Mitigation of the deleterious effect of silicon species on the conductivity of ceria electrolytes

The deleterious effect of silicon species on the conductivity of ceria electrolytes is well documented in the literature. A simple process has been developed at Praxair that alleviates the negative effect of high concentrations of silicon species on the conductivity of ceria electrolytes. The impact of this process on the conductivity of commercially available doped ceria electrolyte powders is demonstrated and a likely mechanism for the reduction of the resistivity is proposed. The influence of this process on other properties of the ceria electrolyte is discussed.     

小液滴撞击壁面传热特性数值分析

小液滴撞击壁面现象在喷雾冷却等领域都有广泛应用.为研究小液滴(微米)撞击热壁面(非沸腾区)传热过程,建立了二维液滴撞壁瞬态模型,并采用相场方法对小液滴换热过程中对流热通量和导热热通量的大小进行了对比.研究结果表明:液滴撞击壁面初期形成“冷斑”,有利于小液滴与壁面的传热;小液滴撞击壁面过程中热通量峰值存在于三相接触点附近,数量级在105—106 W/m²;小液滴撞击壁面过程中受壁面浸润性和液滴尺寸对传导热通量的影响较为显著,而速度和液滴尺寸对对流热通量的影响较为显著;大多数情况下,小液滴撞击壁面传导热通量数量级在103—105 W/m²,对流热通量数量级在104—106 W/m²,对流热通量大于传导热通量,在整个换热过程中占据主导地位.     

Peculiarities of evaporation of a thin water layer in the presence of a solvable surfactant

Evaporation of a thin layer of a polar liquid (water) having a free surface and located on a solid substrate is investigated. A solvable surfactant is placed on the free liquid-vapor interface. The surface tension is a linear function of the surface concentration of the surfactant. The surface energy of the solid-liquid contact line is a nonmonotonic function of the layer thickness and is the sum of the Van der Waals interaction and the specific interaction of the double electric layer on the interface. The effect of the solvable surfactant on the dynamics and stability of the propagation of the evaporation front in the thin liquid film is analyzed in the long-wave approximation in the system of Navier-Stokes equations.     

LAMOST围挡通道的壁面传热影响分析

运用热分析软件Icepak对望远镜LAMOST的圆顶围挡通道进行了热计算与分析，重点分析了围挡壁面的热辐射和热传导对整个温度场的影响。在通风管道冷却方案的基础上，分别建立了壁面辐射和传导的热模型，描述了壁面的传热结构。仿真计算了增加壁面热辐射和热传导时主光学组件——焦面的温度场分布，并对此作了对比分析。数值计算与仿真结果表明：壁面传热对其内部温度场的影响不大;利用通风管道的冷却措施可将焦面的最大温度梯度控制在0.4℃／m；围挡的特性结构对传热有效。     

Structural mechanisms of fracture of nanocrystalline materials

Structural mechanisms and features of brittle and quasi-brittle fracture of nanocrystalline materials are theoretically analyzed. The role of size effects and internal stresses caused by a nonequilibrium structure during brittle trans-and intercrystallite fracture is studied. The dependence of the nanocrystalline material durability on the working stress and grain size is calculated. The conditions for certain mechanisms of plastic deformation to be operative in nanocrystalline materials are analyzed. The influence of the grain-boundary and dislocation mechanisms of plastic deformation on the conditions of nanocrack formation is studied. The dependence of the fracture toughness of nanomaterials on structure parameters is calculated.     

共面线多阳极大面积光电倍增管的研制

提出了一种新型的基于共面线结构的多阳极光电倍增管(CPWMA-PMT),可实现大的工作面积、反射式光电阴极和近贴式聚焦方式。阐述了CPWMA-PMT的工作原理,分析了设计与研制中的关键问题。对所研制的CPLMA-PMT进行了参量测试,验证了在近贴聚焦工作条件下采用共面线多阳极结构的可行性,并提出了进一步的改进方向。     

Prediction of the incidence of motion sickness from the magnitude, frequency, and duration of vertical oscillation

A method is proposed by which the incidence of motion sickness may be predicted from measurement of the motion exposure. The method is based on data from both field and laboratory studies involving large numbers of people and is applicable to marine and other environments where vertical oscillation occurs at frequencies below 0.5 Hz. The dependence of motion sickness on the frequency of oscillation requires the use of a weighting function between 0.1 and 0.5 Hz. The dependence of sickness on the duration of exposure is incorporated by the use of a cumulative measure of motion dose based on the product of root-mean-square (rms) acceleration magnitude and the square root of stimulus duration. The influence of population variables such as sex, age, and motion experience is discussed. The method enables separate predictions to be made of vomiting incidence and of feelings of illness. The prediction procedure, while not seeking to explain the underlying mechanisms of motion sickness occurrence, provides a generally applicable method which is simple to use and has an accuracy consistent with the experimental data on which it is based.     

Distribution of energy of solutions of the wave equation on singular spaces of constant curvature and on a homogeneous tree

In the paper, the Cauchy problem for the wave equation on singular spaces of constant curvature and on an infinite homogeneous tree is studied. Two singular spaces are considered: the first one consists of a three-dimensional Euclidean space to which a ray is glued, and the other is formed by two three-dimensional Euclidean spaces joined by a segment. The solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation on these objects is described and the behavior of the energy of a wave as time tends to infinity is studied.The Cauchy problem for the wave equation on an infinite homogeneous tree is also considered, where the matching conditions for the Laplace operator at the vertices are chosen in the form generalizing the Kirchhoff conditions. The spectrum of such an operator is found, and the solution of the Cauchy problem for the wave equation is described. The behavior of wave energy as time tends to infinity is also studied.     

Behavior of alkali halide crystals under the influence of a low-energy flux of β particles

The effect of a low-energy flux of electrons on alkali halide crystals is investigated. The pulse luminescence of crystals in the visible and ultrashort wavelength ranges is found. The dependence of luminescence on the potential of the crystal and color centers is revealed.     

Localization of the electromagnetic field in the vicinity of gold nanoparticles: Surface modification of different substrates

Theoretical predictions and experimental results for nanosized modification of metal (Au), semiconductor (Si), or dielectric (soda lime glass) substrates using near-electromagnetic field enhancement in the vicinity of gold nanoparticles are presented. The near field properties for the system consisting of an isolated gold nanoparticle or nanoparticle aggregate deposited on the substrates, which is irradiated by electromagnetic wave, are investigated using Finite Difference Time Domain Simulation technique. The influence of the substrate material on the near field distribution characteristics is predicted. The results reveal that the field on the substrate surface is enhanced in the three investigated cases, but its spatial distribution and magnitude depend on the substrate material. In the case of the metal and semiconductor substrate the enhanced near field is strongly localized in the vicinity of the contact point with the particle, in an area with diameter smaller than the particle's one. The intensity of the enhanced field on the glass is more than an order of magnitude lower than the case of using silicon substrate. The properties of the near field on the substrate surface also depend on the particle arrangement. For a two-dimensional gold nanoparticle array, when the particles are closely arrayed, the intensity of the enhanced field on the substrate surface is minimal. With the increase of the interparticle distance the near field intensity increases. The validity of the obtained theoretical results is confirmed experimentally.     

Velocity of weakly turbulent flames of finite thickness

The velocity increase of a weakly turbulent flame of finite thickness is investigated using analytical theory developed in previous papers. The obtained velocity increase depends on the flow parameters: on the turbulent intensity, on the turbulent spectrum and on the characteristic length scale. It also depends on the thermal and chemical properties of the burning matter: thermal expansion, the Markstein number and the temperature dependence of transport coefficients. It is shown that the influence of the finite flame thickness is especially strong close to the resonance point, when the wavelength of the turbulent harmonic is equal to the cut off wavelength of the Darrieus–Landau instability. The velocity increase is almost independent of the Prandtl number. On the contrary, the Markstein number is one of the most important parameters controlling the velocity increase. The relative role of the external turbulence and the Darrieus–Landau instability for the velocity increase is studied for different parameters of the flow and the burning matter. The velocity increase for turbulent flames in methane and propane fuel mixtures is calculated for different values of the equivalence ratio. The present theoretical results are compared with previous experiments on turbulent flames. In order to perform the comparison, the theoretical results of the present paper are extrapolated to the case of a strongly corrugated flame front using the ideas of self-similar flame dynamics. The obtained theoretical results are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data, taking into account the uncertainties of both the theory and the experiments. It is shown that in many experiments on turbulent flames the Darrieus–Landau instability is more important for the flame velocity than the external turbulence.     

The influence of vessel attitude on spatial-temporal correlation of sea-bottom reverberation

The influence of vessel attitude on spatial-temporal correlation of sea-bottom reverberation is discussed. The theoretical correlation function is deduced in consideration of the attitude of vessel. The relationship of the spatial-temporal correlation and the vessel attitude is obtained: The greater the sway of the vessel on some direction is, the faster the correlation coefficient decreases on the direction. The theoretical correlation function agrees well with the simulation result when sea-bottom has no large-scale relief but has isotropic roughness. The actual sea-bottom usually has large-scale relief and anisotropic roughness, so the vessel attitude and the large-scale relief cannot determine the shape of the correlation function, but trial data has proved their combined influence. In addition, the influence of the vessel attitude on the measurement of vertical velocity is discussed.     

Theoretical study of the effect of spin-selective adsorption of water molecules on MgO surface

The effect of spin-selective adsorption of water molecules on the surface of MgO crystal is theoretically studied. The study is performed using two different approaches, i.e., quantum-chemical simulation and an analytical calculation in a quasiclassical approximation. The adsorption energy is calculated using the B3LYP density functional and the 6–311G* basis set. The calculated value of the adsorption energy 0.70 eV agrees well with an experimental value of 0.65 eV. It is established that the energy difference of adsorbed ortho- and para-water molecules is negligible and, thus, the difference of the adsorption energies is completely determined by the energy difference of free molecules in ortho- and para-states. It follows from the analytical calculation that this result is essentially general and is related not only to an MgO surface, but to any other surface on which the energy barrier for rotation of the adsorbed molecule is much larger than the corresponding rotational constant. Based on this, the conclusion is reached that the effect of spin-selective adsorption on these surfaces should not be observed under normal conditions.     

基底表面纳米织构对非晶四面体碳膜结构和摩擦特性的影响研究

本文利用离子束表面改性技术对基底表面进行不同时间的轰击, 形成不同规则的纳米织构, 对不同织构的变化规律进行了研究, 同时, 利用磁过滤真空阴极电弧技术, 在具有不同纳米织构的各基底上沉积相同时间的四面体非晶碳薄膜. 采用原子力显微镜对各基底的织构进行形貌分析, 结果表明, 高能粒子束的轰击对基底表面形貌有较大的影响, 根据离子束轰击时间的不同, 可以在基底表面形成各种不同规则的纳米织构, 轰击15 min后发现基底表面形成点阵纳米织构, 之后随着时间的增加, 基本维持点阵结构. 通过X射线光电子能谱仪和摩擦磨损试验仪对沉积在具有不同织构的基底上的ta-C薄膜进行测试, 研究表明, 基底表面纳米织构的非晶层结构引起薄膜内部sp³键的含量降低, 释放了薄膜的内应力, 同时发现基底表面纳米织构将ta-C薄膜磨损时间从不足10 min提高到约70 min, 有效提高了薄膜的耐磨性.     

单层石墨烯水分子吸附对其光学性质的影响

用MS软件对水分子吸附在单层石墨烯表面进行计算,采用第一性原理中的密度泛函理论。使用广义梯度近似和周期性平面模型,得到不同数量的水分子吸附在石墨烯表面上的吸附能,并且计算了相对应的光学性质。得到的结果是吸附能很小,主要是范德瓦尔斯相互作用。石墨烯具有高疏水性,水分子在石墨烯表面对石墨烯的电子结构几乎没有作用,吸附不同个数的水分子后对石墨烯的光学性质有一定影响,其中吸附单个水分子后变化并不明显,吸附2或3个水分子后吸收率和光电导率略有下降;折射率和消光率下降不明显,说明吸附水对石墨烯的透明度影响不大;介电函数的实数部分变化趋于平缓,虚数部分有明显下降;能量损失增加。     

氧掺杂对钠在石墨烯上吸附性能的影响

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理方法,研究了本征石墨烯(P-graphene)和氧掺杂的石墨烯(O-graphene)吸附钠原子的吸附能、电荷密度、态密度以及储存量.结果表明,两种石墨烯中,钠原子的最佳吸附位置都是H位. O-graphene对钠原子的吸附能是-4.347 eV,比P-graphene对钠原子的吸附能(-0.71 eV)低很多. O-graphene中钠原子与氧原子和碳原子发生轨道杂化,P-graphene中没有杂化现象. O-graphene能够吸附10个钠原子,较P-graphene多.因此,O-graphene更适合储钠.     

Analysis of the features of meniscus profile curves during growth of base-faceted sapphire ribbons

The dependence of the step parameters on the surface of base-faceted sapphire ribbons on the angle of deviation of crystallographic orientation has been measured. A model of step formation on the lateral ribbon surface is proposed. Hysteretic character of the dependence of the lateral ribbon surface inclination on the meniscus angle at the triple point is shown. The shapes of the lateral surfaces are calculated and the range of variation in the meniscus angle is determined.     

真空断路器弧后残余等离子体的探针诊断方法

真空断路器开断过程中弧后残余等离子体是表征其开断性能的重要参量。基于探针电子饱和区域工作原理,提出了一种真空电弧弧后残余等离子体电子密度测量方法,分析了其结构和工作原理。设计了探针诊断系统的探针结构和控制系统,基于可拆卸真空腔体进行了残余等离子体电子密度的单探针测量实验,采用高速相机观测电弧发展演变过程,研究了电流大小、触头结构等参数对残余等离子体衰减过程的影响。通过前人其他诊断方法对比验证了该测量方法的有效性,为后续真空断路器弧后微观特性研究提供了一种低成本、有效的诊断方法。     

Concentration quenching of fluorescence of colloid quantum dots of cadmium sulfide

The influence of the concentration of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles in a colloid aqueous solution on its optical properties has been investigated. The band gap of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles is calculated based on the optical absorption spectra of solutions with different concentrations. The band gap coincides for all the samples irrespective of their concentration and is equal to 2.63 eV. It is found that the intensity of fluorescence substantially depends on the solution concentration. The fluorescence intensity considerably decreases in a wavelength range from 665 to 720 nm as the concentration increases above 3.25 mM. This concentration is the threshold of the concentration quenching for CdS nanoparticles.