Investigation of Co3O4 nanorods supported Pd anode catalyst for methanol oxidation in alkaline solution

A Co3 O4 nanorod supported Pd electro-catalyst for the methanol electro-oxidation (MEO) has been fabricated by the combination of hydrother-mal synthesis and microwave-assisted polyol reduction process...     

高催化活性Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能

以Co(NO3)3·6H2O为钴源,聚乙二醇(PEG)20000为表面活性剂,与多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)混合后通过水热氧化法成功地合成了表面均匀分布纳米絮状Co3O4的MWCNTs复合物,进一步还原Pd的前驱体而制备得到Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs复合催化剂.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等手段对样品的形貌和晶型结构进行了表征,结果表明Pd纳米粒子为面心立方晶体结构,均匀地分布在Co3O4修饰的MWCNTs表面.用循环伏安法和计时电流法表征结果表明:催化剂Pd-Co3O4/MWCNTs具有较大的电化学活性表面积,在碱性介质中对甲醇氧化具有更高的电催化活性和稳定性.研究结果表明,过渡金属氧化物纳米Co3O4颗粒在提高直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)催化性能研究中具有十分重要的作用,是一类很有潜力的载体催化剂.     

花生壳基多孔碳负载Pd-Co催化剂应用于碱性介质中电氧化甲醇

以花生壳为原料,经KOH活化制备花生壳基多孔碳（HC）。氮气吸附-脱附研究表明,所获得的多孔碳的总表面积高达1 645 m²·g^-1。采用浸渍还原法制备了以HC为载体的Pd-Co/HC催化剂。X射线衍射（XRD）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）分析表明,催化剂中的Co主要以Co和CoO的形式存在,Co进入Pd的晶格并形成Pd-Co合金。Pd-Co/HC_0.5-700的透射电子显微镜（TEM）结果显示,Pd-Co纳米颗粒具有较小粒径（约4 nm）且成功地分散在HC上。Pd-Co/HC_0.5-700在碱性介质中电催化氧化甲醇时表现出优秀的电催化活性、稳定性和CO耐受性,这种显著的高性能可以归因于生物质载体大的表面积和Co的成功掺杂。     

花生壳基多孔碳负载Pd-Co催化剂应用于碱性介质中电氧化甲醇

以花生壳为原料,经KOH活化制备花生壳基多孔碳(HC)。氮气吸附-脱附研究表明,所获得的多孔碳的总表面积高达1 645 m²·g^-1。采用浸渍还原法制备了以HC为载体的Pd-Co/HC催化剂。X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析表明,催化剂中的Co主要以Co和Co O的形式存在,Co进入Pd的晶格并形成Pd-Co合金。Pd-Co/HC_0.5-700的透射电子显微镜(TEM)结果显示,Pd-Co纳米颗粒具有较小粒径(约4 nm)且成功地分散在HC上。Pd-Co/HC_0.5-700在碱性介质中电催化氧化甲醇时表现出优秀的电催化活性、稳定性和CO耐受性,这种显著的高性能可以归因于生物质载体大的表面积和Co的成功掺杂。     

Factors controlling the energetics of the oxygen reduction reaction on the Pd-Co electro-catalysts: insight from first principles

We report here results of our density functional theory based computational studies of the electronic structure of the Pd-Co alloy electrocatalysts and energetics of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on their surfaces. The calculations have been performed for the (111) surfaces of pure Pd, Pd(0.75)Co(0.25) and Pd(0.5)Co(0.5) alloys, as well as of the surface segregated Pd/Pd(0.75)Co(0.25) alloy. We find the hybridization of dPd and dCo electronic states to be the main factor controlling the electrocatalytic properties of Pd/Pd(0.75)Co(0.25). Namely the dPd-dCo hybridization causes low energy shift of the surface Pd d-band with respect to that for Pd(111). This shift weakens chemical bonds between the ORR intermediates and the Pd/Pd(0.75)Co(0.25) surface, which is favorable for the reaction. Non-segregated Pd(0.75)Co(0.25) and Pd(0.5)Co(0.5) surfaces are found to be too reactive for ORR due to bonding of the intermediates to the surface Co atoms. Analysis of the ORR free energy diagrams, built for the Pd and Pd/Pd(0.75)Co(0.25), shows that the co-adsorption of the ORR intermediates and water changes the ORR energetics significantly and makes ORR more favorable. We find the onset ORR potential estimated for the configurations with the O-OH and OH-OH co-adsorption to be in very good agreement with experiment. The relevance of this finding to the real reaction environment is discussed.     

Fabrication and characterization of mesoporous Co3O4 core/mesoporous silica shell nanocomposites

A mesoporous Co(3)O(4) core/mesoporous silica shell composite with a variable shell thickness of 10-35 nm was fabricated by depositing silica on Co(3)O(4) superlatticed particles. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of the composite with a shell thickness of ca. 2.0 nm was 238.6 m(2)/g, which varied with the shell thickness, and the most frequent pore size of the shell was ca. 2.0 nm. After the shell was eroded with hydrofluoric acid, mesoporous Co(3)O(4) particles with a pore size of ca. 8.7 nm could be obtained, whose BET surface area was 86.4 m(2)/g. It is proposed that in the formation of the composite the electropositive cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micelles were first adsorbed on the electronegative Co(3)O(4) particle surface, which directed the formation of the mesoporous silica on the Co(3)O(4) particle surface. Electrochemical measurements showed that the core/shell composites exhibited a higher discharge capacity compared with that of the bare Co(3)O(4) particles.     

Autoreduction of Pd-Co and Pt-Co cyanogels: exploration of cyanometalate coordination chemistry at elevated temperatures

Cyanogels are coordination polymers made from the reaction of a chlorometalate and a cyanometalate in aqueous solution, which undergo a sol-gel transition to form stable gels. At temperatures above 240 degrees C, the cyanide ligand acts as a reducing agent and reduces the metal centers to lower oxidation states. To understand the mechanism of the autoreduction, the thermal reduction of the Pd-Co cyanogel system formed by the reaction of PdCl4(2-) and Co(CN)6(3-) was studied in an inert atmosphere. It was found that the reduction proceeds through two polymeric cyanide-containing intermediates, CoPd(CN)4 and Pd(CN)2, that form upon reduction of Co(3+) to Co(2+) and involves a significant rearrangement of the coordination structure. The two intermediates upon further heating reduce to metallic products, which by solid-state diffusion form a single Pd/Co alloy product. CoPd(CN)4 was found to have a hydrated form Co(H2O)2Pd(CN)4 x 4 H2O with a layered structure crystallizing in an orthorhombic Pnma space group. The Pt-Co cyanogel was found to autoreduce via a similar route. CoPt(CN)4 was confirmed as an intermediate. Understanding of the mechanism of the cyanogel autoreduction is an important step toward better understanding of opportunities that cyanogels offer in materials chemistry, as well as an expansion of the knowledge of coordination chemistry at elevated temperatures in general.     

Pd掺杂对Co3O4催化CH4燃烧反应的影响:密度泛函理论计算

研究发现,Pd和Co3O4催化剂均可有效地催化甲烷燃烧反应,且Pd掺杂的Co3O4催化剂上甲烷反应活性优于单纯的Pd和Co3O4催化剂,可见两者存在明显的协同效应.然而由于Co3O4本身复杂的表面配位环境,相关理论模拟研究依然较少.同时,由于甲烷分子中C–H键有着非常高的键能,且该分子具有很高的对称性,导致C–H键活化往往是甲烷选择转化和完全燃烧反应中最困难的一步.由于Co3O4表面电子结构比较复杂,因此本文基于Co3O4(001)晶面的两种不同暴露面来构建和模拟Pd掺杂Co3O4表面Pd?O位点的甲烷反应活性.对于Co3O4(001)–A晶面,暴露面金属离子只有未饱和的八面体Coo,而(001)–B晶面,还有四面体Cot.由于Pd取代Cot后所形成的Pd/(001)–B面更不稳定,因而选择了较稳定的Pd替换Coo结构模型.基于第一性原理PBE+U计算的Pd/(001)表面甲烷活化能垒来探讨Pd掺杂对Co3O4表面催化活性的影响.计算表明,甲烷在Pd掺杂的(001)面上最低解离能垒为0.68 eV,明显低于在Co3O4(001)和(011)面的(分别为0.98和0.89 eV),表明Pd掺杂的(001)表面催化活性要远高于纯的Co3O4(001)和(011)表面.为了进一步理解Pd掺杂影响Co3O4表面甲烷反应活性的原因,我们计算了反应位点相关原子的Bader电荷.结果表明,当CH3δ–吸附于Pd/(001)–A面Pd位点时,Pd较(001)面上Co位点能从CH3δ–获得更多电子,这与Pd较Co有更强的氧化性一致.我们也对比了(001)–A,(001)–B,Pd/(001)–A和Pd/(001)–B在氧气分压为常压及不同温度下表面能的大小,并发现在与反应相关的温度区间(001)–A表面较(001)–B表面更为稳定,同样地Pd/(001)–A表面也较Pd/(001)–B表面更为稳定,且Pd/(001)–A表面与(001)–A表面稳定性差别不大,因此Pd单原子掺杂的(001)表面模型在热力学上较为稳定,且根据计算的能垒,(001)–A和Pd/(001)–A表面对甲烷活化的贡献最大.为了更好与实验结果对比,我们构建了简单的动力学模型,并计算了甲烷在Co3O4(001),(011)和1%,2%,3%Pd掺杂的Co3O4(001)表面的甲烷燃烧速率.计算表明即使较低量的Pd也可明显提高甲烷燃烧速率,与实验数据吻合较好,表明掺杂Pd显著增加Co3O4催化甲烷燃烧.     

Preparation of different thin film catalysts by direct current magnetron sputtering for hydrogen generation

In this study, thin films of Co, Ni, Pd, and Pt were prepared on Co ₃ O ₄ support material in pellet form using the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering method for use as catalysts for hydrogen generation from NaBH ₄ .Characterization of the catalysts was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). According to cross-sectional SEM images, catalyst thicknesses were observed in the range of approximately 115.3–495.8 nm. The particle sizes were approximately 25.0, 21.4, 33.9, and 9.5 nm for Ni-Co ₃ O ₄ , Co-Co ₃ O ₄ , Pd-Co ₃ O ₄ , and Pt-Co ₃ O ₄ catalysts, respectively. The increase in NaOH initial concentration provides an increase in the rate of hydrogen generation for Co, Ni, and Pd catalysts. A maximum hydrogen generation rate of 1653 mL/g _cat .min was obtained for the Pt-Co ₃ O ₄ catalyst.     

Influence of the addition of Pd and Cu to cobalt catalysts prepared by SMAI for F-T synthesis

The Co-Pd/SiO₂ and Co-Cu/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared via solvated metal atom impregnation (SMAI) method and investigated for the Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis. The catalysts contained 5wt.% Co and a weight ratio of Pd (or Cu) to Co of 1/30. XPS indicated that Co, Pd and Cu were in metallic state. The results of XPS and magnetic measurements showed that Co and Pd (Cu) were alloyed. The Co particles on the catalysts were very highly dispersed and they displayed superparamagnetic behavior. FT-IR indicated that the electrons shifted from Cu and Pd to Co. Catalytic tests showed that CO hydrogenation rates followed the order Pd-Co > Cu-Co > Co.      

模板法制备的有序介孔Co3O4的电化学电容行为

以介孔硅作为模板合成有序的介孔Co3O4, 在6 mol/L KOH电解液里进行电化学性能的测试. 结果表明具有有序介孔结构的Co3O4, 其比容量可以达到250 F/g, 大约为在550 ℃下直接煅烧Co(NO3)•6H2O所得的Co3O4容量的4倍. 其外该材料还表现出良好的倍率特性, 这一现象可归因于有序的介孔结构增大了有效的反应表面积, 同时有利于离子在其中传递.     

Co3O4/CeO2的氧化还原性能及反应条件对其CO氧化活性的影响

采用沉淀氧化法制备了Co₃O₄/CeO₂催化剂。运用XRD、BET和TPR表征手段,考察了不同钴铈比及焙烧温度对钴铈复合氧化物物理及化学性能的影响,并分别在干、湿条件下进行了一氧化碳氧化反应研究。结果表明,与纯的Co₃O₄相比,在不同比例的Co₃O₄/CeO₂均经723 K焙烧的各种催化剂中,钴铈原子比为9∶1的复合氧化物粒径较小,比表面积较大,说明适当比例铈的添加能使Co₃O₄具有较小的粒径。此氧化物经538 K温度焙烧制得的钴铈比为9∶1的复合氧化物中Co₃O₄平均粒径为7.2 nm, BET比表面积为167.6 m²/g。经TPR考察发现其具有最优的氧化还原性能。     

混合钴源对Co-Pd/TiO2催化剂催化CH4-CO2两步梯阶转化法合成乙酸的性能影响

以混合钴源为前驱体, 采用等体积浸渍法制备了Co-Pd/TiO2催化剂, 考察了其对CH4和CO2梯阶转化直接合成乙酸的催化性能, 采用XRD, XPS, NH3-TPD和BET对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 催化剂具有适宜的表面酸性、 高比表面积和孔结构, 有利于提高催化剂的活性. 在m(CoCl2)∶m=2∶5, m(Co)∶m(Pd)=2∶1, 常压, 150 ℃条件下, 乙酸的生成速率达到6.13 mg·g-1Cat·h-1, 选择性达到 81.6%, 分别比以单一Co源制备的催化剂提高了134%和16%.     

直接甲醇燃料电池阴极耐甲醇Pd-Co/C电催化剂的制备与表征

以NaBH4为还原剂,采用共还原法和分步还原法制备了粒径分布均匀的Pd/C和Pd-Co/C电催化剂.X射线衍射、透射电镜、电化学循环伏安和旋转厕盘电极等表征结果表明,与Pd/C电催化剂相比,两种方法制备的Pd-Co/C电催化剂的晶格常数明显缩小,其中分步还原法制备的电催化剂不仅具有良好的氧还原活性,而且表现了良好的耐甲醇性能.     

Langmuir and Gibbs magnetite NP layers at the air/water interface

The interfacial properties of Fe(3)O(4)@MEO(2)MA(90)-co-OEGMA(10) NPs, recently developed and described as promising nanotools for biomedical applications, have been investigated at the air/water interface. These Fe(3)O(4) NPs, capped with catechol-terminated random copolymer brushes of 2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate (MEO(2)MA) and oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA), with molar fractions of 90% and 10%, respectively, proved to be surface active. Surface tension measurements of aqueous dispersions of the NPs showed that the adsorption of the NPs at the air/water interface is time- and concentration-dependent. These NPs do not behave as classical amphiphiles. Once adsorbed at the air/water interface, they do not exchange with NPs in bulk, but they are trapped at the interface. This means that all NPs from the bulk adsorb to the interface until reaching maximum coverage of the interface, which corresponds to values between 6 × 10(-4) and 8 × 10(-4) mg/cm(2) and a critical equilibrium surface tension of ～47 mN/m. Moreover, Langmuir layers of Fe(3)O(4)@MEO(2)MA(90)-co-OEGMA(10) NPs have been investigated by measuring surface pressure-area compression-expansion isotherms and in situ X-ray fluorescence spectra. The compression-expansion isotherms showed a plateau region above a critical surface pressure of ～25 mN/m and a pronounced hysteresis. By using a special one-barrier Langmuir trough equipped with two surface pressure microbalances, we have shown that the NPs are squeezed out from the interface into the aqueous subphase, and they readsorb on the other side of the barrier. The results have been supported by TEM as well as AFM experiments of transferred Langmuir-Schaefer films on solid supports. This study shows the ability of Fe(3)O(4)@MEO(2)MA(90)-co-OEGMA(10) NPs to transfer from hydrophilic media (an aqueous solution) to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic interface (air/water interface) and back to the hydrophilic media. This behavior is very promising, opening studies of their ability to cross biological membranes.     

四氧化三钴负载金钯纳米催化剂催化消除甲苯和邻二甲苯

挥发性有机物(VOCs,例如甲苯和二甲苯)不仅危害人身健康,而且对大气环境造成严重污染.由于去除效率高、无二次污染以及耗能低等优点,催化氧化法被认为是消除VOCs的有效方法之一.该方法的关键是高效催化剂的研发.由于具有良好的低温催化氧化性能,过渡金属氧化物负载的贵金属催化剂备受关注.相比于单组分贵金属负载型催化剂,双组分贵金属负载型催化剂的催化活性、水热稳定性能和抗硫中毒性能均有显著提高.本文采用熔融盐法和聚乙烯醇保护的硼氢化钠还原法制备了八面体状Co3O4负载的AuPd(x(AuPdy)/Co3O4;AuPd负载量x=(0.18,0.47,0.97)wt%;Pd/Au摩尔比y=1.85,1.93,1.92)合金纳米催化剂.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、选区电子衍射、氢气程序升温还原、氧气程序升温脱附和X射线光电子衍射等技术对催化剂物化性质进行了表征.利用固定床微型反应器评价了催化剂对甲苯和邻二甲苯完全氧化反应的催化性能.研究结果表明,采用熔融盐法制得的Co3O4具有规整八面体形貌,棱长约为300 nm.AuPd合金纳米粒子均匀分布在Co3O4表面,粒径为2.7–3.2 nm.在所得催化剂中,0.96(AuPd1.92)/Co3O4催化剂对甲苯和邻二甲苯完全氧化反应表现出较高的催化活性.在空速为40000 mL/(g·h)时,甲苯和邻二甲苯转化率达到90%所需的温度分别为180和187 oC.我们认为0.96(AuPd1.92)/Co3O4催化剂较为优异的催化性能与AuPd纳米粒子和Co3O4之间的强相互作用和较高的吸附氧浓度有关.     

溶剂热法合成不同形貌的Co3O4及其电容特性

采用溶剂热法以不同的钴盐在水-正丁醇体系中合成了不同形貌及尺寸的纳米Co3O4. 采用XRD和TEM对产物的物相和形貌进行表征. 结果表明, 通过改变反应体系中阴离子的种类, 可以控制产物Co3O4的形貌与晶粒尺寸. 通过循环伏安法、恒流充放电和交流阻抗法对Co3O4电极材料的电化学性能进行表征. 结果表明, Co3O4的形貌与晶粒尺寸对其电化学性能有显著影响. 在2 mol·L-1 KOH溶液中, 在-0.40 - 0.55 V (vs SCE)电位范围内, 由Co(NO3)2制备的球形Co3O4表现出更好的电容特性,单电极初始比容量达362.0 F·g-1, 经过400 次循环后比容量仍保持90%.     

掺铝Co_3O_4的制备及其电容性能研究

以KOH作沉淀剂制备掺杂Al(Ⅲ)的Co3O4粉体.X射线衍射显示,掺Al的Co3O4不改变其晶型结构.循环伏安、恒流充放电等测试表明,化学掺Al后的Co3O4电极,其比容量提高,当Co(Ⅱ)与Al(Ⅲ)的摩尔比为1∶0.05时,在0~400 mV的电位区间内,5 mA/cm2电流密度下,单电极放电比容量可达518.07 F/g.     

Pd-Co/C催化剂上葡萄糖的催化氧化反应

Pd-Co/C催化剂上葡萄糖的催化氧化反应     

Co／Pd催化剂上CH4／CO2等温两步反应直接合成乙酸的热力学

采用量子化学密度泛函理论对CH4/CO2两步法合成乙酸反应中表面碳化物CHx (x=0～3)在Co和Pd模型表面上不同吸附活性位上的吸附能、空间构型和反应吉布斯自由能进行了系统性的比较研究. 计算结果表明, CH4/CO2两步反应在单一金属Co或Pd催化剂上在常压等温条件下不能有效进行,但在Co和Pd组成的双金属催化剂上,两步反应在常压等温下可以进行. 在Co和Pd双金属催化剂上,金属Co活化CH4生成金属碳化物CHxCo(x=0, 1)为热力学允许反应,其后CHx溢流到金属Pd上形成CHyPd (y=1～3)碳化物,最后CO2插入CHyPd生成乙酸,后两者在常压等温情况下也为热力学允许反应,并且在435 K以上可以与前者构成等温循环. 计算结果与实验结果吻合.