Thermal and acoustic effects in the γ irradiation of amorphous Ti−Ni−Cu alloys

The influence of γ radiation on the thermal and acoustic effects in amorphous Ti−Ni−Cu alloys is investigated. On the basis of the results obtained, a mechanism by which γ quanta affect the structure of amorphous metal alloys (AMA) is proposed. In the interaction of a γ flux with AMA, the energy is redistributed and accumulates at intercluster boundaries. Then, when restructuring of all the intercluster boundaries is complete, restructuring of locally regular clusters begins; this leads, in turn, to restructuring of the intercluster boundaries. Further increase in radiation dose again triggers the mechanism of intercluster-boundary restructuring, but at a different level. This is evident in the oscillatory fluctuation in the activation energy of relaxation processes and of phase transformation from amorphous to crystalline structure. Tomsk State Architectural and Building Academy. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 9, pp. 75–80, September, 1996.     

Interaction of γ quanta with structural defects of copper

The influence of ∼1-MeV γ irradiation on polycrystalline and monocrystalline copper is investigated by recording acoustic radiation and by x-ray structural analysis. It is concluded that γ quanta of that energy indirectly influence the properties of the material by short-lived excitation of the subsystem of external electrons involved in interatomic bonds, without markedly increasing the concentration of point defects; this excitation is localized in defective regions of the crystal lattice and determines the restructuring of these local regions. Tomsk State Architectural Academy. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 65–71, June, 1996.     

The influence of DNA inhibitor synthesis on the induction and repair of double-strand DNA breaks in human lymphocytes under action of radiation with a different linear energy transfer

The influence that inhibitors of repair and replicative DNA synthesis, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-cytosine and hydroxyurea, have on the formation and repair kinetics of double-strand breaks (DSBs) in peripheral human blood lymphocytes under the influence of radiation with a different linear energy transfer (LET) (gamma quanta and accelerated heavy ions) is studied. It is demonstrated that lithium and boron ions with LETs of 20 and 40 keV/μm, respectively, possess higher biological effectiveness with respect to the DNA DSB induction criterion. The value of the relative biological effectiveness of accelerated lithium and boron ions is 1.5 ± 0.1 and 1.6 ± 0.1, respectively. It is found that, upon cell irradiation by gamma quanta in the absence of inhibitors, efficient DNA DSB repair is observed during incubation. Under the conditions of cell incubation and in the presence of inhibitors, some growth in the number of DNA DSBs, rather than a reduction, is observed after 5-h incubation. In the case of the action of accelerated boron ions (as well as gamma quanta), under normal conditions, the efficient repair of induced DNA lesions takes place. Unlike the action of gamma quanta, in the case of cell incubation in the presence of radiomodifiers, the number of induced DNA DSBs falls. These results may testify to the fact that the repair of double-strand DNS breaks takes place under the action of ionizing radiation with a different LET on mammalian cells in the presence of DNA synthesis inhibitors Ara-C and HU. It is concluded that, for cells subject to gamma irradiation, no DNA DSB repair is observed due to the large contribution of single-strand incision DNA breaks formed in the postradiation period in the course of excision nucleotide repair.     

NO 3 2− and CO 2 − centers in synthetic hydroxyapatite: Features of the formation under γ- and UV-irradiations

The EPR studies of synthetic hydroxyapatite containing carbonate and nitrate ions exposed to γ-ray and UV irradiations have been performed. It has been found that γ irradiation leads to the formation of both NO₃²⁻ and CO₂⁻ paramagnetic centers, while the UV irradiation induces only NO₃²⁻ centers. To explain this fact, the hypothesis has been proposed, according to which in the hydroxyapatites studied, there coexist complexes consisting of nitrate ions and shallow electron traps that serve as sources of secondary electrons during UV irradiation. The EPR spectroscopy parameters (g and A) of the detected centers have been determined and compared with similar centers in hydroxyapatite with a different impurity composition. The study of the thermal stability of the centers has demonstrated that, in the temperature range 20–300°C, the NO₃²⁻ centers formed by UV irradiation are more stable than the same centers created by γ-ray irradiation.     

Dynamic-mechanical and nuclear magnetic resonance study of relaxation processes in ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibres

The relaxation processes (α, β, and γ) in UHMW PE fibres drawn to different draw ratios λ have been studied by dynamic-mechanical and nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The temperature dependences of tensile loss moduli E″ and spin-lattice relaxation times T ₁ have been analyzed assuming distribution of correlation times τ according to the Davidson—Cole function. The activation energies E _a and parameters ε characterizing widths of distribution, and asymptotic value τ ₀ for correlation times have been determined from experimental data for low-temperature γ-process and for high-temperature α-process. A weak β-process has been found by dynamic-mechanical method and quantitative analysis was made only for fibres with λ = 9. The temperature dependences of second moment M ₂ of the broad-line NMR spectra have been analyzed according to the Gutowsky—Pake formula, which includes only a single correlation time τ _c without distribution. In this case the activation energies E _a and values of τ ₀ have been determined.     

Gamma-ray detectors based on GaAs<Cr> for nanostructural investigations

The progress in nanotechnologies has been largely due to the advent of a new generation of gamma-ray sources and position detectors, which can ensure both coordinate and temporal measurements within the nanoand femtoranges. The paper offers scientific and engineering solutions related to designing detector materials and structures for detecting single quanta of x- and γ-rays and high-energy charged particles. These are multielement position detectors of a new generation for nanostructure imaging and examination in gamma rays. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 38–52, October, 2008.     

Thermal Induced Processes in Laminar System of Stainless Steel – Beryllium

The paper reports on investigation of the laminar system ‘stainless steel 12Cr18Ni10Ti – Be’ at thermal treatment. There have been determined sequences of phase transformations along with relative amount of iron-containing phases in the samples subjected to thermal beryllization. It has been revealed that thermal beryllization of stainless steel thin foils results in γ→α transformation and formation of the beryllides NiBe and FeBe₂. It has also been revealed that direct γ→α- and reverse α→γ-transformations are accompanied by, correspondingly, formation and decomposition of the beryllide NiBe. It is shown that distribution of the formed phases within sample bulk is defined by local concentration of beryllium. Based on obtained experimental data there is proposed a physical model of phase transformations in stainless steel at thermal beryllization.     

Radiattonal capture of neutrons by deuterons n + d →3H + λ and P-odd nuclear forces

P-odd polarizational phenomena are considered in the radiative capture of neutrons by deuterons: n + d ³H + . It is shown that, in the general case, 18 different P-odd asymmetries of the angular distribution of quanta arise in the collision of arbitrarily polarized neutrons with a deuteron target characterized by vector and tensor polarizations. The P-odd contribution to the density matrix of the quanta formed in the capture of polarized neutrons by unpolarized deuterons is determined by eight real structural functions, while the P-odd dependence of the Stokes parameters of the photons on the tensor polarization of the deuterons is characterized, in the general case, by ten structural functions. In slow-neutron capture, the number of P-odd correlations is reduced.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 3, pp. 23–26, March, 1987.     

Experimental detection of specular reflection of gamma quanta

Scattering of bremsstrahlung electron beam (E _e = 6.25 MeV) collimated with a vertical divergence δ_γ ≈ ±60 μrad and incident on the mercury surface at glancing angles α = −37, −83, and −140 μrad is studied on the 118-m-long path length. The specular reflection effect is detected in the spectral and angular distributions of γ quanta with energies up to 3 MeV. The reflection coefficients vary from 0 to ∼17% depending on the angles of incidence and the γ quanta energy.     

Dielectric relaxation spectrum of poly (ε-caprolactone) networks hydrophilized by copolymerization with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate

The dielectric relaxation spectrum of polycaprolactone (PCL) networks hydrophilized with different amounts of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) is investigated. PCL is a semicrystalline polyester with a complex relaxation spectrum that includes the main α relaxation and two secondary modes (β, γ) at lower temperatures. The overlapping of the different relaxational modes was split by using several Havriliak-Negami functions. Crosslinking the material modifies the dynamics of the main relaxation process as reflected by the parameters that characterize the Vogel behavior of the process and the dynamic fragility. The incorporation of HEA units in the network results in a material with microphase separation: two α processes are detected, the one corresponding to the PCL chains and the new one associated to nanometric regions that contain different amount of both comonomers. The incorporation of the HEA units in the system involves the presence of a new β_sw relaxation due to the link of two side chains by water molecules through hydrogen bonding.     

Measurement of the energy distribution of bremsstrahlung using Compton scattering

The GEANT 4.9.2 software package is applied for the simulation of primary and Compton scattered bremsstrahlung spectra. The possibility of restoring primary γ-radiation spectra with the energy 0.02–1200 MeV using Compton scattering on secondary scattering targets is studied. The advantages of light targets using are demonstrated. An additional bremsstrahlung contribution from e^±-pairs is calculated for high-energy γ quanta; the influence of CXR on the form of scattered X-ray quantum spectra is estimated. The spectra which have a multipeak structure are restored. For high-energy γ quanta there occurs significant spread of energies in the Compton scattered radiation spectrum, which imposes stringent conditions on collimation and detector resolution capability. The possibility of measuring the bremsstrahlung spectra from a primary target during high-angle Compton scattering is estimated.     

Method for reconstruction of direction of gamma quanta registered by CsI calorimeter in E391 experiment

This study presents a new method for the reconstruction of the direction of γ quanta registered by a CsI calorimeter in the E391 experiment. A neural network in the form of a generalized basis function is used as the mathematical tool for reconstruction. The effective mass of the registered π⁰ mesons and z coordinate of the decay vertex was first reconstructed in E391 using the measured direction of the registered γ quanta. The reconstruction of these quantities increases the sensitivity of the E391 experiment by at least 35%.     

Doppler shapes of the γ line in the <Superscript>9</Superscript>Be(α, nγ)<Superscript>12</Superscript>C reaction in plasma at temperatures <Emphasis Type="Italic">T</Emphasis><Subscript>α</Subscript> < 0.6 MeV

A parametrization of the partial cross section of the ⁹Be(α, nγ)¹²C reaction in the α-particle energy range of 0.3–7.9 MeV is presented, along with the count rates of γ quanta. The need to consider subbarrier (Eα < 1.9 MeV) α-particles in plasma for temperatures T _α < 0.2 MeV is substantiated. The shapes of the Doppler-broadened 4.44 MeV γ line and the count rates of γ quanta in the plasma of the JET tokamak are measured for the first time and compared to the calculated values. An estimated T _α ≲ 160 keV is obtained.     

Evidence of a two-state picture for supercooled water and its connections with glassy dynamics

The picture of liquid water as consisting of a mixture of molecules of two different structural states (structured, low-density molecules and unstructured, high-density ones) represents a belief that has been around for long time awaiting for a conclusive validation. While in the last years some indicators have indeed provided certain evidence for the existence of structurally different “species”, a more definite bimodality in the distribution function of a sound structural quantity would be desired. In this context, our present work combines the use of a structural parameter with a minimization technique to yield neat bimodal distributions in a temperature range within the supercooled liquid regime, thus clearly revealing the presence of two populations of differently structured water molecules. Furthermore, we elucidate the role of the inter-conversion between the identified two kinds of states for the dynamics of structural relaxation, thus linking structural information to dynamics, a long-standing issue in glassy physics.     

Studies on the level structure of 152Nd

The structure of ¹⁵²Nd, produced via β⁻ decay of ¹⁵²Pr, has been investigated using γ-γ coincidence, γ-γ angular correlation, and β-γ-γ triple coincidence measurements. Praseodymium activities were obtained by the thermal neutron fission of ²³⁵U and collected by the on-line isotope separator KUR-ISOL. Nineteen γ-rays and four excited states were newly found. The spins of six exited states were determined and the parities of three of them were also deduced. The spin and parity of the ¹⁵²Pr ground state, which were previously considered as 4⁻, are proposed to be 4⁺ by the present study. Received: 19 October 1998 / Revised version: 22 December 1998     

Effect of an external action on a pair distribution function in a steady state

An external action that reduces a two-component equilibrium thermodynamic system to a nonequilibrium steady state with scalar fluxes has been studied. A system of integrodifferential equations for pair correlation functions has been obtained. These equations coincide with the second equations of the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy, but with different effective temperatures. Thus, ordinary integrodifferential equations for a pair correlation function with effective temperatures expressed in terms of the perturbed (nonequilibrium) Maxwellian momentum distribution function can be used to calculate the structural and thermodynamic properties of such a system.     

Phase transformations and vacancy formation energies of transition metals by positron annihilation

The technique of the coincidence count rate at the peak of the angular correlation curve (CCR) in positron annihilation has been applied to the investigation of vacancy formation energies in thermal equilibrium in nickel, cobalt, and iron. The monovacancy formation energyE ^1v/F has been determined to (1.55±0.05) eV and (1.34±0.07) eV for nickel and cobalt, and (1.60±0.10) eV for α-iron, and (1.40±0.15) eV for γ-iron, respectively. The structural phase transformations in cobalt (693 K) and iron (1183 K, 1663 K) are exhibited by discontinuities of the CCR. In the case of cobalt the CCR follows exactly the change of the thermal expansion at the transition temperature. The temperature dependence of the CCR in the prevacancy region is found to be proportional to the thermal expansion for all metals investigated.     

Acceleration mechanism of atom clusters during radiationless transitions

We describe the mechanism of energy transition from an electron to an atom cluster during nonradiative electron relaxation. An assessment of this process is given, and it is shown that it could play an important role in accelerating the rebuilding of the atomic structure in amorphous alloys upon crystallization, chemical reactions in a condensed medium, and other processes associated with the rebuilding of atomic structures subjected to irradiation by light quanta.     

Study of structural phase transitions in YBa<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>6+δ</Subscript> by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

We have used x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to investigate the charge state of oxygen found in the basal structural plane of YBa₂Cu₃O₆+γ.. We have observed a change in this state after thermal treatment, with a transition to the adjacent structural phase region. We have shown that changes in the charge state of oxygen can be used as an indicator of structural changes occurring in YBa₂Cu₃O₆+δ.. We have found that the rate of structural relaxation yttrium barium cuprate depends on the amount of structural water it contains. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 195–198, March–April, 2007.     

The influence of gamma irradiation on structural-phase transformations in hardened structural steel

Based on structure investigations, a comprehensive effect of irradiation by gamma quanta on the structural steel hardened to martensitic steel (multi-component alloy in a highly non-equilibrium structural-phase state due to martensitic transformations occurring in it during hardening) is reported. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 4, pp. 74–83, April, 2008.