Lattice optimization for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring

The upgrade project of the Hefei Light Source (HLS), named HLS-Ⅱ , is under way, which includes the reconstruction of its storage ring. The HLS-Ⅱ storage ring has lower emittance and more straight sections available for insertion devices as compared with the present HLS storage ring. The scan method is applied to the linear lattice optimization for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring to get thorough information about the lattice. To reduce the amount of computation, several scans with different grid spacing values are conducted. In addition, the calculation of the chromatic sextupole strength for the achromatic mode is included in the scan, which is useful for nonlinear lattice optimization. To better analyze the obtained solutions in the scan, the lattice properties and the variables of quadrupole strengths are statistically analyzed. The process of selecting solutions is described in detail, including the choice of the working point, the settings for the emittance and optical functions, and the restriction of maximum magnet strength. Two obtained lattices, one for the achromatic mode and the other for the non-achromatic mode, are presented, including their optical functions and optimized dynamic apertures.     

Lattice study for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring

The Hefei Light Source (HLS) is undergoing a major upgrade project, named HLS-Ⅱ , in order to obtain lower emittance and more insertion device straight sections. Undulators are the main insertion devices in the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring. In this paper, based on the database of lattice parameters built for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring obtained by the global scan method, we use the quantity related to the undulator radiation brightness to more directly search for high brightness lattices. Lattice solutions for achromatic and non-achromatic modes are easily found with lower emittance, smaller beta functions at the center of the insertion device straight sections and lower dispersion in non-zero dispersion straight sections compared with the previous lattice solutions. In this paper, the superperiod lattice with alternating high and low horizontal beta functions in long straight sections for the achromatic mode is studied using the multiobjective particle swarm optimization algorithm.     

A waveguide overloaded cavity kicker for the HLS Ⅱlongitudinal feedback system

In the upgrade project of Hefei Light Source(HLSⅡ),a new digital longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback system will be developed to suppress the coupled bunch instabilities in the storage ring effectively.We design a new waveguide overloaded cavity longitudinal feedback kicker as the feedback actuator.The beam pipe of the kicker is a racetrack shape so as to avoid a transition part to the octagonal vacuum chamber.The central frequency and the bandwidth of the kicker have been simulated and optimized to achieve design goals by the HFSS code.A higher shunt impedance can be obtained by using a nose cone to reduce the feedback power requirement.Before the kicker cavity was installed in the storage ring,a variety of measurements were carried out to check its performance.All these results of simulation and measurement are presented.     

Preliminary study of EEHG-based superradiant undulator radiation at the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring

We investigate storage ring-based Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation(EEHG) superradiant undulator radiation as a possible scheme to obtain shorter wavelengths at the HLS-Ⅱ(Hefei Light Source-Ⅱ) storage ring. In this paper we give the designation of the storage ring based EEHG up to the 26 th harmonic, where 31 nm vacuum ultraviolet light is radiated from an 800 nm seeded laser. The novelty of our design is that both the two dispersion sections of EEHG are realized by the storage ring's own magnet structure. In particular, the whole ring is used as the first dispersion section, and two modulators of the traditional EEHG can be done with the same undulator. These two dispersion sections are realized by changing the superperiod of the present lattice structure, and more precisely by changing the focusing strengths of the present structure. Since no additional magnets and chicanes are used,the beam circulates around the storage ring repeatedly, and thus this storage ring-based EEHG can have a higher repetition rate than a linac-based EEHG.     

Calculations for shortening the bunch length in storage rings using a harmonic cavity

Using the Hefei Light Source phaseⅡproject(HLS-Ⅱ)as an example,a theoretical analysis of shortening the bunch lengths using a higher harmonic cavity(HHC)is given.The threshold voltage of an active HHC and the threshold tuning angle of a passive HHC are first analysed.The optimum tuning angle for the constant detuning scenario and the optimum harmonic voltage for the constant voltage scenario are presented.The calculated results show that the reduced bunch length is about half that of the nominal bunch.The bunch lengths vary from 11 mm at 0.1 A to 7 mm at 0.4 A for the constant detuning scenario,while the bunch lengths are around 7 mm over the beam current range for the constant voltage scenario.In addition,the synchrotron frequency spread is increased.It indicates that HHC may be used to reduce the bunch length and increase the Landau damping of synchrotron oscillations in a storage ring.     

Calculations for shortening the bunch length in storage rings using a harmonic cavity

Using the Hefei Light Source phase Ⅱ project （HLS- Ⅱ） as an example, a theoretical analysis of shortening the bunch lengths using a higher harmonic cavity （HHC） is given. The threshold voltage of an active HHC and the threshold tuning angle of a passive HHC are first analysed. The optimum tuning angle for the constant detuning scenario and the optimum harmonic voltage for the constant voltage scenario are presented. The calculated results show that the reduced bunch length is about half that of the nominal bunch. The bunch lengths vary from 11 mm at 0.1 A to 7 mm at 0.4 A for the constant detuning scenario, while the bunch lengths are around 7 mm over the beam current range for the constant voltage scenario. In addition, the synchrotron frequency spread is increased. It indicates that HHC may be used to reduce the bunch length and increase the Landau damping of synchrotron oscillations in a storage ring.     

A study of pickup and signal processing for HLS-Ⅱ bunch current measurement system

For the HLS-Ⅱ bunch current measurement system, in order to obtain the absolute value of bunch current, the calibration factor should be determined by using DCCT. At the HLS storage ring, the stretch effect of bunch length is observed and the change rate is about 19% when the bunch current decays over time and this will affect the performance of bunch current detection. To overcome the bunch stretch influence in the HLS-Ⅱ bunch current measurement, an evaluation about pickup type and signal processing is carried out. Strip-line pickup and button pickup are selectable, and the theoretical analysis and demonstration experiment are performed to find out an acceptable solution for the bunch current measurement system at HLS-Ⅱ. The experimental data analysis shows that the normalized calibration factor will change by about 27% when the bunch length changes by about 19% if using the button pickup and processing by peak value of bunch signal; the influence will be reduced to 2% less if adopting the strip-line pickup and integral.     

RF system design and measurement of HIRF-CSRe

An RF system for the CSRe （cooling storage experimental ring） is designed and manufactured domestically. The present paper mainly describes the RF system design in five main sections： ferrite ring, RF cavity, RF generator, low level system and cavity cooling. The cavity is based on a type of coaxial resonator which is shorted at the end with one gap and loaded with domestic ferrite rings. The RF generator is designed in the push-pull mode and the low level control system is based on a DSP＋FGPA＋DDS＋USB interface and has three feedback loops. Finally we give the results of the measurement on our system.     

Advantage analysis of PMN-PT material for free-flooded ring transducers

The acoustic radiation characteristics of free-flooded ring transducers made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated and compared.First,the theoretical formulae for free-flooded ring transducers are studied.The resonant frequencies of a transducer made of PZT4 and PMN-PT materials are calculated.Then,the transmitting voltage responses of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the finite element method.Finally,the acoustic radiation characteristics of the free-flooded ring transducers are calculated using the boundary element method.The calculated results show that the resonant frequencies of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT are greatly reduced compared with those made of PZT4 with the same size.The transmitting voltage response of the transducer made of PMN-PT is much higher than that of the transducer made of PZT4.The calculated 3-dB beamwidth of the acoustic radiated far-field directivity of the free-flooded ring transducer made of PZT4 at the resonant frequency 1900 Hz is 63.6 and that of the transducer made of PMN-PT at the resonant frequency 1000 Hz is 64.6.The comparison results show that the free-flooded ring transducer made of PMN-PT material has many advantages over that made of PZT4.The PMN-PT is a promising material for improving the performance of free-flooded ring transducers.     

Design and optimization of a longitudinal feedback kicker cavity for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring

In the Hefei Light Source (HLS) storage ring, multibunch operation is used to obtain a high luminosity. Multibunch instabilities can severely limit light source performance with a variety of negative impacts, including beam loss, low injection efficiency, and overall degradation of the beam quality. Instabilities of a multibunch beam can be mitigated using certain techniques including increasing natural damping (operating at a higher energy), lowering the beam current, and increasing Landau damping. However, these methods are not adequate to stabilize a multibunch electron beam at a low energy and with a high current. In order to combat beam instabilities in the HLS storage ring, active feedback systems including a longitudinal feedback system (LFB) and a transverse feedback system (TFB) will be developed as part of the HLS upgrade project, the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring project. As a key component of the longitudinal bunch-by-bunch feedback system, an LFB kicker cavity with a wide bandwidth and high shunt impedance is required. In this paper we report our work on the design of the LFB kicker cavity for the HLS-Ⅱ storage ring and present the new tuning and optimization techniques developed in designing this high performance LFB kicker.     

Measurement of optics for the SSRF storage ring in commissioning

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a low emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation light source. Some optics parameters of the storage ring were measured when commissioning. This report presents the common methods for measuring some optics parameters of the storage ring, including the betatron tune, beta function, chromaticity, natural chromaticity and dispersion. The results and analysis of measurement for the optics parameters are given here, which are indispensable for the orbit correction of the accelerator and the nonlinear optimization.     

Measurement of optics for the SSRF storage ring in commissioning

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) is a low emittance third-generation synchrotron radiation light source. Some optics parameters of the storage ring were measured when commissioning. This report presents the common methods for measuring some optics parameters of the storage ring, including the betatron tune, beta function, chromaticity, natural chromaticity and dispersion. The results and analysis of measurement for the optics parameters are given here, which are indispensable for the orbit correction of the accelerator and the nonlinear optimization.     

Digital prototype of LLRF system for SSRF

This paper describes a field programming gate array (FPGA) based low level radio frequency (LLRF) prototype for the SSRF storage ring RF system. This prototype includes the local oscillator (LO), analog front end, digital front end, RF out, clock distributing, digital signal processing and communication functions. All feedback algorithms are performed in FPGA. The long term of the test prototype with high power shows that the variations of the RF amplitude and the phase in the accelerating cavity are less than 1% and 1° respectively, and the variation of the cavity resonance frequency is controlled within ±10 Hz.     

Instantaneous frequency measurement using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring

A scheme for instantaneous frequency measurement(IFM)using two parallel I/Q modulators based on optical power monitoring is proposed.The amplitude comparison function(ACF)can be constructed to establish the relationship between the frequency of radio frequency(RF)signal and the power ratio of two optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The frequency of RF signal can be derived by measuring the optical power of the optical signals output by two I/Q modulators.The measurement range and measurement error can be adjusted by controlling the delay amount of the electrical delay line.The feasibility of the scheme is verified,and the corresponding measurement range and measurement error of the system under different delay amounts of the electrical delay line are given.Compared with previous IFM schemes,the structure of this scheme is simple.Polarization devices,a photodetector and an electrical power meter are not used,which reduces the impact of the environmental disturbance on the system and the cost of the system.In simulation,the measurement range can reach 0 GHz-24.5 GHz by adjusting the delay amount of the electrical delay lineτ=20 ps.The measurement error of the scheme is better at low frequency,and the measurement error of low frequency 0 GHz-9.6 GHz can reach-0.1 GHz to+0.05 GHz.     

Novel method for fiber chromatic dispersion measurement based on microwave photonic technique

In this letter,we propose and demonstrate a simple and novel method for fiber chromatic dispersion(CD) measurement based on microwave photonic technique.The radio frequency(RF) signal is modulated simultaneously on two light-waves with different wavelengths,and the light-wave carrying RF signals transmit through the dispersive medium under test.CD can be obtained by monitoring the power changing of the interference RF signals after photo detector.The CD values of the single-mode and dispersion compensation fibers are both measured within the wavelength range from 1 525 to 1 605 nm,which verifies the feasibility of this method.     

Resonant Absorption Mechanical Spectrometer and Its Applications in Solids

An improved apparatus is developed from Ke-pendulum. This new apparatus, resonant absorption mechanical spectrometer (RAMS), can measure the internal friction of solids under a forced vibration mode and the measuring frequency can change quasi-continually from a frequency that is much lower than the resonant frequency of the pendulum system, fτ, to the one that is much higher than fτ. The internal friction measurement is able to cover the frequency range from 10^-3 Hz to kHz. The measurement method and the calculation formula of the internal friction measured by a RAMS in the full frequency range are derived. A series of resonant absorption peaks are observed in copper, alumiaium, zinc, iron samples by the RAMS. The resonant absorption characteristics of the copper sample are studied in details. The experimental results indicate that the position (frequency) of the resonant absorption peaks are independent of the resonant frequency of the pendulum system. The reality of resonant absorption mechanical spectra is discussed and an inference based on the experimental results is presented such that the RAMS is able to characterize some feature of solid materials.     

New g－2 experiment at J-PARC

A new measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the positive muon αμ is proposed with a novel technique utilizing an ultra-cold muon beam accelerated to 300 MeV/c and a 66 cm-diameter muon storage ring without focusing-electric field. This measurement will be complimentary to the previous measurement that achieved 0.54 ppm accuracy with the magic energy of 3.1 GeV in a 14 m diameter storage ring. The proposed experiment aims to achieve the sensitivity down to 0.1 ppm.     

Optics for the lattice of the compact storage ring for a Compton X-ray source

We present two types of optics for the lattice of a compact storage ring for a Compton X-ray source. The optics design for different operation modes of the storage ring are discussed in detail. For the pulse mode optics, an IBS-suppression scheme is applied to optimize the optics for lower IBS emittance growth rate; as for the steady mode, the method to control momentum compact factor is adopted [Gladkikh P, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 050702] to     

New g-2 experiment at J-PARC

A new measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the positive muon aμ is proposed with a novel technique utilizing an ultra-cold muon beam accelerated to 300 MeV/c and a 66 cm-diameter muon storage ring without focusing-electric field.This measurement will be complimentary to the previous measurement that achieved 0.54 ppm accuracy with the magic energy of 3.1 GeV in a 14 m diameter storage ring.The proposed experiment aims to achieve the sensitivity down to 0.1 ppm.     

Optics for the lattice of the compact storage ring for a Compton X-ray source

We present two types of optics for the lattice of a compact storage ring for a Compton X-ray source. The optics design for different operation modes of the storage ring are discussed in detail. For the pulse mode optics, an IBS-suppression scheme is applied to optimize the optics for lower IBS emittance growth rate; as for the steady mode, the method to control momentum compact factor is adopted [Gladkikh P, Phys. Rev. ST Accel. Beams 8, 050702] to obtain stability of the electron beam.