?Their Galilean Invariance

Dynamical equations describing evolution of state functions in space-time of a given metric are important components of physical theories of particles. A method based on a group of the metric is used to obtain an infinite set of general dynamical equations for a scalar and analytical function representing free and spinless particles. It is shown that this set of equations is the same for any group of the metric that consists of an invariant Abelian subgroup of translations in time and space. For Galilean space-time, such group is the extended Galilei group. Using this group, it is proved that the infinite set of equations has only one subset of Galilean invariant dynamical equations, and that the equations of this subset are Schr?dinger-like equations.     

Galilean inertial structure. II

Galilean space-time is characterized in an axiomatic manner within a certain class of fiber bundles over the time axis IR. The distinction comes about through an examination of the inertial structure constituted by the entirety of the inertial trajectories. The latter are defined geometrically as a relation on the space-time expressing the situation of relative rest for events.     

技术应用型院校大学物理实验课程教学改革的研究与实践

针对大学物理实验教学目前存在的问题,考虑到物理学科的发展趋势及高等教育改革的基本要求,本着更新物理实验教师的教育思想和教育观念、加强教师的培养、调整教学体系和教学内容、改革传统的教学方法和现有的大学物理实验考核体系和评价体系以及加强实验室管理等原则,对大学物理实验教学进行了研究和实践。     

From space-time chaos to stochastic thermodynamics

We summarize the results of several experiments that show the evolution of some scientific interests and goals of the statistical and nonlinear physics community in the last 40 years. Specifically, we present how the ideas of extending concepts of equilibrium statistical physics to out-of-equilibrium physics have been developed to characterize various phenomena such as, for example, transition to space-time chaos and glass aging. We then discuss the applications of this out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics to microsystems driven out of equilibrium either by external forces or by temperature gradients. We show that in these systems thermal fluctuations play a role and that all thermodynamics quantities, such as work, heat, and entropy fluctuate. We recall general concepts such as fluctuation theorems and fluctuation dissipation relations used to characterize the statistical properties of these small systems. We describe experiments where all these concepts have been applied and tested with high accuracy. Finally, we show how these theoretical concepts and the experiments allowed us to improve our knowledge on the connection between information and thermodynamics.     

Quantum space-times in the year 2002

We review certain emergent notions on the nature of space-time from noncommutative geometry and their radical implications. These ideas of space-time are suggested from developments in fuzzy physics, string theory, and deformation quantization. The review focuses on the ideas coming from fuzzy physics. We find models of quantum space-time like fuzzy S ⁴ on which states cannot be localized, but which fluctuate into other manifolds like CP³. New uncertainty principles concerning such lack of localizability on quantum space-times are formulated. Such investigations show the possibility of formulating and answering questions like the probability of finding a point of a quantum manifold in a state localized on another one. Additional striking possibilities indicated by these developments is the (generic) failure of CPT theorem and the conventional spin-statistics connection. They even suggest that Planck’s ‘constant’ may not be a constant, but an operator which does not commute with all observables. All these novel possibilities arise within the rules of conventional quantum physics, and with no serious input from gravity physics.     

A quantum mechanical twin paradox

When a quantummechanical wavepacket undergoes a series of Galilean boosts, the Schrödinger theory predicts the occurrence of a geometrical phase effect that is an example of Berry's phase (Sagnac's phase). In the present paper the conceptual consequences of this phenomenon are considered, in particular for the status of Galilean invariance in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, and for the relation between that theory and classical physics.     

核心素养下多情境构建物理概念的教学研究——以“认识守恒量”为例

高中物理核心素养导向下,有效认识物理概念是落实构建物理观念的重要环节.通过多情境化的教学途径,在多角度、多层面地构建物理概念的过程中知道构建这个概念的缘由,有效地实现前概念向科学概念转变.既有助于学生对物理概念的有效构建,又有利于学生对概念的深度理解,还可以助力学生对物理规律和科学思维方法的掌握,达到培养学科核心素养的目的.