五彩湾煤中钠在热解过程中的形态变迁

采用不同萃取液进行了新疆准东五彩湾高钠煤萃取实验,并利用微波消解仪和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪,分析了原煤和不同萃取过程下制得的煤样中的钠元素,确定了五彩湾煤中钠的存在形式。在氮气氛围下进行了原煤及不同萃取过程下煤样的热解实验,分析了热解半焦中钠的存在形式并确定煤中不同存在形式钠在热解过程中的演变规律。结果表明,五彩湾煤中钠主要为水溶钠,有机钠主要以羧酸盐形式存在。450~650℃时,实验煤样热解过程中部分水溶钠和盐酸溶钠会转化为醋酸铵溶钠。在热解过程中,实验煤样中水溶钠和醋酸铵溶钠的析出主要集中于650~850℃,1050℃时则有部分盐酸溶钠析出,此时,在实验条件下钠的挥发达到最大值。煤样半焦中的钠主要以不可溶钠形式存在。     

新疆高钠煤中钠的赋存形态及其对燃烧过程的影响

采用不同萃取液对中国新疆高钠煤进行逐级萃取实验,利用离子色谱仪和电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱仪对萃取制得的滤液和固体煤样进行相应的元素分析,并通过逐级萃取后煤样的着火温度、燃尽温度和综合燃烧特性指数来分析高钠煤中不同存在形式钠对其燃烧特性的影响.结果表明,中国新疆高钠煤中的钠主要以水溶钠为主,有机钠和不可溶钠含量较少.影响高钠煤中水溶钠含量的主要因素有煤颗粒内部孔隙结构和颗粒粒径,且高钠煤中有机钠在各个粒径范围都保持了相对稳定的含量.煤种不同会导致煤中水溶钠与水溶氯的存在形式不同.煤中水溶钠的存在不利于高钠煤的着火温度和燃尽温度的降低与燃烧特性的提高,相反煤中的有机钠却对其具有促进作用.     

水蒸气对煤热转化过程中钠析出特性影响研究

在不同水蒸气体积分数及温度条件下制备了相同焦产率的NaCl浸渍煤的煤焦样品,并利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪分析了不同煤焦中钠的赋存形态及含量,研究了水蒸气及温度对煤热转化过程中钠迁徙转化的影响。结果表明,水蒸气体积分数的增加,一方面,增强了煤热转化过程中水溶态钠的释放;另一方面,也促进了水溶态钠向醋酸铵溶态、盐酸溶态以及不溶态钠的转化,使得钠的释放受到一定程度抑制。煤焦结构演化对碱金属钠释放具有重要影响。水蒸气的气化反应引起煤焦缩聚程度增加,小芳香环缩聚形成大芳香环结构时会对钠起到一定的包裹作用,使得钠的释放受到抑制;同时,气化反应产生的煤焦比表面积越大,越有利于钠直接释放。提高反应温度一方面会促进水溶态钠的释放;同时也会促进水溶态钠向其他溶态形式钠的转化,使得钠析出率随反应温度上升而增加的趋势逐渐变缓。     

二氧化碳和水气氛对高钠煤转化过程中钠迁移的影响

对新疆的两种高钠煤（伊犁煤YL、呼图壁煤HTB）进行了N₂、CO₂和H₂O气氛和不同温度下钠迁移的研究。采用逐级萃取和湿法消解法确定了原煤、半焦中钠的赋存形态,定量研究了两种煤中钠的挥发及迁移规律。结果表明,YL煤的形态钠中水溶钠占80.08%,HTB煤的形态钠中不溶钠占61.54%。不同气氛下,升高温度都可促进两种煤中钠的挥发,半焦中水溶钠比例减小,醋酸铵可溶钠比例会出现先增加后减少现象,盐酸可溶钠比例呈增加趋势。对于YL煤,CO₂气氛可抑制钠的挥发,H₂O蒸气可促进钠的挥发;900℃时,YL煤CO₂气氛下钠挥发仅为N₂气氛下的50.25%,而H₂O气氛钠挥发为N₂气氛下的111.45%。对于HTB煤,CO₂气氛也可抑制钠的挥发,900℃时CO₂气氛下钠挥发为N₂气氛的80.91%;HTB煤在H₂O蒸气下,800℃之前钠挥发高于N₂,当900℃时,钠挥发略低于N₂气氛。YL煤形态钠中以水溶钠为主,其挥发的同时会向盐酸可溶钠及不溶钠转变。而HTB煤形态钠中以不溶钠为主,其次是水溶钠,CO₂和H₂O气氛能促进不溶钠向其他可溶态钠转变。     

外加NaCl 和NaAc褐煤在气化过程中钠的形态变迁规律研究

以水蒸气作为气化剂,在固定床上考察了脱碱金属煤外加NaCl 和NaAc 900 ℃快速热解煤焦在900 ℃和950 ℃下常压气化过程中钠的形态变迁以及挥发析出规律。研究结果表明,外加NaCl的浓度较低时气化后一部分水溶态和酸不溶态的Na向水不溶但酸溶态Na变迁,当外加NaCl的浓度较高时,所有的Na在气化中挥发。外加NaAc的煤焦中的Na在气化过程中大部分挥发到气相,且气化温度和添加的浓度对Na的挥发行为变化影响均较小。     

The activity of NaOH buffered by silicate solids in molten sodium acetate-water at 317°C

Silica and sodium acetate are present in the steam generator tube sheet crevices of many nuclear power plants. Trace solutes in the condensate are tremendously concentrated in the crevices by boiling. Sparingly soluble sodium silicates and other solids precipitate from the crevice liquid leaving an extremely concentrated molten mixture of water, sodium acetate and other salts. The precipitates buffer the activity of sodium hydroxide in the superheated liquid that remains. The activity of NaOH corresponding to the buffers quartz/sodium disilicate and sodium disilicate/sodium metasilicate at 317°C has been determined experimentally. The sodium hydroxide content of a sodium acetate-water melt buffered by these reactions was determined bychemical analysis, and the corresponding activity of NaOH at temperature was calculated using the recently published Pitzer-Simonson Model of molten salt-water mixtures. The molten mixture of sodium acetate and water plays the role of solvent in these experiments and calculations. The free energies of formation of solid sodium silicates at 317°C were also determined. The activity of NaOH corresponding to other silicate and phosphate buffers was calculated using published thermodynamic data and estimated from phase diagrams.     

一些苯磺酸钠盐的等压渗透系数和活度系数

用等压法测量了苯亚磺酸钠、苯磺酸钠、对羟基苯磺酸钠、间硝基苯磺酸钠和对氨基苯磺酸钠水溶液在298.15K时的渗透系数和活度系数。由此计算了它们的超额吉布斯自由能。对活度系数随浓度的变化规律进行了讨论     

The Synthesis and Characterization of Aryloxy-Linear Phosphazenes

The reactions of N-dichlorophosphoryl-P-trichloromonophosphazene with sodium o-methylphenoxide, sodium p-methylphenoxide, sodium f -naphthalenoxide, monosodium 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol, and sodium 1-nitroso-2-naphthaleneoxide have been investigated. Experimental studies were carried out in argon atmosphere. The sodium aryloxides were prepared from naphthalene or phenol derivatives and metallic sodium. The phosphazene and phenolate or naphthaleneoxide were reacted at 0°;C and then refluxed. After the reaction products were separated by using column chromatography, the structures of the compounds were defined by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H, 13 C, 31 P NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Tetra- and pentasubstituted monophosphazenes were obtained from sodium o-methylphenoxide. Pentasubstituted derivatives also were obtained from sodium p-methylphenoxide and sodium f -naphthaleneoxide. Phosphazene or any phosphorus compound could not be isolated from the reaction of phosphazene with monosodium 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol and sodium 1-nitroso-2-naphthaleneoxide.     

煤中钠存在形式的研究

煤中钠的存在形式由于与煤的灰污性质密切相关,很早即为人们所关注[1,2]。对煤中钠存在形式的研究始于50年代[1,2],已认识到煤中的钠既以无机形式存在,也以有机形式存在。对钠的分析普遍采用萃取方法,但不同学者所采用的萃取液并不相同,其中大多以稀盐酸为萃取液[3,4]。稀...     

高碱煤钠赋存形态及其燃烧过程中迁移转化的研究进展

随着新疆超大煤田的相继发现，新疆煤凭借储量大、碱金属含量高、在热利用过程中易造成锅炉沾污、结垢等问题而得到普遍关注。对高碱煤在燃烧过程中钠挥发特性及其影响因素进行更全面的探究，可为高碱煤的高效清洁利用提供重要参考。本文统计、分析了已发表论文中高碱煤燃烧钠挥发特性的相关数据，研究得到，绝大多数高碱煤中的钠以水溶性钠为主，部分煤（神华宽沟煤和后峡煤）则以不溶性钠为主；不溶性钠含量较高的煤，盐酸可溶性钠和醋酸可溶性钠含量也较高。本文对比研究了四个主要影响钠迁移转化的因素（钠形态和含量、Cl的含量、灰组分和燃烧温度）得出，温度对钠挥发量的影响最大，温度的升高可显著增加钠挥发量，900℃后又可加快挥发速率；当钠含量分布在2000-4000 μg/g时，挥发量与总量之间具有良好的正相关，与可溶性钠含量无关；当燃料中Na和Cl物质的量比低于3.5时，Cl对钠的挥发有明显的促进作用，大于10以后，钠的挥发量较低；钠挥发量与Na和[（Si+Al）-（Ca+Mg）]物质的量比有明显的负相关。本文根据现有的研究成果，考虑钠的赋存形态及影响挥发的因素后，将钠在燃煤过程中的迁移转化行为归纳为三个阶段（内部转化、外部挥发和转化、凝结）和四条路径。     

铝酸钠溶液的鲁米诺增强声致发光研究

Ultrasonic processing on sodium aluminate solutions was proved to have effects on the gibbsite crystallization process from sodium aluminate solution. In order to investigate the mechanism of the ultrasonic intensification, the sonofluorescence spectrum was detected by fluorescence spectrometer in sodium alumiante Luminol solutions, and the spectrum under the conditions of various ultrasonic power and different composition of sodium aluminate solutions were studied. It is found that the sodium aluminate Luminol solution can irradiate fluorescence by ultrasonic processing above the given power; the intensity of sonofluorescence are relatively low in sodium aluminate solutions with high concentration and low αk（mol ratio of Na2O/Al2O3 in sodium aluminate solution）. The relationship between the sonofluorenscence and ultrasonic intensification on gibbsite crystallization process from sodium aluminate solutions were also discussed. The conclusion that the ultrasonic effects are influenced by ultrasonic cavitation and intensity of sonofluorescence spectrum is deduced.     

Thermoanalytical properties of analytical grade reagents V. Sodium halates

The thermoanalytical properties of sodium halates have been investigated by means of a derivatograph and a visual DTA instrument. The thermal decomposition of the compounds studied was found to proceed only in the melt phase to a measurable extent, while the corresponding sodium halides were being formed. For sodium chlorate the formation and decomposition of sodium perchlorate could also be observed. The comparison of the results of thermal investigations with results of X-ray measurements has shown that the ionic character of the chemical bonds is highest for sodium iodate and lowest for sodium chlorate.     

Three-compartment bipolar membrane electrodialysis for splitting of sodium formate into formic acid and sodium hydroxide: Role of diffusion of molecular acid

Bipolar membrane electrodialysis is used in a three-compartment configuration to regenerate formic acid and sodium hydroxide from sodium formate. A previous study showed that the diffusion of molecular formic acid induces the loss of acid current efficiency. The present study shows the following results: the diffusion of molecular formic acid through the bipolar membrane explains quantitatively the presence of sodium formate in the sodium hydroxide solution. The loss of acid current efficiency is only due to diffusion of molecular acid through both anion-exchange and bipolar membranes. The sodium hydroxide current efficiency is determined by acid diffusion through the bipolar membrane and OH⁻ leakage through the cation-exchange membrane. The flux of acid diffusion through the membranes is proportional to acid concentration and depends on sodium hydroxide concentration for bipolar membrane and on sodium formate concentration for anion-exchange membrane. The flux rates vary with temperature.     

多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉内钠元素的释放与转化

基于多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化热态实验平台,开展气化炉内钠元素的释放与转化特性研究。对收集的气化炉内轴向不同位置处颗粒物样品进行分析,利用微波消解和化学分级洗对颗粒物进行预处理,借助原子火焰吸收光谱仪(FASS)定量测定颗粒物中钠元素含量,并采用扫描电镜-能谱仪联用系统(SEM-EDS)表征颗粒物的表观形态及其表面元素组成。FAAS测定结果表明,钠元素释放率随距离喷嘴平面间距的增加呈先增加再减少的趋势,喷嘴平面附近为钠元素主要释放区域。随着炉内反应的进行,钠元素由水溶态、离子交换态向酸溶态和残渣态转变。结合SEM-EDS结果可知,炉内反应过程中,矿物质熔融形成球形颗粒物,与气相中的钠反应生成硅酸盐和硅铝酸盐,且钠元素含量随球形颗粒物的增多而增加。     

The Surface and Thermodynamic Properties of Ethoxylated Sodium Monoalkyl Sulfosuccinate Surfactants

A series of ethoxylated sodium monooctyl sulfosuccinates [E(n)SMOSS] and ethoxylated sodium monolauryl sulfosuccinates [E(n)SMLSS] have different units of ethylene oxide (n = 9, 14, 23) were synthesized. The surface and thermodynamic properties of these surfactants have been compared with sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant (SDOSS) as a commonly used surfactant. The surface tension measurements at 25, 35, 45, and 55°C were used to determine of the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface active properties of these surfactants. The effect of the ethylene oxide (EO) unit and the alkyl chain length on the surface properties for the prepared surfactants was studied. The results show that the ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinates generally have lower values of CMC than that of sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. The values of surface active parameters indicate that the ethoxylated sodium monooctyl sulfosuccinates and ethoxylated sodium monolauryl sulfosuccinates surfactants have adsorption properties better than the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate surfactant as a resulted presence of ethylene oxide in molecules of the prepared surfactants. The thermodynamic parameters show that the (EO) unites in the chemical structure of ethoxylated sodium monoalkyl sulfosuccinate surfactants improve their micellization and adsorption properties.     

高钠煤中钠的赋存形态研究

以高钠煤为研究对象,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱仪(FT-IR)傅里叶分析手段相结合的方法研究了煤中钠的赋存形态及其含量分布。结果表明,大多数煤中钠主要是以水溶性钠为主,有机钠次之,不溶性钠含量较低。水溶性钠主要是以钠硝石(NaNO_3)、岩盐(NaCl)和水合离子(Na·xH_2O)形式存在;有机钠主要是以羧基钠(-COONa)形式存在;不溶性钠主要是以钠长石(Na AlSi_3O_8)形式存在。     

铝酸钠溶液脱硅的研究进展

对硅在铝酸钠溶液中的存在状态,深度脱硅机理和研究进展,碱法生产氧化铝过程中铝酸钠溶液脱硅的重要性以及铝酸钠溶液脱硅的研究方向进行了综述。     

钠硫电池电极结构改进与电池性能研究

研究了新型的钠硫电池钠极钠芯结构和硫极预制结构对电池性能影响．实验表明,钠极的钠芯结构不仅能改善电池放电性能,而且有利提高电池的比能量和安全性;内衬氧化铝纤维的硫极预制结构能缓和界面极化,改善电池充电性能．改进电极结构后的钠硫电池也有利于电池向商品化,实用性发展     

The reaction of sodium arsenite with sodium chlorite

Existing procedures for the standardisation of sodium chlorite solutions are critically examined and a suitable method detailed. The reaction between sodium chlorite and sodium arsenite solutions is discussed; reaction is quantitative in the presence of sodium bicarbonate and osmic acid as catalyst.