Preliminary study of light yield dependence on LAB liquid scintillator composition

Liquid scintillator(LS) will be adopted as the detector material in JUNO(Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory). The energy resolution requirement of JUNO is 3%, which has never previously been reached.To achieve this energy resolution, the light yield of liquid scintillator is an important factor. PPO(the fluor) and bis-MSB(the wavelength shifter) are the two main materials dissolved in LAB. To study the influence of these two materials on the transmission of scintillation photons in LS, 25 and 12 cm-long quartz vessels were used in a light yield experiment. LS samples with different concentration of PPO and bis-MSB were tested. At these lengths, the light yield growth is not obvious when the concentration of PPO is higher than 4 g/L. The influence from bis-MSB becomes insignificant when its concentration is higher than 8 mg/L. This result could provide some useful suggestions for the JUNO LS.     

Study of TTS for a 20-inch dynode PMT

The neutrino detector for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO) requires a large number of photomultiplier tubes(PMTs), including 15000 MCP PMTs and 5000 dynode PMTs. The TTS(transit time spread) of the PMTs is very important for vertex and track reconstruction of the neutrinos in the detector. In this paper, we study the TTS of a 20-inch dynode PMT(R12860) from Hamamatsu for different high voltage, light intensity, light spot size and different photocathode regions. The impact from Earth's magnetic field is also studied.The results achieved in this paper will be very useful for the JUNO experiment.     

掺Yb3+双包层光纤激光器的实验研究

采用自行研制的掺Yb³⁺双包层石英光纤和包层泵浦技术,对不同光纤长度的双包层光纤激光器的输出特性进行了实验研究.对实验中的最佳吸收长度问题做了分析,并讨论了引起激光波长随长度变化的原因.     

吸收层特性和异质结界面电荷对12.5 μm长波HgCdTe光伏探测器响应率的影响研究

研究了12.5 μm长波HgCdTe探测器的吸收层厚度和异质结界面电荷对器件光响应率的影响.分析了吸收层厚度与吸收长度、扩散长度之间的联系,获得了设计最佳吸收层厚度的经验公式.研究结果显示入射光波长超过截止波长时,响应率随吸收层厚度增加单调增加,并逐渐饱和.响应率峰值对应的波长随吸收层厚度增加,有向长波偏移的趋势.最佳吸收层厚度值随少子寿命或入射光波长的增大而增大.同时,研究了衬底、钝化层与HgCdTe材料之间异质界面电荷对光响应率的影响,发现正的界面电荷在衬底异质结界面处形成诱导pn结,对响应率影响显著 关键词： 长波HgCdTe器件 光伏型红外探测器 光响应率 少子寿命     

Simulation of natural radioactivity backgrounds in the JUNO central detector

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory(JUNO) is an experiment proposed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and probe the fundamental properties of neutrino oscillation.The JUNO central detector is a spherical liquid scintillator detector with 20 kton fiducial mass.It is required to achieve a 3%/E(MeV)~(1/2) energy resolution with very low radioactive background,which is a big challenge to the detector design.In order to ensure the detector performance can meet the physics requirements,reliable detector simulation is necessary to provide useful information for the detector design.A simulation study of natural radioactivity backgrounds in the JUNO central detector has been performed to guide the detector design and set requirements for the radio-purity of the detector materials.The accidental background induced by natural radioactivity in the JUNO central detector is 1.1/day.The result is satisfied for the experiment.     

Birkhoff’s theorem in f(T) gravity up to the perturbative order

The transmission of liquid argon has been measured, wavelength resolved, for a wavelength interval from 118 to 250?nm. The wavelength dependent attenuation length is presented for pure argon. It is shown that no universal wavelength independent attenuation length can be assigned to liquid argon for its own fluorescence light due to the interplay between the wavelength dependent emission and absorption. A decreasing transmission is observed below 130?nm in both chemically cleaned and distilled liquid argon and assigned to absorption by the analogue of the first argon excimer continuum. For not perfectly cleaned argon a strong influence of impurities on the transmission is observed. Two strong absorption bands at 126.5 and 141.0?nm with approximately 2 and 4?nm width, respectively, are assigned to traces of xenon in argon. A broad absorption region below 180?nm is found for unpurified argon and tentatively attributed to the presence of water in the argon sample.     

亚硫酸盐法制浆过程中纸浆卡伯值的在线测量——制浆废液中有机物组分的光谱分析

研究了马尾松亚硫酸氢钙法蒸煮废液 (红液 )及相关糖类的吸收光谱 ,并将废液经超滤分级处理后 ,对分级样品进行了可见光谱和红外光谱的定性分析。结果表明 :亚硫酸盐法制浆废液对可见光 (5 10nm)的吸收主要来自于分子量较高的木素磺酸盐。该研究为确定红液中木素浓度在线测量的合适波段提供了理论依据 ,并为纸浆卡伯值的在线分析打下了基础     

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter with asymmetrical cross resonator

A tunable infrared plasmonic polarization filter is proposed and investigated in this paper. The filter is based on the sandwich absorption structure which consists of three layers. The top layer is an array of asymmetrical cross resonator.The middle and bottom layers are dielectric spacer and metal film respectively. By absorbing specific wavelength of the incident light perfectly, the reflection spectrum of the structure shows filter performance. The calculated results show that the absorption wavelength is strongly dependent on the length of branch of the asymmetrical cross resonator which is parallel to the light polarization and independent of the length of the vertical one. Therefore, the asymmetrical cross resonator filter structure opens the way for freely tuning the filtering wavelength for a different light polarization. We can fix a resonant wavelength(absorption wavelength) corresponding to one polarization and change the resonant wavelength for the other polarization by adjusting the corresponding branch length of the asymmetrical cross resonator, or change the two resonant wavelengths of both two polarizations at the same time.     

Effect of ion implantation on quantum well infrared photodetectors

Ion implantation is a postgrowth processing technique which, when combined with annealing, can be used to tune the absorption wavelength of quantum well devices. We have implanted and annealed, three different quantum well infrared photodetector structures, and measured the absorption spectra of the samples by Fourier transform spectroscopy. The peak absorption wavelength shift of each structure has been calculated as a function of diffusion length by simulating the diffusion processes. We found different diffusion rates for the structures and attribute this to different numbers of as-grown defects. Our results indicate that agglomeration of single defects into defect clusters limits the ability of ion implantation to tune the wavelength of a structure with a higher number of as-grown defects. Thus, a structure with the lowest number of as-grown defects is most useful for fabricating a multi-color quantum well photodetector by ion implantation, because in this case ion implantation can enhance the diffusion rate considerably leading to large red- shift in peak absorption wavelength.     

光管理在晶体硅电池中的应用

光管理是提高晶体硅太阳能电池光吸收和短路电流（Jsc）进而提高转换效率的重要因素之一。本文回顾了最常见的光管理方式,包括表面抗反射、散射以及陷光等。为了降低晶体硅电池的表面反射损失,开发了多种表面抗反射结构。例如,仿生蛾眼结构利用渐变折射率实现了宽光谱低反射率,其表面反射率可达1％以下。随着晶体硅电池衬底减薄,光管理要求更加严格,除了在更宽波长范围内达到超低反射率外,还需要在更高的入射角范围内实现低反射率。此外,利用前表面散射以及背表面陷光结构提高红外光的吸收光程对于晶体硅电池特别是薄衬底晶体硅电池的有效光吸收具有重要意义。     

Study of absorption and re-emission processes in a ternary liquid scintillation system

Liquid scintillators are widely used as the neutrino target in neutrino experiments.The absorption and emission of different components of a ternary liquid scintillator(Linear Alkyl Benzene(LAB)as the solvent,2,5-diphenyloxazole(PPO)as the fluor and p-bis-(o-methylstyryl)-benzene(bis-MSB)as wavelength shifter)are studied.It is shown that the absorption of this liquid scintillator is dominant by LAB and PPO at wavelengths less than 349 nm,and the absorption by bis-MSB becomes prevalent at the wavelength larger than 349 nm.The fluorescence quantum yields,which are the key parameters to model the absorption and re-emission processes in large liquid scintillation detectors,are measured.     

Terrestrial matter effects on reactor antineutrino oscillations at JUNO or RENO-50: how small is small?

We have carefully examined, in both analytical and numerical ways, how small the terrestrial matter effects can be in a given medium-baseline reactor antineutrino oscillation experiment like JUNO or RENO-50. Taking the forthcoming JUNO experiment as an example, we show that the inclusion of terrestrial matter effects may reduce the sensitivity of the neutrino mass ordering measurement by ?χ_(MO)~2■0.6, and a neglect of such effects may shift the best-fit values of the flavor mixing angle θ_(12) and the neutrino mass-squared difference ?21 by about 1σ to 2σ in the future data analysis. In addition, a preliminary estimate indicates that a 2σ sensitivity of establishing the terrestrial matter effects can be achieved for about 10 years of data taking at JUNO with the help of a suitable near detector implementation.     

Fluorescence characteristics of Dy ions in calcium fluoroborate glasses

Calcium fluoroborate (CFB) glasses doped with different concentrations of trivalent dysprosium ions were prepared and investigated by the FTIR, optical absorption, photoluminescence and decay analysis. Free-ion Hamiltonian model and Judd-Ofelt theory have been used to analyze the energy level scheme and the spectral intensities of Dy³⁺ ions in CFB glasses. From the emission spectra it is observed that the samples emit intense light yellowish color which is nearer to white light. Chromaticity color coordinates have been calculated and the dominant emission wavelength has also been indicated. Decay curves of ⁴F_9/2 level for the samples with different concentrations have been analyzed using the Inokuti-Hirayama model and the energy transfer and non-radiative decay rates have been determined.     

Monte Carlo Simulation of Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy in the Wavelength Range from 1000 nm to 1900 nm

We have calculated the characteristics of reflected near infrared light, which is incident on the skin surface, scattered in the skin tissue and detected, in the wavelength range from 1000 nm to 1900 nm. We have used a Monte Carlo method to calculate the propagation path, the average photon visit depth, the average photon path length, etc. for the cases of short source-detector distances, to which the isotropic scattering approximation cannot be applied. An experiment to validate the simulation results was also conducted using a liquid phantom.     

低温辐射计黑体腔吸收率分析

低温辐射计是目前国际上光辐射功率计量中准确度最高的测量系统,其光辐射测量不确定度可达10-5量级,目前国内仅有少数研究机构从国外引进低温辐射计开展计量研究,亟待发展国产低温辐射计替代进口产品。由于低温辐射计采用低温超导状态下的电替代测量原理进行光辐射功率测量,发展低温辐射计的难点之一在于研制黑体吸收腔这一核心光辐射接收器件,并要求黑体腔在各波长下的吸收率都要达到0.999 9以上。为研制超高光谱吸收率的黑体吸收腔,系统性分析了各影响黑体腔光谱吸收率因素,在此基础上利用蒙特卡罗光线追迹方法重点研究了光谱波长、腔体长度、黑材料漫反射系数、黑材料吸收率和入射光空间位置等对斜底黑体腔光谱吸收率的影响。研究结果表明：在300～1 100 nm波长范围内黑体腔吸收率与其内壁涂黑材料的吸收率呈正相关,且在300～1 000 nm范围内的吸收率都达到了0.999 9以上,其中在700 nm处的吸收率取得最大值0.999 941 5,表明采用该类型黑材料的黑体腔只在300～1 000 nm范围内满足低温辐射计设计要求,后续需要根据仿真和测试结果对低温辐射计在不同波长下的光电不等效性进行修正;在黑体腔结构和口径确定的情况下,黑体腔吸收率将随腔长增加而逐渐升高,在40 mm后变化趋缓,并在65 mm后逐渐趋于平衡,考虑到低温辐射计低温舱对腔体尺寸的限制,认为腔体长度与口径之比为6.5时较为合适;黑体腔吸收率还受黑材料的漫反射系数影响,随着黑材料漫反射系数的提高,腔体吸收率呈现近似线性下降,所以在选择黑体腔涂黑材料时,在吸收率等指标相同的情况下应尽量选择镜面吸收黑;黑材料吸收率从0.8到1的变化过程中,腔体吸收率提升了0.05个百分点,且黑材料吸收率为0.92时腔体吸收率可达到0.999 9以上,表明黑材料在其有效工作波长范围内任一点的光谱吸收率都要大于0.92;腔体吸收率还受入射光投射的空间位置影响,光线位置越靠近斜底腔顶点处,腔体吸收率越高,但整体吸收率变化不明显,光线位置对腔体吸收率影响只有不到0.004个百分点,几乎可以忽略,认为斜底腔不同位置处的吸收率是均匀的。研究结果对低温辐射计黑体腔研制有一定参考价值。     

敏化光波长对(Fe,Ni):LiNbO3晶体全息记录性能的影响

分别采用514 nm绿光、488 nm蓝光和390 nm紫外光作为敏化光,633 nm红光作为记录光,详细研究了敏化光波长对氧化(Fe,Ni):LiNbO3晶体全息记录性能的影响.结果表明:随着敏化光波长的逐渐减小,氧化(Fe,Ni):LiNbO3晶体的非挥发全息记录性能逐渐优化,390 nm紫外光是这三种敏化光中最优的敏化光.考虑敏化光的吸收,为了在双中心全息记录中获得最优的性能,应当选择合适波长的敏化光:一方面短波长敏化光能有效地敏化深中心;另一方面短波长敏化光的吸收太强(如对光折变效应无用的基质吸收),不能沿厚度方向有效地敏化晶体,所以实际上需折衷考虑,并从理论上给予了解释.     

Radiative properties of optical board embedded with optical black holes

Unique radiative properties, such as wavelength-selective transmission or absorption, have been intensively studied. Historically, geometries for wavelength-selective of light absorption were developed based on metallic periodical structures, which were only applied in the case of TM wave incidence due to the excitation of surface plasmons. In this paper, we develop an alternative approach to selective wavelength of light absorption (both TE and TM waves), based on an optical board periodical embedded with optical black holes. Numerical work was carried out to study such structure’s radiative properties within the wavelength range of 1-100 μm. The electromagnetic wave transmission through such a structure is predicted by solving Maxwell’s equations using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Spectral absorptance varies with the period of optical black holes. When the incidence wavelength is much larger than the inner core radius, most of the light energy will be transmitted through the inner core. Otherwise, the energy will be mainly absorbed. Numerical results of the radiative properties of the optical board with different incidence wavelengths are also obtained. The effect of the oblique incidence wave is investigated. This study helps us gain a better understanding of the radiative properties of an optical board embedded with optical black holes and develop an alternative approach to selective light absorption.     

MAXR回归法在近红外光谱定量分析及最优波长选择中的应用研究

介绍了运用MAXR回归法建立傅里叶变换近红外光谱定量分析模型的原理和方法。以此方法,由Matlab语言设计程序,进行近红外光谱定量分析建模的波长信息选择。并以小麦样品为实验材料,建立了蛋白质含量的近红外光谱定量分析模型,其中优选出2个和3个波长点处光谱信息建立的多元回归模型的预测结果与凯氏定氮法分析结果相关系数分别为0.977 1和0.976 5,标准差分别为0.335和0.340。MAXR回归法在进行波长信息,选择时可建立分别包含1,2,…,k个波长点信息的最优回归模型,且计算量适中,因此是一种实用的选择“最优”波长信息的回归方法。该方法不仅可少而精选择波长信息,建立抗共线性信息干扰的光谱定量分析模型,而且对于特定样品、特定待分析组分,选择最优波长信息建模分析的工作,可指导专用近红外分析仪器的设计。     

Dependence of gain and phase-shift on crystal parameters and pump intensity in unidirectional photorefractive ring resonators

The steady-state amplification of light beam during two-wave mixing in photorefractive materials has been analysed in the strong nonlinear regime. The oscillation conditions for unidirectional ring resonator have been studied. The signal beam can be amplified in the presence of material absorption, provided the gain due to the beam coupling is large enough to overcome the cavity losses. Such amplification is responsible for the oscillations. The gain bandwidth is only a few Hz. In spite of such an extremely narrow bandwidth, unidirectional oscillation can be observed easily at any cavity length in ring resonators by using photorefractive crystals as the medium and this can be explained in terms of the photorefractive phase-shift. The presence of such a phase-shift allows the possibility of the non-reciprocal steady-state transfer of energy between the two light beams. Dependence of gain bandwidth on coupling constant, absorption coefficient of the material’s cavity length (crystal length) and modulation ratio have also been studied.      

Optical monitoring of volcanic sulphur dioxide emissions—comparison between four different remote-sensing spectroscopic techniques

The emissions of sulphur dioxide from the Italian volcanoes Mt. Etna and Stromboli were studied in ship-borne underpasses of their plumes. Four different optical spectroscopy techniques were used and inter-compared. All techniques utilise the absorption signature of the gas in the wavelength region of around 300 nm. A differential absorption lidar was employed in active gas concentration assessment. In parallel, a differential optical absorption spectroscopy system (DOAS) provided spectrally resolved absorption spectra. In one configuration the DOAS used a vertically looking telescope and the absorption of the sky-light was studied, while a different DOAS implementation utilised the sun disc as the light source in slant-angle, long-path absorption measurements. Parallel measurements with the customary correlation spectroscopy method were also performed. Path length Monte Carlo simulations of the down-welling radiation through the volcanic plume at different sun altitude and azimuth angles have been performed taking into account also the effects of other geometric parameters as the plume height and extension. The results are discussed with special emphasis on systematic effects due to scattering.