浅谈印制电路板的一种清洗工艺

焊接是电子设备的生产中的重要步骤,焊接后必须进行清洗才能保证电子设备的可靠性、电气指标和工作寿命.鉴于军工产品必须要清洗,所以清洗工艺对于军工产品尤为重要.文中介绍了清洗的重要性,讨论了印制电路板污染物的种类和来源分析,提出了一种可靠的清洗工艺——溶剂气相清洗.气相清洗通常被认为是去除零件上有机污垢的一种最有效的清洁方法,这种方法甚至能去除工业中遇到的最为顽固的污垢.在溶剂蒸气清洗机中清洁后的零件从机器中出来时是干燥的,而且表面无任何残留物.     

Microfocus X-ray printed circuit board inspection system

In order to solve the problem of digital radiography for printed circuit board (PCB) defect inspection, a new inspection system for PCB defect inspection with high resolution X-ray is proposed and implemented in this paper. The influence of the focus size of X-ray source on imaging formation is analyzed to get the best geometrical magnification. Moreover, the relationship between the resolution of intensifier and geometrical magnification is presented by analyzing the performance of MCP-X intensifier, which results in calculating the comprehensive resolution of this system. The experiment result indicates that the measurements on defect character is achieved by inspection software, and the defect analysis accuracy on ball grid array (BGA) solder joint of circuit board achieves minimum resolution of 0.03 mm. As a result, this system succeeds in implementing invisible solder joint defect inspection on BGA.     

Relative power loss of misalignment based on electro-optical printed circuit board

In this paper, the power loss values between 45° total internal reflecting waveguide mirror (TIRWM) and the polymer optical waveguide layer are obtained by vector finite element method. There are some misalignments during an actual fabrication of electro-optical printed circuit board (EOPCB). And, b, a, c correspond to the error value of alignment in the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis direction, respectively. Another, four effective refractive indices of the 45° TIRWM and polymer optical waveguide layer are calculated, separately. And, n_eff1 = 1.425211 is uniquely chosen. Next, these relative power errors Δ are calculated, when a, b, c separately change. Moreover, these error values are plotted into some curved surface figures. By these figures, it is easy to find the relationship between a, b, c and Δ. Furthermore, it is beneficial for us to avoid the region of larger power loss during an actual fabrication of EOPCB.     

Testing of printed circuit board solder joints by speckle correlation techniques

A photographic technique of speckle correlations is demonstrated to produce results analogous to the holographic correlation technique for the testing of printed circuit board solder joints. More stability and simplicity can be obtained by means of the speckle correlation technique which allows the reduction in resolving power that is necessary for the detection process.     

Highly reliable optical interconnection network on printed circuit board for distributed computer systems

A highly reliable interchip optical interconnection network on a printed circuit board (PCB) was designed and realized, and experiments confirmed that the data rate in each channel could reach above 3.125 Gbps and the bit error rate (BER) could be up to 1.27×10⁻¹⁸, which would be a good solution to the problem of communication bottlenecks between high-speed VLSI chips.     

Performance analysis of 45° coupled structure of optical waveguide based on electro-optical printed circuit board

In this paper, the non-ideal 45° coupled structure of the optical waveguide was simulated and analyzed by the finite element theory. Since the doctor-blade and grinding methods were used to product the electro-optical printed circuit board (EOPCB), the thickness of the core layer and the length of the 45° mirror side will be, respectively, in the variation of ±2 μm. In this case, output power values were calculated when the TE10 and TE20 were separately used as input signal; then they were individually compared with the ideal output power values. It can be seen that Δ% is not more than 0.45% by the TE10 wave, while Δ% is not more than 3.5% by the TE20 wave. The variation of output power compared with the input power is very small; this technology was more suitable for the actual EOPCB production.     

Laser prototyping of printed circuit boards

This paper describes the application of laser micromachining to rapid prototyping of printed circuit boards (PCB) using nano-second lasers: the solid-state Nd:YAG (532/1064 nm) laser and the Yb:glass fiber laser (1060 nm). Our investigations included tests for various mask types (synthetic lacquer, light-sensitive emulsion and tin). The purpose of these tests was to determine some of the basic parameters such as the resolution of PCB prototyping, speed of processing and quality of PCB mapping with commonly available laser systems. Optimization of process parameters and the proposed conversion algorithm have allowed us to produce circuit boards with a resolution similar to that of the Laser Direct Imaging (LDI) technology.     

Evaluation of adhesion between glass/epoxy composite substrate and copper foil for printed circuit board applications

Adhesion between glass/epoxy composite substrate and copper foil was evaluated by 90° peeling test. Effect of fracture behavior and the peel strength on copper foil style was experimentally investigated using copper foils with various surface roughness. As mechanical anchoring effect increases with increased surface roughness, the surface roughness increased the surface roughness of copper foil strongly affected the peeling strength and local load variation during the test. The fracture behavior was characterized by secondary electron image and reflective electron image techniques of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All of the specimens were found to fracture at the anchor points formed in the resin layer on the surface of the substrate. The experimental results were correlated to a formulation based on the theory of beams on elastic foundation, which is presented for predicting the adhesive strength in the adherend- adhesive system. In order to apply this formulation to a no adhesive system, such as FR-4/copper foil, an analytical model was proposed. In this model, a mixture phase of the copper with the surface resin in the substrate was regarded as the adhesive. The calculated results were in relatively good agreement with the experimental results. It was confirmed that the analysis model and evaluation method is useful to predict the peel strength due to the mechanical anchoring effect.     

Slow light beam splitter

We demonstrate a slow light beam splitter using rapid coherence transport in a wall-coated atomic vapor cell. We show that particles undergoing random and undirected classical motion can mediate coherent interactions between two or more optical modes. Coherence, written into atoms via electromagnetically induced transparency using an input optical signal at one transverse position, spreads out via ballistic atomic motion, is preserved by an antirelaxation wall coating, and is then retrieved in outgoing slow light signals in both the input channel and a spatially-separated second channel. The splitting ratio between the two output channels can be tuned by adjusting the laser power. The slow light beam splitter may improve quantum repeater performance and be useful as an all-optical dynamically reconfigurable router.     

Slow light in coupled-resonator-induced transparency

We performed optical pulse propagation experiments in a system in which two ultrahigh-Q silica microspheres of different diameters were coupled in tandem to a fiber taper to yield coupled-resonator-induced transparency. Nearly Gaussian-shaped optical pulses propagated with a large positive delay of 8.5 ns through a transparent frequency window, without significant attenuation, amplification, or pulse deformation, demonstrating classical analogy of the extremely slow light obtained with electromagnetically induced transparency.     

Slow light in photonic crystals

The problem of slowing down light by orders of magnitude has been extensively discussed in the literature. Such a possibility can be useful in a variety of optical and microwave applications. Many qualitatively different approaches have been explored. Here we discuss how this goal can be achieved in linear dispersive media, such as photonic crystals. The existence of slowly propagating electromagnetic waves in photonic crystals is quite obvious and well known. The main problem, though, has been how to convert the input radiation into the slow mode without losing a significant portion of the incident light energy to absorption, reflection, etc. We show that the so-called frozen mode regime offers a unique solution to the above problem. Under the frozen mode regime, the incident light enters the photonic crystal with little reflection and, subsequently, is completely converted into the frozen mode with huge amplitude and almost zero group velocity. The linearity of the above effect allows the slowing of light regardless of its intensity. An additional advantage of photonic crystals over other methods of slowing down light is that photonic crystals can preserve both time and space coherence of the input electromagnetic wave.     

Slow light Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer

A slow light structure Mach-Zehnder fiber interferometer is theoretically demonstrated. The sensitivity of the interferometer is significantly enhanced by the dispersion of the slow light structure. The numerical results show that the sensitivity enhancement factor varies with the coupling coefficient and reaches its maximum under critical coupling conditions.     

Slow light and slow current

It is shown that the effect of hole-burning under conditions of coherent population oscillations as well as the light pulse delay in a saturable absorber (a modification of the so-called slow light effect) can be interpreted, in a comprehensive way, in terms of the intensity spectrum of the light and intensity-related susceptibility of the medium. The physical content of these effects is illustrated by a simple electric circuit with a non-linear resistor which realizes a full analog of the saturable absorber. In this case the effect of hole-burning in the absorption spectrum of the medium is converted into the effect of hole-burning in the frequency dependence of resistance of the resistor and the effect of slow light into the effect of slow current.     

Slow light and saturable absorption

Quantitative analysis of slow light experiments utilising coherent population oscillation (CPO) in a range of saturably absorbing media, including ruby and alexandrite, Er³⁺:Y₂SiO₅, bacteriorhodopsin, semiconductor quantum devices and erbium-doped optical fibres, shows that the observations may be more simply interpreted as saturable absorption phenomena. A basic two-level model of a saturable absorber displays all the effects normally associated with slow light, namely phase shift and modulation gain of the transmitted signal, hole burning in the modulation frequency spectrum and power broadening of the spectral hole, each arising from the finite response time of the non-linear absorption. Only where hole-burning in the optical spectrum is observed (using independent pump and probe beams), or pulse delays exceeding the limits set by saturable absorption are obtained, can reasonable confidence be placed in the observation of slow light in such experiments. Superluminal (“fast light”) phenomena in media with reverse saturable absorption (RSA) may be similarly explained. The article is published in the original.     

第九讲光速减慢和光缓存技术

高速光信号的存储是光信息科学的重要分支,全光缓存器是当今高速光信号处理的瓶颈.本文介绍了全光缓存器的研究进展,着重介绍了光速减慢的原理、物理基础, 以及在半导体量子点中利用电磁诱导透明效应发展全光缓存器的思路.     

Slow light in molecular-aggregate nanofilms

We study slow-light performance of molecular aggregates arranged in nanofilms by means of coherent population oscillations. The molecular cooperative behavior inside the aggregate enhances the delay of input signals in the gigahertz range in comparison with other coherent population oscillation-based devices. Moreover, the problem of residual absorption present in coherent population oscillation processes is removed. We also propose an optical switch between different delays by exploiting the optical bistability of these aggregates.     

Stimulated Raman amplification and high-order Raman sideband generation in a polymer waveguide on a printed circuit

The ultrafast Raman response of C-H vibrations in polymer waveguides on a printed circuit is shown to enable a high-gain amplification and high-order stimulated Raman transformation of ultrashort laser pulses. The pump and Stokes fields coupled by the C-H vibration mode with a vibration cycle of 11 fs give rise to multiple Raman sidebands, suggesting the way toward ultrafast optical data processing and few-cycle optical waveform synthesis on a printed-circuit polymer waveguide platform.     

Slow diffusion of light in a cold atomic cloud

We study the diffusive propagation of multiply scattered light in an optically thick cloud of cold rubidium atoms illuminated by a quasiresonant laser beam. In the vicinity of a sharp atomic resonance, the energy transport velocity of the scattered light is almost 5 orders of magnitude smaller than the vacuum speed of light, reducing strongly the diffusion constant. We verify the theoretical prediction of a frequency-independent transport time around the resonance. We also observe the effect of the residual velocity of the atoms at long times.     

Optimisation of direct laser structuring of printed circuit boards

A model-based optimisation of the process of printed circuit board laser structuring is presented. For this purpose, a comprehensive theoretical model of the interaction between the travelling pulsed laser beam and conductive layer, as well as between the laser beam and the induced plasma plume is employed. The model is used to calculate process speed. Based on the process speed determined, the influence of pulse power, duration, and frequency on process speed is analysed. In addition, an optimal range of process parameters with respect to process speed and quality is defined.     

Slow and fast light in liquid crystal light valves

We show that fast and slow light results from multiple scatterings in a liquid crystal light valve, where nondegenerate two-wave mixing occurs in the Raman-Nath regime of optical diffraction. The large nonlinear response and dispersive characteristics of the liquid crystals allow us to obtain group velocities as slow as less than 0.2 mm/s, which is attractive for the realization of ultrahigh precision interferometers and metrology measurements.