演化过程主导的流体力学模型与Cu-Cu在BNL-RHIC能量碰撞中带电粒子的赝快度分布

高能重离子碰撞产生的带电粒子由两部分组成:一部分来源于碰撞产生的高温高密度物质,另一部分是带头粒子。假设高温高密度物质按照由演化过程主导的流体力学的规律膨胀并冻析为带电粒子,带头粒子来源于参与者且具有大致相同的能量。基于该假设,得到了高能重离子碰撞带电粒子的赝快度分布,并与BNL-RHIC上的PHOBOS合作组在sNN(1/2)=62.4与200 Ge V的Cu-Cu碰撞中给出的实验结果相比较,理论与实验测量符合得很好。     

Involution symmetries and the PMNS matrix

The hot and dense matter produced in nucleus–nucleus collisions is supposed to expand according to unified hydrodynamics, one of the few theoretical models that can be worked out exactly. The solution is then used to formulate the rapidity distribution of charged particles frozen out from the fluid on the space-like hypersurface with a fixed temperature, T _FO. A comparison is made between the theoretical predictions and the experimental measurements carried out by PHOBOS Collaboration in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) in different centrality Au–Au and Cu–Cu collisions at \(\sqrt {s_{\text {NN}}} \,=\,19.6\) and 22.4 GeV, respectively. The theoretical results are in good accordance with experimental data.     

统一流体力学模型与BNL-RHIC低能量区重离子碰撞中的赝快度分布

重离子碰撞产生的高温高密度物质假设按照统一流体力学模型的规律做时空演化,并最终经由一固有时为Tau_FO的类时超曲面冻析为带电粒子。统一流体力学模型是一种将Landau与Hwa-Bjorken两著名流体力学模型结合在一起的模型,是一种少有的可精确求解的理论之一。本文的研究表明:BNL-RHIC低能量区重离子碰撞中带电粒子的赝快度分布可由统一流体力学模型很好地描述。 这与高能区的情况不同,在那里,除了流体外,还需考虑带头粒子的贡献。The hot and dense matter created in heavy ion collisions is supposed to have spatiotemporal evolution according to unified hydro model, and finally freeze out into the charged particles via a space-like hypersurface with a proper time Tau_FO . The unified hydro model is a model which integrates Landau and Hwa-Bjorken two famous hydro models together. It is one of few hydro models which can solved exactly. Shown from the investigations in this paper, the pseudorapidity distribution of charged particles in heavy ion collisions at low BNL-RHIC energy region can be well described by unified hydro model. This is different from that at high nergy region, where, apart from fluid, the contribution from leading particles should be taken into account.     

修正的Landau 流体力学模型与Cu+Cu 碰撞末态带电粒子赝快度分布

采用修正的Landau 流体力学模型,并考虑到带头粒子效应,对高能重离子碰撞末态带电粒子的赝快度分布进行了讨论。指出:带头粒子的快度分布应为高斯形式,其正规化常数为参与者数。研究表明:流体力学模型本身与BNL-RHIC-PHOBOS 合作组在(NN)½ =200 GeV 的Cu+Cu 碰撞中的实验测量符合得不是很好,只有将参与者的贡献包括在内,实验结果才能得到很好的描述。By using the revised Landau hydrodynamic model and taking into account the effect of leading particles, we discussed the pseudorapidity distributions of final charged particles in high energy heavy ion collisions. We argued that the rapidity distributions of leading particles have the Gaussian form with the normalization constant being equal to the number of participants. The investigations show that the results from the hydrodynamic model alone are not consistent with the experimental data carried out by BNL-RHIC-PHOBOS Collaboration in Cu+Cu collisions at (NN)½ = 200 GeV. Only after the contributions from leading particles are included, can the experimental measurements be described well.     

AGS和RHIC能区核-核碰撞中的领头粒子效应与双柱模型

在总结双柱模型计算结果的基础上, 用该模型对交变梯度同步加速器(AGS)和相对论性重离子对撞机(RHIC)能区核－核碰撞中的领头粒子效应进行了统一分析. 结果表明:在AGS和RHIC能区, 不同中心性核－核碰撞中带电粒子(赝)快度分布的不同, 主要由领头粒子的贡献影响; 如果扣除领头粒子的贡献, 不同中心性核－核碰撞中带电粒子的(赝)快度分布有相同的形状.     

Ideal nuclear fluid dynamics at ultra-relativistic energies

We investigate the reaction O+Au at 200 AGeV in an ideal relativistic (3+1)-dimensional one-fluid hydrodynamical model. We correct former calculations which contained acausal matter transport, leading to contradictions with experimental data for the baryonic rapidity distribution. We find that the corrected results are in good agreement with data, casting new light on the question of the applicability of ideal one-fluid hydrodynamics to heavy-ion collisions.     

Rapidity distribution as a probe for elliptical flow at intermediate energies

The interplay between spectator and participant matter in heavy-ion collisions is investigated within the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model in terms of the rapidity distribution of light charged particles. The effect of different types and sizes of rapidity distributions is studied in elliptical flow. The elliptical-flow patterns show the important role of nearby spectator matter on the participant zone. This role is further explained on the basis of the passing time of the spectator and the expansion time of the participant zone. The transition from in-plane to out-of-plane emission is observed only when the mid-rapidity region is included into the rapidity bin. Otherwise no transition occurs. The transition energy is found to be highly sensitive to the size of the rapidity bin, while it is only weakly dependent on the type of the rapidity distribution. These theoretical findings are found to be in agreement with experimental results.     

Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions of charged particles from32S induced heavy ion interactions at 200A GeV

Multiplicity and pseudorapidity distributions have been measured for³²S+Al, Cu, Ag and Au at 200A GeV. The widths of the pseudorapidity distributions increase from central to peripheral collisions. The main contribution is assumed to come from the increasing fraction of charged particles stemming from the fragmentation of the target for peripheral collisions as compared to central collisions. On the average 170–180 charged particles per unit of pseudorapidity are attained for the most central³²S+Au events at the maximum of the distribution. The target dependence of the yield of charged particles for central collisions is investigated. In the target rapidity region the yield is directly proportional to the target mass. The transverse energy per charged particle has been studied as a function of centrality and pseudorapidity. The experimental results are compared to the results from the Monte-Carlo model VENUS 3.11 which includes rescattering among secondaries. A comparison between different centrality triggers is made.     

Jet tomography in the forward direction at RHIC

Hadron production at high p_T displays a strong suppression pattern in a wide rapidity region in heavy ion collisions at RHIC energies. This finding indicates the presence of strong final state effects for both transversally and longitudinally traveling partons, namely induced energy loss. We have developed a perturbative QCD based model to describe hadron production in pp collisions, which can be combined with the Glauber–Gribov model to describe hadron production in heavy ion collisions. Investigating AuAu and CuCu collisions at energy at mid-rapidity, we find the opacity of the strongly interacting hot matter to be proportional to the participant nucleon number. Considering forward rapidities, the suppression pattern indicates the formation of a longitudinally contracted dense deconfined zone in central heavy ion collisions. We determine the parameters for the initial geometry from the existing data. PACS 12.38.Mh, 24.85.+p, 25.75.-q     

Stability of the fragments and thermalization at the peak centre-of-mass energy

We simulated the central reactions of nearly symmetric and asymmetric systems, for energies at which maximum production of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) occurred (E_c.m.^peakE_{\rm c.m.}^{\rm peak}). This study was carried out using hard EOS along with Cugnon cross-section employing MSTB method for clusterization. We studied the various properties of fragments. The stability of fragments was checked through persistence coefficient and gain term. The information about the thermalization and stopping in heavy-ion collisions was obtained via relative momentum, anisotropy ratio and rapidity distribution. We found that for a complete stopping of incoming nuclei very heavy systems are required. The mass dependence of various quantities (such as average and maximum central density, collision dynamics as well as the time zone for hot and dense nuclear matter) was also presented. In all cases (i.e., average and maximum central density, collision dynamics as well as the time zone for hot and dense nuclear matter) a power-law dependence was obtained.     

Azimuthal angle correlations for rapidity separated Hadron pairs in d+Au collisions at square root of sNN=200 GeV

Deuteron-gold (d+Au) collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider provide ideal platforms for testing QCD theories in dense nuclear matter at high energy. In particular, models suggesting strong saturation effects for partons carrying small nucleon momentum fraction (x) predict modifications to jet production at forward rapidity (deuteron-going direction) in d+Au collisions. We report on two-particle azimuthal angle correlations between charged hadrons at forward/backward (deuteron/gold going direction) rapidity and charged hadrons at midrapidity in d+Au and p+p collisions at square root of sNN=200 GeV. Jet structures observed in the correlations are quantified in terms of the conditional yield and angular width of away-side partners. The kinematic region studied here samples partons in the gold nucleus with x~0.1 to ~0.01. Within this range, we find no x dependence of the jet structure in d+Au collisions.     

Multiplicity distributions in rapidity intervals forp-p andp-nucleus interactions at 200 GeV

Multiplicity distributions of charged particles produced in proton-proton, proton-argon and proton-xenon inelastic collisions at 200 GeV/c in various rapidity intervals are presented. Nuclear target data are analysed separately for the forward and the backward hemispheres. Results of a similar analysis for only negative particles are shown. The data are well parametrized in terms of negative binomial distributions. However, such a parametrization fails in describing thep-nucleus multiplicity distributions of charged particles for large rapidity intervals comprising both hemispheres. Parameters characteristic for the clan model of Giovannini and Van Hove are also presented.     

高能核-核碰撞中粒子的(赝)快度分布与重叠柱模型

应用重叠柱模型描述了高能核-核碰撞中带电粒子的快度(或赝快度)分布. 对目前加速器上的固定靶实验而言, 观察到了相同相对强度的纵向流, 两个完全重叠的热化柱能够描述实验数据. 在更高能量范围(4A TeV以上), 观察到了更强的纵向流, 这时需要两个部分重叠的热化柱来描述实验数据. 用重叠柱模型计算得到的(赝)快度分布与1A GeV到100A TeV能区的实验结果符合.     

Delta and pion abundances in hot dense nuclear matter and the nuclear equation of state

Delta and pion abundances in hot dense nuclear matter are calculated self-consistently within a relativistic mean-field model for different equations of state. The density of deltas turns out to be much more sensitive to the effective masses of the baryons than to the stiffness of the equation of state. The results are compared to experimental pion yields from intermediate-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. The influence of deviations from thermal momentum distributions for the baryons is estimated.     

Significance of temperature measurements in relativistic nuclear collisions

We discuss the importance of temperature measurements for probing the properties of dense, hot hadron matter in relativistic nuclear collisions. The effects of the collective matter flow are considered. It is pointed out that information about the existence of a limiting temperatureT ^max?m _σ can only be obtained from future experimental facilities with beam energiesE _LAS>5 GeV/n. We also discuss the possibility of observing abnormal nuclear matter via a secondary, high temperature component in the particle spectra and via a shoulder in the pion multiplicity distributions.