Theoretical studies of proton capture reactions in A～25 proton-rich nuclei

The direct proton capture and resonance proton capture properties of stellar reactions 22Mg(p,γ)23Al and 26Si(p,γ)27P are studied by employing a mean-field potential obtained from the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock(SHF) model.Calculations with the SHF potential reproduce well the loosely-bound structure of the ground states as well as the widths of the resonant states in these nuclei.With the obtained potential we estimate the reaction rates of direct proton capture and resonance proton capture to nuclei 23Al and 27P....     

Nuclear triaxiality in the A ∼ 160–170 mass region: the story so far

Research in nuclear triaxial deformation has revealed many exciting facts and figures over the last one and a half-decades. Although wobbling motion of nuclei was experimentally discovered at the beginning of the last decade, after almost 25 years of its prediction by Bohr and Mottelson, efforts are still being put to understand this rare nuclear phenomenon in greater detail. The concept of transverse wobbling is one such recent attempt which successfully explains the evolution of experimentally observed wobbling frequency with spin. The population of triaxial strongly deformed (TSD) bands in the A ～160–170 region is favoured for which neutron number (N=92 or 94) is a topic of current debate. Experimental efforts are being put following Bengtsson’s calculations which indicate that the elevated yrast lines for N=92 isotones favour TSD population. In A ～170 mass region, the ambiguity over the real character of certain strongly deformed bands has recently been removed by extensive experimental and theoretical efforts, and the bands have now been firmly established as either enhanced deformed (ED) or superdeformed (SD).     

Microscopic calculation of proton capture reactions in the mass 60–80 region and its astrophysical implications

Microscopic optical potentials obtained by folding the DDM3Y interaction with the densities from the Relativistic Mean-Field approach have been utilized to evaluate S-factors of low-energy (p, γ) reactions in the mass 60–80 region and to compare with experiments. The Lagrangian density FSU Gold has been employed. Astrophysical rates for important proton capture reactions have been calculated to study the behaviour of rapid proton nucleosynthesis for waiting point nuclei with mass less than A = 80.     

Doublet bands in 128La and systematic features of energy separationof doublet bands observed in the A～130 mass region

High spin states of 128La have been studied through the fusion-evaporation reaction 118Sn(14N,4n) 128La at a beam energy of 69 MeV. A positive-parity side band with the same configuration as that of the yrast band has been identified. Moreover, it is noted that the energy separation △E(I) = E(I)side-E(I)yrast of all doublet bands reported in odd-odd nuclei in the A～130 mass region exhibit a staggering pattern systematically, and they stagger up at even-spin and stagger down at odd-spin.     

First observation of the ν9/2[404] orbital in the A ∼ 100 mass region

A new band, populated by the spontaneous fission of ²⁴⁸Cm and studied by means of prompt γ-ray spectroscopy using the EUROGAM2 array, was observed in ⁹⁹Zr. The 1038.8 keV band head with a half-life T _1/2 = 54(10) ns is interpreted as a K-isomer, corresponding to the 9/2[404] neutron-hole excitation. It is the first observation of this orbital in the mass A ∼ 100 region. The quadrupole moment, Q ₀ = 3.9(3) eb deduced for the new band indicates a large deformation of β = 0.41, which is produced by a specific shape-coexistence mechanism, known in other regions and now found in the A ∼ 100 nuclei. Received: 11 September 2002 / Accepted: 31 October 2002 / Published online: 17 January 2003 RID="a" ID="a"e-mail: urban@fuw.edu.pl Communicated by D. Schwalm     

πg9/2(⊕)vh11/2 doublet bands in A～100 mass region

Using the model with one particle and one hole coupled with a triaxial rotor, the πg(-1)(9/2)(⊕)vh11/2 doublet bands in the A ～ 100 mass region are studied, and compared with the πh11/2(⊕)vh(-1)(11/2) doublet bands.It is found that the calculated results for the configuration of πg(-1)(9/2)(⊕)vh11/2 are very similar the results for a pure h11/2 proton particle and a neutron quasiparticle with λn =ε5. After including the pair correlation, the model describes the candidate chiral doublet bands in 106Rh successfully, which supports the interpretation of chirality geometry.     

Odd-even nuclei in the A ≈ 100 nuclear region

Extensive calculations for the odd-neutron Ru-Pd isotopes and odd-proton Tc-Rh isotopes for both positive- and negative-parity states within the proton-neutron interacting boson-fermion model are presented. The results on energy levels, electromagnetic properties and spectroscopic strengths of one nucleon transfer reactions are compared with experiments. A general good agreement is obtained.     

Description of the Superdeformed Bands of Odd-Odd Nuclei in A ～ 80 Region

Properties of the superdeformed bands of odd-odd nuclei in A～80 mass region are investigated systematically within the supersymmetry scheme including many-body interactions and a perturbation possessing the SO(5) (or SU(5)) symmetry on the rotational symmetry. The obtained γ-ray energies, and the dynamical moments of inertia agree with experimental data. It shows that this approach is quite powerful in describing odd-odd nuclei in A～80 mass region.     

Laser spectroscopy of the A[16.4]8.5-X7.5, A[16.4]8.5-Y[0.15]8.5, and A[16.4]8.5-Z[0.85]7.5 transitions of dysprosium monochloride

Laser-induced fluorescence spectra have been obtained at low resolution using a laser ablation source and pulsed dye laser, and at high resolution using a Broida oven and cw ring dye laser. Dispersed fluorescence spectra from two different excited states, A[16.4]8.5 and B[15.4]Ω (unknown Ω) (the states are labelled [10⁻³T₀]Ω according to their energy and Ω assignment) showed transitions to the same four low lying electronic states, X7.5, Y[0.15]8.5, Z[0.85]7.5, and an unassigned state at 970 cm⁻¹. High resolution excitation spectra of the A-X 0-0, A-Y 0-0 and 0-1, and A-Z 0-0 and 0-1 transitions were obtained and a global fit to all the data yielded rotational constants for both ¹⁶²Dy³⁵Cl and ¹⁶⁴Dy³⁵Cl. From the band origins, vibrational frequencies of 291 and 284 cm⁻¹ were obtained for the Y[0.15]8.5 and Z[0.85]7.5 states, respectively, suggesting that these two states originate from the Dy⁺(4f¹⁰6s)Cl⁻ configuration. The ¹⁶²Dy-¹⁶⁴Dy and ³⁵Cl-³⁷Cl isotope effects were studied and both indicated a ground state, X7.5, vibrational frequency of ∼230 cm⁻¹ which was reinforced by the observation, in dispersed fluorescence from the B[15.4] state, of a weak transition to a state 233 cm⁻¹ above the ground state. The observed electronic states and their configurational origin are discussed in terms of ligand field theory predictions.     

Microscopic study of the high-spin behaviour in selected A ≃ 80 nuclei

The collective and non-collective high-spin configurations in selected $\text{A ? 80}$ nuclei are analysed in detail using a shell-correction approach taking care of individual configurations and the pairing self-consistent cranking method with a non-axially-deformed Woods-Saxon potential. Shape transitions, shape coexistence, band-termination effects and alignment processes are discussed.     

Laser spectroscopy of holmium monosulphide: Electronic, vibrational and rotational structure of the A[14.79]8.5-X8.5, A[14.79]8.5-W[0.25]7.5 and A[14.79]8.5-V[0.98]7.5 transitions

Laser induced fluorescence spectra of HoS have been obtained using a Broida oven and a ring dye laser. Dispersed fluorescence spectra showed transitions from a common upper state, A[14.79]8.5 to the v = 0 and 1 vibrational levels of three low lying states, labelled X8.5, W[0.25]7.5 and V[0.98]7.5 (the states are labelled [10⁻³T₀]Ω according to their energy and Ω assignment). High resolution excitation spectra were obtained for all six transitions and a rotational analysis yielded the following principal constants, in cm⁻¹, for the X, W and V states, respectively: T₀ = 0, 251.8713(31), 980.6969(37); B_e = 0.121903(42), 0.121729(37), 0.122561(34); ΔG_1/2 = 463.8811(46), 462.9411(45), 461.2084(127). For the A state, T₀ = 14794.6987(28) cm⁻¹ and B₀ = 0.112596(29) cm⁻¹. The three low lying states are shown to arise from the Ho²⁺[4f¹⁰(⁵I₈)6s]S²⁻ configuration in accord with Ligand Field Theory predictions. The atomic origin of each of the three low lying electronic states was determined from the observed resolved hyperfine structure.     

The excited states of Kr and Rb isotopes in the 78 ≦ A ≦ 85 mass region

The excited states of the ^{78, 80, 81}Kr and ^{80, 81, 83}Rb nuclei were investigated in radio-active decays of the respective Rb and Sr isotopes. The level schemes were established and for a number of levels the spin-parity assignments suggested on the basis of the log ft values and γ-branching ratios, as well as in some cases angular-correlation results. The structures of excited states of the odd Kr, odd Rb, and doubly even Kr isotopes are compared and discussed in the framework of existing theoretical approaches.     

Predictions for cross sections of light proton-rich isotopes in the ~(40)Ca + ~9Be reaction

The cross sections for Z=10–19 with isotopes T_z=-3/2 to-5 in the 140A Me V~(40)Ca+~9Be projectile fragmentation reaction have been predicted.An empirical formula based on the correlation between the cross section and average binding energy of an isotope has been adopted to predict the cross section.The binding energies in the AME16,WS4,and the theoretical prediction by the spherical relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov theory have been used.Meanwhile,the fracs parametrization and the modified statistical abrasion-ablation model are also used to predict the cross sections for the proton-rich isotopes.The predicted cross sections for the T_z=-3 isotopes are close to 10~(-10)mb,which hopefully can be studied experimentally.In addition,based on the predicted cross sections,Z=14 is suggested to be a new magic number in the light proton-rich nuclei with T_z-3/2,for which the phenomenon is much more evident than it is from the average binding energy per nucleon.     

A study of the giant dipole resonance of vibrational nuclei in the 103 ≦ A ≦ 133 mass region

This paper presents a set of experimental data concerning the giant dipole resonance of nuclei (GDR) in the 103 ≦ A ≦ 133 mass region. The cross sections σ(γ,n) and σ(γ, 2n) were obtained in the energy region 8–30 MeV by means of a monochromatic photon beam produced by annihilation in flight of positons. This paper attempts also to give an interpretation of the experimental behaviour of the GDR for vibrational nuclei in the 103 ≦ A ≦ 133 mass region in terms of the simple dynamic collective model. In particular it is shown that the width of the GDR increases as β increases and as E₂₊ decreases and that the theoretically predicted spreading of the dipole strength is confirmed by our experimental results. As to the characteristic behaviour of the GDR above its peak value at E₀, we come to the conclusion that the actual state of the art in (γ, xn) research does not allow one to make an unambiguous choice between isospin splitting or electric quadrupole absorption. Finally the numerical evaluations of the different sum rules are given and some empirical results concerning the average energy of the GDR as a function of A are also presented.     

A study of the AΠ-XΣ and BΣ-XΣ band systems of scandium monosulfide, ScS, using Fourier transform emission spectroscopy and laser excitation spectroscopy

Emission spectra of the A²Π_3/2-X²Σ⁺ (0, 1), (0, 0), and (1, 0) bands and the B²Σ⁺-X²Σ⁺ (0, 1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (2, 0), and (3, 1) bands of ScS have been recorded in the 10 000-13 500 cm⁻¹ region at a resolution of 0.05 cm⁻¹ using a Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer. The A²Π_r-X²Σ⁺ (1, 0) band as well as the B²Σ⁺-X²Σ⁺ (0, 0) and (1, 0) bands have been recorded at high resolution (±0.001 cm⁻¹) by laser excitation spectroscopy using a supersonic molecular beam source. The FT spectral features range up to N = 148, while those recorded with the laser cover the “low-N” regions. The lines recorded with the laser exhibit splittings due to the ⁴⁵Sc (I = 7/2) magnetic hyperfine interactions, which are large (∼6.65 GHz) in the X²Σ⁺ state and much smaller in the B²Σ⁺ and A²Π states. The energy levels were modeled using a traditional ‘effective’ Hamiltonian approach, and improved spectroscopic constants were extracted and compared with previous determinations and theoretical predictions.     

A study of the photoneutron contribution to the giant dipole resonance of nuclei in the 64 ≦ A ≦ 86 mass region

The partial photoneutron cross sections [σ(γ, n) + σ(γ, pn)] and σ(γ, 2n) of ⁶⁴Zn, Ga, ^70,72,74,76Ge, ⁷⁵As and ^76,78,80,82Se were measured with a monochromatic photon beam and a high efficiency neutron detecting system in the photon-energy range 8 ≦ E ≦ 30 Me V. Integrated cross sections are discussed. The evolution of the GDR as observed through the neutron exit channel only, is tentatively interpreted either in terms of isospin splitting or in terms of the dynamic collective model.     

Two-nucleon stripping reactions populating isobaric multiplets in the region 40 ≦ A ≦ 56

A DWBA analysis accounts for the experimental results concerning the ratio between transitions populating isobaric multiplets in the region 40 ≦ A ≦ 56, by using distorted waves of definite isospin.     

Total nuclear photoabsorption cross sections in the region 150 < A < 190

The curves of the total gamma-absorption cross sections (σ_tot) in the E1 giant resonance energy range for the nuclei ¹⁵⁴Sm, ¹⁵⁶Gd, ¹⁶⁵Ho, ¹⁶⁸Er, ¹⁷⁴Yb, ¹⁷⁸Hf, ¹⁸⁰Hf, ¹⁸¹Ta, ¹⁸²W, ¹⁸⁴W, ¹⁸⁶W and ¹⁹⁷Au have been measured using the absorption method. Parameters of the Lorentz curves fitting the measured cross sections σ_tot are given. Quadrupole moments (Q₀) and nuclear deformation parameters (β) were obtained.For deformed nuclei in the ～ 155 < A < ～ 180 region a violation of the correlation between giant resonance widths (Γ) and nuclear deformation parameters was found. Γ₁ and Γ₂, the widths of the resonances corresponding to vibrations of nucleons along and across the nuclear deformation axis, were observed to decrease with the increase of A which could be accounted for by the presence of an N = 108 subshell.